理工職場英語

理工職場英語第1頁/共115頁Unit2DesignandTestingLesson1.EstablishingindustrialdesignasaprofessionLesson2.Nosingle,unifiedstyleofindustrialdesignLesson3.CompromisesandengineeringdesignsLesson4.ValueengineeringLesson5.TestingyourproductsLesson6.Choosingtoperformance-testproductsEXIT第2頁/共115頁Unit2DesignandTestingAdditionalActivitiesReadingResourcesWritingResourcesUnitTestGrammarResourcesAdditionalResourcesEXIT第3頁/共115頁LookatthephotosinExercisebanddiscussthequestionsinpairs.

Lesson1

Establishingindustrialdesignasaprofessiona1.Whatdoyouthinkalltheseitemshaveincommon?2.Whendoyouthinkeachoftheseitemswasdesigned?第4頁/共115頁ListenandcompletethesummaryofthelifeofRaymondLoewy.ThenlistenagainandcompletethenotesbelowwithexamplesofLoewydesigns.bKeyScriptleavesFrancefortheUnitedStates19291918RaymondLoewyisborninParis,France.18931919receivesdegreeinelectricalengineeringreceivesfirstindustrialdesigncommission

startshisowndesignfirm第5頁/共115頁Keydesignswidevarietyofhouseholdproductswithrounded

cornersandsimplifiedlines,e.g.,Frigidairerefrigerators

andfreezers1945from1937designsColdspotrefrigerator19341930sand40sredesignsCoca-ColabottleformsRaymondLoewyAssociates第6頁/共115頁Key19611955designsGreyhound’sScenicruiserbus1954

1960designsAvantisportscarforStudebakerredesignsCoca-Colabottle1967–73designsfive-centU.S.postagestamp,

