理工職場(chǎng)英語(yǔ)

理工職場(chǎng)英語(yǔ)第1頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)Unit2DesignandTestingLesson1.EstablishingindustrialdesignasaprofessionLesson2.Nosingle,unifiedstyleofindustrialdesignLesson3.CompromisesandengineeringdesignsLesson4.ValueengineeringLesson5.TestingyourproductsLesson6.Choosingtoperformance-testproductsEXIT第2頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)Unit2DesignandTestingAdditionalActivitiesReadingResourcesWritingResourcesUnitTestGrammarResourcesAdditionalResourcesEXIT第3頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)LookatthephotosinExercisebanddiscussthequestionsinpairs.

Lesson1

Establishingindustrialdesignasaprofessiona1.Whatdoyouthinkalltheseitemshaveincommon?2.Whendoyouthinkeachoftheseitemswasdesigned?第4頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)ListenandcompletethesummaryofthelifeofRaymondLoewy.ThenlistenagainandcompletethenotesbelowwithexamplesofLoewydesigns.bKeyScriptleavesFrancefortheUnitedStates19291918RaymondLoewyisborninParis,France.18931919receivesdegreeinelectricalengineeringreceivesfirstindustrialdesigncommission

startshisowndesignfirm第5頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)Keydesignswidevarietyofhouseholdproductswithrounded

cornersandsimplifiedlines,e.g.,Frigidairerefrigerators

andfreezers1945from1937designsColdspotrefrigerator19341930sand40sredesignsCoca-ColabottleformsRaymondLoewyAssociates第6頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)Key19611955designsGreyhound’sScenicruiserbus1954

1960designsAvantisportscarforStudebakerredesignsCoca-Colabottle1967–73designsfive-centU.S.postagestamp,