JohnF.Kennedy19641971designsShelllogoworksforNASA,designsinteriorsforApolloandSkylabdesignsCoca-Cola’sfirstaluminumcan第7頁/共115頁Key1.householdconsumergoods:_________________________________________2.transportation:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.softdrinks:__________________________________________________________________________________4.miscellaneous:_________________________________________refrigerators,electricshavers,toothbrushes,radioslocomotivesandpassengercars,Greyhound’sScenicruiserbus,Studebaker’sAvantisportscar,ApolloandSkylabspacecraftCoca-Cola’scontourbottle,Coca-Cola’sfirstaluminumcanU.S.postagestamp,ShelllogoScript第8頁/共115頁ReadthesentencesandcircleeachTrueorFalse.c1.By1920,LoewyhadalreadyleftFrance.TrueFalse2.By1940,LoewyhadworkedforthePennsylvaniaRailroad.TrueFalse3.By1958,hehaddesignedbothbottlesandcansforCoca-Cola.TrueFalse4.WhenhedesignedtheAvanti,hehadalreadydesignedothercars.TrueFalse5.By1928,Loewyhadestablishedhisowndesignfirm.TrueFalse6.By1965,LoewyhadstartedworkingforNASA.TrueFalse7.Bythe1970s,Loewyhadevendesignedpostagestamps.TrueFalseKey第9頁/共115頁Readthetextandcompleteeachspacewiththecorrectformoftheverbinparentheses.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.dThroughhisaccomplishmentsinproductdesign,RaymondLoewy(1)_________(help)toestablishindustrialdesignasaprofession.Bytheendofhislife,hiscareer(2)______________(encompass)allapplicationsofmodernindustrialdesign,fromconsumerproductstointeriorbuildingspace,packaging,andtransportation.Longbeforehisdeath,Loewy(3)_____________(become)oneofthebest-knownindustrialdesignersofthetwentiethcenturyandhisvisionofbeautythroughtheuseofstreamlined,highlyfunctionalforms(4)____________(shape)modernindustrialdesignintheUnitedStates.Fordecades,hiswork(5)____________(permeate)thenation’slifestyleandinfluenced—and(6)____________(continue)toinfluencetoday—countlessaspectsofAmericanlife.Keyhelpedhadencompassedhadbecomehadshapedpermeatedcontinues第10頁/共115頁Discussthesequestionsinpairsorsmallgroups.eInyouropinion,whatwereLoewy’smostimpressivedesignachievements?WherecanLoewy’sinfluenceontheworldofindustrialdesignstillbeseen?3.WhatdoesLoewy’scareerrevealabouttheworkofanindustrialdesigner?4.Whataspectsofindustrialdesigndoyoufindmostandleastappealing?第11頁/共115頁Researchandprepareanillustratedwrittenreportaboutawell-knownpresent-dayindustrialdesignerfromyourowncountryorfromabroad.f第12頁/共115頁Narrator:RaymondLoewywasborninParis,Francein1893.Heobtainedadegreeinelectricalengineeringin1918.Oneyearlater,heleftFrancefortheUnitedStates.HefirstworkedasafashionillustratorforVoguemagazineandalsodesignedwindowdisplaysfordepartmentstoresinNewYorkCity.In1929,hereceivedhisfirstindustrialdesigncommission—tomodernizetheappearanceofGestetner’sduplicatingmachine.Loewy’sdesignwastoremainunchangedforthenextfortyyears.Inthesameyear,Loewystartedhisowndesignfirm.In1934,hedesignedtheColdspotrefrigeratorforSears,RoebuckandCo.ItwasagreatcommercialsuccessanditwonfirstprizeattheParisInternationalExpositionof1937.Startingin1937,LoewybeganworkingforthePennsylvaniaRailroad,designingstreamlinedstylingfortheirpassengertrains.Overthefollowingyears,hedesignedvariouslocomotivesandpassengercars.Duringthe1930sand1940s,LoewydesignedawiderangeofhouseholdproductswithroundedcornersandsimplifiedlinessuchastheFrigidairerangeofrefrigeratorsandfreezers.Hemadeimportant第13頁/共115頁contributionstothedesignsofelectricshavers,toothbrushes,officemachines,ballpointpens,radios,bottlesforsoftdrinks,packages,etc.In1945,withfivepartners,heformedRaymondLoewyAssociates,whichwastobecomethelargestindustrialdesignfirmintheworld.In1954,hedesignedGreyhound’sScenicruiserbus.In1955,LoewyredesignedCoca-Cola’sfamouscontourbottleaddingthedistinctivewhiteletteringandin1960hedesignedCoca-Cola’sfirstaluminumcan.In1961,hedesignedthenowclassicAvantisportscarforStudebaker,forwhomhehadworkedpreviouslyonothercars.Asadesigner,Loewy’srangewasimpressive.In1964,heevendesignedaUSpostagestamp—thefive-centstampfeaturingJohnF.Kennedy.From1967to1973,LoewyworkedforNASAdesigninginteriorsfortheApolloandSkylabspacecraft.In1971,hedesignedthedistinctiveyellowandredShelllogothatisstillusedtoday.第14頁/共115頁Narrator:RaymondLoewywasborninParis,Francein1893.Heobtainedadegreeinelectricalengineeringin1918.Oneyearlater,heleftFrancefortheUnitedStates.HefirstworkedasafashionillustratorforVoguemagazineandalsodesignedwindowdisplaysfordepartmentstoresinNewYorkCity.In1929,hereceivedhisfirstindustrialdesigncommission—tomodernizetheappearanceofGestetner’sduplicatingmachine.Loewy’sdesignwastoremainunchangedforthenextfortyyears.Inthesameyear,Loewystartedhisowndesignfirm.In1934,hedesignedtheColdspotrefrigeratorforSears,RoebuckandCo.ItwasagreatcommercialsuccessanditwonfirstprizeattheParisInternationalExpositionof1937.Startingin1937,LoewybeganworkingforthePennsylvaniaRailroad,designingstreamlinedstylingfortheirpassengertrains.Overthefollowingyears,hedesignedvariouslocomotivesandpassengercars.Duringthe1930sand1940s,LoewydesignedawiderangeofhouseholdproductswithroundedcornersandsimplifiedlinessuchastheFrigidairerangeofrefrigeratorsandfreezers.Hemadeimportant第15頁/共115頁contributionstothedesignsofelectricshavers,toothbrushes,officemachines,ballpointpens,radios,bottlesforsoftdrinks,packages,etc.In1945,withfivepartners,heformedRaymondLoewyAssociates,whichwastobecomethelargestindustrialdesignfirmintheworld.In1954,hedesignedGreyhound’sScenicruiserbus.In1955,LoewyredesignedCoca-Cola’sfamouscontourbottleaddingthedistinctivewhiteletteringandin1960hedesignedCoca-Cola’sfirstaluminumcan.In1961,hedesignedthenowclassicAvantisportscarforStudebaker,forwhomhehadworkedpreviouslyonothercars.Asadesigner,Loewy’srangewasimpressive.In1964,heevendesignedaUSpostagestamp—thefive-centstampfeaturingJohnF.Kennedy.From1967to1973,LoewyworkedforNASAdesigninginteriorsfortheApolloandSkylabspacecraft.In1971,hedesignedthedistinctiveyellowandredShelllogothatisstillusedtoday.第16頁/共115頁