JohnF.Kennedy19641971designsShelllogoworksforNASA,designsinteriorsforApolloandSkylabdesignsCoca-Cola’sfirstaluminumcan第7頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)Key1.householdconsumergoods:_________________________________________2.transportation:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.softdrinks:__________________________________________________________________________________4.miscellaneous:_________________________________________refrigerators,electricshavers,toothbrushes,radioslocomotivesandpassengercars,Greyhound’sScenicruiserbus,Studebaker’sAvantisportscar,ApolloandSkylabspacecraftCoca-Cola’scontourbottle,Coca-Cola’sfirstaluminumcanU.S.postagestamp,ShelllogoScript第8頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)ReadthesentencesandcircleeachTrueorFalse.c1.By1920,LoewyhadalreadyleftFrance.TrueFalse2.By1940,LoewyhadworkedforthePennsylvaniaRailroad.TrueFalse3.By1958,hehaddesignedbothbottlesandcansforCoca-Cola.TrueFalse4.WhenhedesignedtheAvanti,hehadalreadydesignedothercars.TrueFalse5.By1928,Loewyhadestablishedhisowndesignfirm.TrueFalse6.By1965,LoewyhadstartedworkingforNASA.TrueFalse7.Bythe1970s,Loewyhadevendesignedpostagestamps.TrueFalseKey第9頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)Readthetextandcompleteeachspacewiththecorrectformoftheverbinparentheses.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.dThroughhisaccomplishmentsinproductdesign,RaymondLoewy(1)_________(help)toestablishindustrialdesignasaprofession.Bytheendofhislife,hiscareer(2)______________(encompass)allapplicationsofmodernindustrialdesign,fromconsumerproductstointeriorbuildingspace,packaging,andtransportation.Longbeforehisdeath,Loewy(3)_____________(become)oneofthebest-knownindustrialdesignersofthetwentiethcenturyandhisvisionofbeautythroughtheuseofstreamlined,highlyfunctionalforms(4)____________(shape)modernindustrialdesignintheUnitedStates.Fordecades,hiswork(5)____________(permeate)thenation’slifestyleandinfluenced—and(6)____________(continue)toinfluencetoday—countlessaspectsofAmericanlife.Keyhelpedhadencompassedhadbecomehadshapedpermeatedcontinues第10頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)Discussthesequestionsinpairsorsmallgroups.eInyouropinion,whatwereLoewy’smostimpressivedesignachievements?WherecanLoewy’sinfluenceontheworldofindustrialdesignstillbeseen?3.WhatdoesLoewy’scareerrevealabouttheworkofanindustrialdesigner?4.Whataspectsofindustrialdesigndoyoufindmostandleastappealing?第11頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)Researchandprepareanillustratedwrittenreportaboutawell-knownpresent-dayindustrialdesignerfromyourowncountryorfromabroad.f第12頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)Narrator:RaymondLoewywasborninParis,Francein1893.Heobtainedadegreeinelectricalengineeringin1918.Oneyearlater,heleftFrancefortheUnitedStates.HefirstworkedasafashionillustratorforVoguemagazineandalsodesignedwindowdisplaysfordepartmentstoresinNewYorkCity.In1929,hereceivedhisfirstindustrialdesigncommission—tomodernizetheappearanceofGestetner’sduplicatingmachine.Loewy’sdesignwastoremainunchangedforthenextfortyyears.Inthesameyear,Loewystartedhisowndesignfirm.In1934,hedesignedtheColdspotrefrigeratorforSears