Lesson2

Nosingle,unifiedstyleofindustrialdesignReadanddiscussthetextinsmallgroups.aAccordingtocurrentlyprevailingstandardsofindustrialdesign,aproduct,apartfrombeingcost-effectiveinitsuseofresources,shouldsatisfythefollowingcriteria,thoughtherelativeimportanceofanyofthesestandardswillvarydependingontheobject:expressionoffunctionintermsofformbeautyofline,color,proportion,andtextureconvenienceand/orcomfortinusehighefficiencyandsafetyofoperationdurabilityeaseofmaintenanceandrepair第17頁/共115頁Lookatthefollowinglistofproductsand,foreachone,writetheindustrialdesigncriteriathatyouthinkwouldhave,relatively,moreimportance.b1.alawnmower:_________________________________________2.anofficedesklamp:_________________________________________3.agarbagecollectiontruck:_________________________________________4.amobilephone:_________________________________________5.awashingmachine:_________________________________________Discuss

your

answers

in

pairs.C第18頁/共115頁Lookatthephotosanddiscussthequestionsinpairs.dWhichcomputermousedoyoupreferandwhy?Whichtoasterdoyoupreferandwhy?3.Whatdesignimprovements,ifany,wouldyousuggestforeitheritem?第19頁/共115頁Youaregoingtohearsomeonetalkingaboutfourtrendsinindustrialdesign.Listenandnumberthetopicsintheorderthattheyarediscussed.Fourofthetopicsbelowarenotmentioned.Thenlistenagainandtakenotesofthepositiveviewsexpressedabouteachtopic.etheoriginsofindustrialdesignanemphasisonimpersonalityartificiallyacceleratedobsolescencetheroleofartindesignpackaging“classics”ofindustrialdesignthecostofindustrialdesignstreamliningKeyScript1432Script第20頁/共115頁KeyScriptnaturalpartofmassproductionmarketing,representsaveragetasteprotectiveshells,safeandclean,neatandattractivesmooth,cleandesigns—veryappealingtotheeyeveryeffectivefromaneconomicpointofviewgoesagainstindividualexpressionsuperficialtrendtakentoridiculousextremesunacceptabletopersuadepeopletoreplacethingssoonerthanwouldusuallybenecessaryNowlistentoanotherspeakerofferingacontrastingpointofviewandcompletetherestofthechart.fScriptKey第21頁/共115頁Insmallgroups,debatethemeritsofthetwospeakers’respectivepointsofview.gWriteanarticleaboutthewayyouthinkindustrialdesignwillchangeinthefuture.hHistorycapsuleGermanarchitectanddesignerPeterBehrens(1868–1940)isconsideredbymanytobethefirstindustrialdesigner.In1907,hecreatedtheentirecorporateidentityforAEG.AmonghisstudentswerearchitectsanddesignerslikeWalterGropius,MiesvanderRohe,andLeCorbusier.第22頁/共115頁SpeakerA:Thereisnosingle,unifiedstyleofindustrialdesignbuttherearefourtrendsthatwecanidentify.Oneoftheseisastressonimpersonalityindesign—somethingthatPeterBehrenswasoneofthefirsttoestablish.Itischaracterizedbyacertainneutralityofexpression,whetheradesigncomesfromanindividualoragroup.Inmyopinion,thisisjustanaturalpartofmassproductionandmarketinganditrepresentsaveragetaste.Anothertrendwecanseeinindustrialdesignisthewaydesignerstrytowraporpackageproducts.Complexelectronicormechanicaldevices—perhapsdesignedbyotherengineers—haveprotectiveshellsthatkeepthemsafeandcleanandthatalsolookneatandattractive.第23頁/共115頁There’salsothecontinuingtendencytostreamlinedesigns.Thisdesignprinciplegoesbacktothe1930swithpeoplelikeRaymondLoewy,whowasaveryinfluentialindustrialdesigner.Streamlineddesignshavecontoursdesignedtoofferminimumresistancewhenmovingthroughairorwater.Thesedesignsaresmoothandcleanandextremelyappealingtotheeye.ThefourthtrendIcanidentifyisartificiallyacceleratedobsolescence.Thisreferstothepracticeofchangingadesignintentionallytotrytogetpeopletoreplacethethingstheyhavewithnewones.It’snotjustthedesign,ofcourse.Advertisingandchangesinfashionplayalargepartaswell.Fromaneconomicpointofview,well,it’sveryeffective.第24頁/共115頁SpeakerA:Thereisnosingle,unifiedstyleofindustrialdesignbuttherearefourtrendsthatwecanidentify.Oneoftheseisastressonimpersonalityindesign—somethingthatPeterBehrenswasoneofthefirsttoestablish.Itischaracterizedbyacertainneutralityofexpression,whetheradesigncomesfromanindividualoragroup.Inmyopinion,thisisjustanaturalpartofmassproductionandmarketinganditrepresentsaveragetaste.Anothertrendwecanseeinindustrialdesignisthewaydesignerstrytowraporpackageproducts.Complexelectronicormechanicaldevices—perhapsdesignedbyotherengineers—haveprotectiveshellsthatkeepthemsafeandcleanandthatalsolookneatandattractive.第25頁/共115頁There’salsothecontinuingtendencytostreamlinedesigns.Thisdesignprinciplegoesbacktothe1930swithpeoplelikeRaymondLoewy,whowasaveryinfluentialindustrialdesigner.Streamlineddesignshavecontoursdesignedtoofferminimumresistancewhenmovingthroughairorwater.Thesedesignsaresmoothandcleanandextremelyappealingtotheeye.ThefourthtrendIcanidentifyisartificiallyacceleratedobsolescence.Thisreferstothepracticeofchangingadesignintentionallytotrytogetpeopletoreplacethethingstheyhavewithnewones.It’snotjustthedesign,ofcourse.Advertisingandchangesinfashionplayalargepartaswell.Fromaneconomicpointofview,well,it’sveryeffective.第26頁/共115頁SpeakerB:Iagreewithyourlistoftheprevailingtrendsinindustrialdesign.But,personally,Ihavedoubtsaboutanumberofthings.Forexample,thisemphasisonimpersonality.Tome,itgoesagainstindividualexpression—asifweallhavetosubmitto“themachine.”Asfortheexteriorpackagingthatcoversuptheengineeringinsides”ofaproduct,well,tomethisissortofsuperficial.Ithinksomeindustrialdesignersspendtoomuchtimeandmoneyonthis.Whatyousayaboutstreamliningistrue.Peopleseemtolikesmooth,sleeklines.Theysuggestspeedandmovement.But,Ithinkwe’vetakenthistrendtoridiculousextremes.Imean,whydowestreamlinethingsliketoasterswhentheyhavenothingtodowithmovementorspeed?Asforyourlastpoint,thisisalsotrue,regrettably.Icanunderstand—andaccept—theideaofartificiallyacceleratedobsolescenceinthingsthatarejustfashionitemsbutIthinkitisunacceptabletotrytopersuadepeopletoreplacethingslikehouseholdappliancessoonerthanwouldusuallybenecessaryasaresultofnormalwearandtear.第27頁/共115頁

Lesson3

CompromisesandengineeringdesignsInpairsorsmallgroups,discussthequestions.a1.Whatdoestheword“dilemma”mean?2.Whatsortsofdilemmasmightyoufaceinyourstudiesorinyourwork?3.Whatdoyouunderstandbytheterm“trilemma”?第28頁/共115頁Workingroupsofthree.Youarepartofasoftwaredesignteam.Readtheinformationontherolecardsandassignonecardtoeachpersoninyourgroup.b第29頁/共115頁

_______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Workingalone,makenotesaboutthesoftwareproductyouwanttomake.cThiscomputergamewillhavealowcost.Wewilltrytolaunchitby...第30頁/共115頁Workagaininthesamegroupofthree.Taketurnssharingyourideaswiththeothermembersofyourgroup.dYoucanmakeahigh-qualityproductandyoucanbringittomarketquickly,but___________________________.Youcanmakeahigh-quality,low-costproduct,but___________________________________________.3.Youcanmakealow-costproductandyoucanbringittomarketquickly,but_________________________________.Completethesentencestoexplainthesoftwareeconomics“trilemma.”eitwillhaveahighcostyouwillnotbeabletobringittomarketquicklyitwillnotbeahigh-qualityproductKey第31頁/共115頁Completethetextwiththenounsinthebox.Therearetwoextrawords.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.fcompromisescostsdesignsengineersmarketsmathematicsmeritsmodelsrequirementssolutions(1)________usetheirknowledgeofscienceand(2)___________,alongwiththeirownrelevantexperience,tofindasuitablesolutionorsolutionstoaproblem.Theycreateappropriatemathematical(3)_______ofaproblem,theyanalyzeit,andthentestpotential(4)_________.Usuallythereareanumberofreasonablesolutionstoaproblem.So,engineersevaluateeachdesignoptiononits(5)_______andchoosethesolutionthatbestmeetstheir(6)_____________.(7)_____________areattheheartofallengineering(8)_______.The“best”designistheonethatmeetsasmanyofthegivenrequirementsaspossible.EngineersmathematicsmodelssolutionsmeritsrequirementsCompromisesdesignsKey第32頁/共115頁Discussthetextandthinkabouthowtheseprinciplesapplytoyourstudiesortoyourwork.gYouhavebeenassignedthetaskofdesigninganewhand-heldcomputergamedevice.First,completethelistsofdesirabledesignvalueswiththecorrectnounsandadjectives.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.h第33頁/共115頁hattractivereliabilitysafehigh-qualityefficiencycompactnesslightweightKey第34頁/共115頁Addanyotherdesirabledesignvaluesthatyouthinkarerelevanttothisproduct.iWorkingroups.Discussthewaysinwhichonedesigncharacteristicmightconflictwithothersandthedesigncompromisesyouwouldhavetomake.jIfwemakeitmoredurable,thatwillincreasetheweightandalsothecost.Butifwemakeitmorelightweight,itwon’tbesostrong.第35頁/共115頁Sharetheconclusionsofyourgroup’sdiscussionwiththerestoftheclass.k第36頁/共115頁