,RoebuckandCo.ItwasagreatcommercialsuccessanditwonfirstprizeattheParisInternationalExpositionof1937.Startingin1937,LoewybeganworkingforthePennsylvaniaRailroad,designingstreamlinedstylingfortheirpassengertrains.Overthefollowingyears,hedesignedvariouslocomotivesandpassengercars.Duringthe1930sand1940s,LoewydesignedawiderangeofhouseholdproductswithroundedcornersandsimplifiedlinessuchastheFrigidairerangeofrefrigeratorsandfreezers.Hemadeimportant第13頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)contributionstothedesignsofelectricshavers,toothbrushes,officemachines,ballpointpens,radios,bottlesforsoftdrinks,packages,etc.In1945,withfivepartners,heformedRaymondLoewyAssociates,whichwastobecomethelargestindustrialdesignfirmintheworld.In1954,hedesignedGreyhound’sScenicruiserbus.In1955,LoewyredesignedCoca-Cola’sfamouscontourbottleaddingthedistinctivewhiteletteringandin1960hedesignedCoca-Cola’sfirstaluminumcan.In1961,hedesignedthenowclassicAvantisportscarforStudebaker,forwhomhehadworkedpreviouslyonothercars.Asadesigner,Loewy’srangewasimpressive.In1964,heevendesignedaUSpostagestamp—thefive-centstampfeaturingJohnF.Kennedy.From1967to1973,LoewyworkedforNASAdesigninginteriorsfortheApolloandSkylabspacecraft.In1971,hedesignedthedistinctiveyellowandredShelllogothatisstillusedtoday.第14頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)Narrator:RaymondLoewywasborninParis,Francein1893.Heobtainedadegreeinelectricalengineeringin1918.Oneyearlater,heleftFrancefortheUnitedStates.HefirstworkedasafashionillustratorforVoguemagazineandalsodesignedwindowdisplaysfordepartmentstoresinNewYorkCity.In1929,hereceivedhisfirstindustrialdesigncommission—tomodernizetheappearanceofGestetner’sduplicatingmachine.Loewy’sdesignwastoremainunchangedforthenextfortyyears.Inthesameyear,Loewystartedhisowndesignfirm.In1934,hedesignedtheColdspotrefrigeratorforSears,RoebuckandCo.ItwasagreatcommercialsuccessanditwonfirstprizeattheParisInternationalExpositionof1937.Startingin1937,LoewybeganworkingforthePennsylvaniaRailroad,designingstreamlinedstylingfortheirpassengertrains.Overthefollowingyears,hedesignedvariouslocomotivesandpassengercars.Duringthe1930sand1940s,LoewydesignedawiderangeofhouseholdproductswithroundedcornersandsimplifiedlinessuchastheFrigidairerangeofrefrigeratorsandfreezers.Hemadeimportant第15頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)contributionstothedesignsofelectricshavers,toothbrushes,officemachines,ballpointpens,radios,bottlesforsoftdrinks,packages,etc.In1945,withfivepartners,heformedRaymondLoewyAssociates,whichwastobecomethelargestindustrialdesignfirmintheworld.In1954,hedesignedGreyhound’sScenicruiserbus.In1955,LoewyredesignedCoca-Cola’sfamouscontourbottleaddingthedistinctivewhiteletteringandin1960hedesignedCoca-Cola’sfirstaluminumcan.In1961,hedesignedthenowclassicAvantisportscarforStudebaker,forwhomhehadworkedpreviouslyonothercars.Asadesigner,Loewy’srangewasimpressive.In1964,heevendesignedaUSpostagestamp—thefive-centstampfeaturingJohnF.Kennedy.From1967to1973,LoewyworkedforNASAdesigninginteriorsfortheApolloandSkylabspacecraft.In1971,hedesignedthedistinctiveyellowandredShelllogothatisstillusedtoday.第16頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)