Lesson4

ValueengineeringaDiscussthequestionsinpairsorsmallgroups.1.Whatdoyouunderstandbytheterm“valueengineering”?2.Whendidengineersfirststarttoapplyprinciplesofvalueengineering?3.Howdoengineersvalueengineeraproduct?第37頁/共115頁Valueengineering:__________________________________________Value:____________________________________________________Originoftheconcept:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Applyingvalueengineering:1.________________________________________________________2.________________________________________________________3.________________________________________________________4.________________________________________________________Listentoaninterviewaboutvalueengineeringandcompletethenotes.Checkandcompareyouranswers.bamethodforimprovingthevalueofproducttheratiooffunctiontocostbyaccident,WorldWarII,GeneralElectric,shortages,lookforadequatesubstitutes,useofsubstitutesreducedproductioncostsorimprovedproductsanalyzethefunctionsofaproductthinkofalternativesKeyScriptevaluateallthealternativesandcomparethemwiththeproductchoosethebestoptionandpresentfindingsandrecommendations第38頁/共115頁1.ValueengineeringcameaboutasaconsequenceofWorldWarII.TrueFalse2.Valuecanbeincreasedeitherbyimprovingfunctionorbyincreasingcost.TrueFalse3.Thefirststepinvalueengineeringisananalysisofaproduct’sfunctions.TrueFalse4.Itisacceptabletosacrificequalityinthequestforbettervalue.TrueFalse5.Inthefinalstep,findingsarepresentedandrecommendationsaremade.TrueFalseThenlistenagainandcirclethestatementsTrueorFalse.Key第39頁/共115頁cCorrectthefalsestatements.1.ValueengineeringcameaboutasaconsequenceofWorldWarII.

2.Valuecanbeincreasedeitherbyimprovingfunctionorbyincreasingcost.

3.Thefirststepinvalueengineeringisananalysisofaproduct’sfunctions.

4.Itisacceptabletosacrificequalityinthequestforbettervalue.

5.Inthefinalstep,findingsarepresentedandrecommendationsaremade.

Valuecanbeincreasedeitherbyimprovingfunctionorbyreducingcost.Whentryingtoachievebettervalue,youdonotmakesacrificesinthequalityoftheproduct.Key第40頁/共115頁dReadthetextandfillinthecorrectheadingforeachparagraph.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.cheapersubstitutematerialscustomerfeedbackefficiencyandproducibilityefficientuseofenergymodulesandsubassembliesValueengineeringlookstooptimizingcostsbyeliminatingwastefulpractices.Howdoesitdothis?1.________________________:

Reducecostsandaddvaluetoaproductbymakingitmoreenergy-efficient.2.________________________:Replaceexpensivematerialswithcheaperonesthatfunctionjustaswell.Ifaproductisonlyexpectedtolastfortenyears,itiswastefultousematerialsthat

lastmuchlonger.Inaperfectlyvalue-engineeredproduct,allmaterialswearoutatthesametime.efficientuseofenergycheapersubstitutematerialsKey第41頁/共115頁cheapersubstitutematerialscustomerfeedbackefficiencyandproducibilityefficientuseofenergymodulesandsubassemblies3.________________________:Redesignproductstomakethemmoreproducibleandadoptmoreefficientproductionprocesses.Eliminateunnecessaryparts,unnecessarystandardsofprecision,andanyunnecessarystepsintheproductionprocess.4._______________________:Usemultipurposecomponentsthatcanbereusedinanumberofslightlydifferentproducts.Inthisway,saveonoriginalengineeringanddesigncosts.5._______________________:Aproductthathasmorefeaturesthancustomersactually

wantiswastefulandinefficient.Redesignaproductsothatitmatchesexactlywhatmostcustomerswant.

Extrascanthenbesoldasoptions.modulesandsubassembliesefficiencyandproducibilitycustomerfeedbackKey第42頁/共115頁eInsmallgroups,thinkofatleastonereal-lifeexampleforeachofthevalueengineeringpracticesmentionedinExercised.Makealist.第43頁/共115頁fReadaboutthesereal-lifecasesand,insmallgroups,discusswhichofthevalueengineeringprincipleslistedintheboxarebeingappliedineachcase.reduceunnecessarypartsusecheapersubstitutematerialsreduceunnecessaryprecision1.Aslongastheydonotleak,theweldedjointsonRussianrocketmotorsareallowedtolookugly.Grindingandfinishingtheweldsaddscostbut