Lesson2

Nosingle,unifiedstyleofindustrialdesignReadanddiscussthetextinsmallgroups.aAccordingtocurrentlyprevailingstandardsofindustrialdesign,aproduct,apartfrombeingcost-effectiveinitsuseofresources,shouldsatisfythefollowingcriteria,thoughtherelativeimportanceofanyofthesestandardswillvarydependingontheobject:expressionoffunctionintermsofformbeautyofline,color,proportion,andtextureconvenienceand/orcomfortinusehighefficiencyandsafetyofoperationdurabilityeaseofmaintenanceandrepair第17頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)Lookatthefollowinglistofproductsand,foreachone,writetheindustrialdesigncriteriathatyouthinkwouldhave,relatively,moreimportance.b1.alawnmower:_________________________________________2.anofficedesklamp:_________________________________________3.agarbagecollectiontruck:_________________________________________4.amobilephone:_________________________________________5.awashingmachine:_________________________________________Discuss

your

answers

in

pairs.C第18頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)Lookatthephotosanddiscussthequestionsinpairs.dWhichcomputermousedoyoupreferandwhy?Whichtoasterdoyoupreferandwhy?3.Whatdesignimprovements,ifany,wouldyousuggestforeitheritem?第19頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)Youaregoingtohearsomeonetalkingaboutfourtrendsinindustrialdesign.Listenandnumberthetopicsintheorderthattheyarediscussed.Fourofthetopicsbelowarenotmentioned.Thenlistenagainandtakenotesofthepositiveviewsexpressedabouteachtopic.etheoriginsofindustrialdesignanemphasisonimpersonalityartificiallyacceleratedobsolescencetheroleofartindesignpackaging“classics”ofindustrialdesignthecostofindustrialdesignstreamliningKeyScript1432Script第20頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)KeyScriptnaturalpartofmassproductionmarketing,representsaveragetasteprotectiveshells,safeandclean,neatandattractivesmooth,cleandesigns—veryappealingtotheeyeveryeffectivefromaneconomicpointofviewgoesagainstindividualexpressionsuperficialtrendtakentoridiculousextremesunacceptabletopersuadepeopletoreplacethingssoonerthanwouldusuallybenecessaryNowlistentoanotherspeakerofferingacontrastingpointofviewandcompletetherestofthechart.fScriptKey第21頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)Insmallgroups,debatethemeritsofthetwospeakers’respectivepointsofview.gWriteanarticleaboutthewayyouthinkindustrialdesignwillchangeinthefuture.hHistorycapsuleGermanarchitectanddesignerPeterBehrens(1868–1940)isconsideredbymanytobethefirstindustrialdesigner.In1907,hecreatedtheentirecorporateidentityforAEG.AmonghisstudentswerearchitectsanddesignerslikeWalterGropius,MiesvanderRohe,andLeCorbusier.第22頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)SpeakerA:Thereisnosingle,unifiedstyleofindustrialdesignbuttherearefourtrendsthatwecanidentify.Oneoftheseisastressonimpersonalityindesign—somethingthatPeterBehrenswasoneofthefirsttoestablish.Itischaracterizedbyacertainneutralityofexpression,whetheradesigncomesfromanindividualoragroup.Inmyopinion,thisisjustanaturalpartofmassproductionandmarketinganditrepresentsaveragetaste.Anothertrendwecanseeinindustrialdesignisthewaydesignerstrytowraporpackageproducts.Complexelectronicormechanicaldevices—perhapsdesignedbyotherengineers—haveprotectiveshellsthatkeepthemsafeandcleanandthatalsolookneatandattractive.第23頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)There’salsothecontinuingtendencytostreamlinedesigns.Thisdesignprinciplegoesbacktothe1930swithpeoplelikeRaymondLoewy,whowasaveryinfluentialindustrialdesigner.Streamlineddesignshavecontoursdesignedtoofferminimumresistancewhenmovingthroughairorwater.Thesedesignsaresmoothandcleanandextremelyappealingtotheeye.ThefourthtrendIcanidentifyisartificiallyacceleratedobsolescence.Thisreferstothepracticeofchangingadesignintentionallytotrytogetpeopletoreplacethethingstheyhavewithnewones.It’snotjustthedesign,ofcourse.Advertisingandchangesinfashionplayalargepartaswell.Fromaneconomicpointofview,well,it’sveryeffective.第24頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)SpeakerA:Thereisnosingle,unifiedstyleofindustrialdesignbuttherearefourtrendsthatwecanidentify.Oneoftheseisastressonimpersonalityindesign—somethingthatPeterBehrenswasoneofthefirsttoestablish.Itischaracterizedbyacertainneutralityofexpression,whetheradesigncomesfromanindividualoragroup.Inmyopinion,thisisjustanaturalpartofmassproductionandmarketinganditrepresentsaveragetaste.Anothertrendwecanseeinindustrialdesignisthewaydesignerstrytowraporpackageproducts.Complexelectronicormechanicaldevices—perhapsdesignedbyotherengineers—haveprotectiveshellsthatkeepthemsafeandcleanandthatalsolookneatandattractive.第25頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)There’salsothecontinuingtendencytostreamlinedesigns.Thisdesignprinciplegoesbacktothe1930swithpeoplelikeRaymondLoewy,whowasaveryinfluentialindustrialdesigner.Streamlineddesignshavecontoursdesignedtoofferminimumresistancewhenmovingthroughairorwater.Thesedesignsaresmoothandcleanandextremelyappealingtotheeye.ThefourthtrendIcanidentifyisartificiallyacceleratedobsolescence.Thisreferstothepracticeofchangingadesignintentionallytotrytogetpeopletoreplacethethingstheyhavewithnewones.It’snotjustthedesign,ofcourse.Advertisingandchangesinfashionplayalargepartaswell.Fromaneconomicpointofview,well,it’sveryeffective.第26頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)SpeakerB:Iagreewithyourlistoftheprevailingtrendsinindustrialdesign.But,personally,Ihavedoubtsaboutanumberofthings.Forexample,thisemphasisonimpersonality.Tome,itgoesagainstindividualexpression—asifweallhavetosubmitto“themachine.”Asfortheexteriorpackagingthatcoversuptheengineeringinsides”ofaproduct,well,tomethisissortofsuperficial.Ithinksomeindustrialdesignersspendtoomuchtimeandmoneyonthis.Whatyousayaboutstreamliningistrue.Peopleseemtolikesmooth,sleeklines.Theysuggestspeedandmovement.But,Ithinkwe’vetakenthistrendtoridiculousextremes.Imean,whydowestreamlinethingsliketoasterswhentheyhavenothingtodowithmovementorspeed?Asforyourlastpoint,thisisalsotrue,regrettably.Icanunderstand—andaccept—theideaofartificiallyacceleratedobsolescenceinthingsthatarejustfashionitemsbutIthinkitisunacceptabletotrytopersuadepeopletoreplacethingslikehouseholdappliancessoonerthanwouldusuallybenecessaryasaresultofnormalwearandtear.第27頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)

Lesson3

CompromisesandengineeringdesignsInpairsorsmallgroups,discussthequestions.a1.Whatdoestheword“dilemma”mean?2.Whatsortsofdilemmasmightyoufaceinyourstudiesorinyourwork?3.Whatdoyouunderstandbytheterm“trilemma”?第28頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)Workingroupsofthree.Youarepartofasoftwaredesignteam.Readtheinformationontherolecardsandassignonecardtoeachpersoninyourgroup.b第29頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)

_______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Workingalone,makenotesaboutthesoftwareproductyouwanttomake.cThiscomputergamewillhavealowcost.Wewilltrytolaunchitby...第30頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)Workagaininthesamegroupofthree.Taketurnssharingyourideaswiththeothermembersofyourgroup.dYoucanmakeahigh-qualityproductandyoucanbringittomarketquickly,but___________________________.Youcanmakeahigh-quality,low-costproduct,but___________________________________________.3.Youcanmakealow-costproductandyoucanbringittomarketquickly,but_________________________________.Completethesentencestoexplainthesoftwareeconomics“trilemma.”eitwillhaveahighcostyouwillnotbeabletobringittomarketquicklyitwillnotbeahigh-qualityproductKey第31頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)Completethetextwiththenounsinthebox.Therearetwoextrawords.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.fcompromisescostsdesignsengineersmarketsmathematicsmeritsmodelsrequirementssolutions(1)________usetheirknowledgeofscienceand(2)___________,alongwiththeirownrelevantexperience,tofindasuitablesolutionorsolutionstoaproblem.Theycreateappropriatemathematical(3)_______ofaproblem,theyanalyzeit,andthentestpotential(4)_________.Usuallythereareanumberofreasonablesolutionstoaproblem.So,engineersevaluateeachdesignoptiononits(5)_______andchoosethesolutionthatbestmeetstheir(6)_____________.(7)_____________areattheheartofallengineering(8)_______.The“best”designistheonethatmeetsasmanyofthegivenrequirementsaspossible.EngineersmathematicsmodelssolutionsmeritsrequirementsCompromisesdesignsKey第32頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)Discussthetextandthinkabouthowtheseprinciplesapplytoyourstudiesortoyourwork.gYouhavebeenassignedthetaskofdesigninganewhand-heldcomputergamedevice.First,completethelistsofdesirabledesignvalueswiththecorrectnounsandadjectives.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.h第33頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)hattractivereliabilitysafehigh-qualityefficiencycompactnesslightweightKey第34頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)Addanyotherdesirabledesignvaluesthatyouthinkarerelevanttothisproduct.iWorkingroups.Discussthewaysinwhichonedesigncharacteristicmightconflictwithothersandthedesigncompromisesyouwouldhavetomake.jIfwemakeitmoredurable,thatwillincreasetheweightandalsothecost.Butifwemakeitmorelightweight,itwon’tbesostrong.第35頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)Sharetheconclusionsofyourgroup’sdiscussionwiththerestoftheclass.k第36頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)

Lesson4

ValueengineeringaDiscussthequestionsinpairsorsmallgroups.1.Whatdoyouunderstandbytheterm“valueengineering”?2.Whendidengineersfirststarttoapplyprinciplesofvalueengineering?3.Howdoengineersvalueengineeraproduct?第37頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)Valueengineering:__________________________________________Value:____________________________________________________Originoftheconcept:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Applyingvalueengineering:1.________________________________________________________2.________________________________________________________3.________________________________________________________4.________________________________________________________Listentoaninterviewaboutvalueengineeringandcompletethenotes.Checkandcompareyouranswers.bamethodforimprovingthevalueofproducttheratiooffunctiontocostbyaccident,WorldWarII,GeneralElectric,shortages,lookforadequatesubstitutes,useofsubstitutesreducedproductioncostsorimprovedproductsanalyzethefunctionsofaproductthinkofalternativesKeyScriptevaluateallthealternativesandcomparethemwiththeproductchoosethebestoptionandpresentfindingsandrecommendations第38頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)1.ValueengineeringcameaboutasaconsequenceofWorldWarII.TrueFalse2.Valuecanbeincreasedeitherbyimprovingfunctionorbyincreasingcost.TrueFalse3.Thefirststepinvalueengineeringisananalysisofaproduct’sfunctions.TrueFalse4.Itisacceptabletosacrificequalityinthequestforbettervalue.TrueFalse5.Inthefinalstep,findingsarepresentedandrecommendationsaremade.TrueFalseThenlistenagainandcirclethestatementsTrueorFalse.Key第39頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)cCorrectthefalsestatements.1.ValueengineeringcameaboutasaconsequenceofWorldWarII.

2.Valuecanbeincreasedeitherbyimprovingfunctionorbyincreasingcost.

3.Thefirststepinvalueengineeringisananalysisofaproduct’sfunctions.

4.Itisacceptabletosacrificequalityinthequestforbettervalue.

5.Inthefinalstep,findingsarepresentedandrecommendationsaremade.

Valuecanbeincreasedeitherbyimprovingfunctionorbyreducingcost.Whentryingtoachievebettervalue,youdonotmakesacrificesinthequalityoftheproduct.Key第40頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)dReadthetextandfillinthecorrectheadingforeachparagraph.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.cheapersubstitutematerialscustomerfeedbackefficiencyandproducibilityefficientuseofenergymodulesandsubassembliesValueengineeringlookstooptimizingcostsbyeliminatingwastefulpractices.Howdoesitdothis?1.________________________:

Reducecostsandaddvaluetoaproductbymakingitmoreenergy-efficient.2.________________________:Replaceexpensivematerialswithcheaperonesthatfunctionjustaswell.Ifaproductisonlyexpectedtolastfortenyears,itiswastefultousematerialsthat

lastmuchlonger.Inaperfectlyvalue-engineeredproduct,allmaterialswearoutatthesametime.efficientuseofenergycheapersubstitutematerialsKey第41頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)cheapersubstitutematerialscustomerfeedbackefficiencyandproducibilityefficientuseofenergymodulesandsubassemblies3.________________________:Redesignproductstomakethemmoreproducibleandadoptmoreefficientproductionprocesses.Eliminateunnecessaryparts,unnecessarystandardsofprecision,andanyunnecessarystepsintheproductionprocess.4._______________________:Usemultipurposecomponentsthatcanbereusedinanumberofslightlydifferentproducts.Inthisway,saveonoriginalengineeringanddesigncosts.5._______________________:Aproductthathasmorefeaturesthancustomersactually

wantiswastefulandinefficient.Redesignaproductsothatitmatchesexactlywhatmostcustomerswant.

Extrascanthenbesoldasoptions.modulesandsubassembliesefficiencyandproducibilitycustomerfeedbackKey第42頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)eInsmallgroups,thinkofatleastonereal-lifeexampleforeachofthevalueengineeringpracticesmentionedinExercised.Makealist.第43頁(yè)/共115頁(yè)fReadaboutthesereal-lifecasesand,insmallgroups,discusswhichofthevalueengineeringprincipleslistedintheboxarebeingappliedineachcase.reduceunnecessarypartsusecheapersubstitutematerialsreduceunnecessaryprecision1.Aslongastheydonotleak,theweldedjointsonRussianrocketmotorsareallowedtolookugly.Grindingandfinishingtheweldsaddscostbut