中醫(yī)英語常用語

中醫(yī)英語常用語中醫(yī)英語常用語（一）中醫(yī)方劑名稱的翻譯方法從目前的翻譯實踐來看，方劑名稱均可以音譯。如“麻黃湯”可譯為MahuangDecoction，“桂枝湯”可譯為GuizhiDecoction。也有的將劑型也予以音譯。但也有不少人采用直譯或意譯的方式翻譯方劑名稱。但在具體翻譯時有的采用英語翻譯方劑名稱中的中藥名（如將“桂枝湯”譯為CinnamonTwigDecoction），有的則采用拉丁語翻譯（如將“桂枝湯”譯為RamulusCinnamoniDecoction）。有關中藥名稱的翻譯問題，請參見第二十課的有關內容。就直譯和意譯而言，方劑名稱的翻譯可以有如下一些方式：１．以方中君藥命名的方劑譯式為：主藥名＋劑型名，如“麻黃湯”可譯為HerbaEphedraeDecoction或EphedraDecoction。２．以主治病證命名的方劑譯式為：病證名＋劑型名，如“疝氣湯”可譯為HerniaDecoction。３．以動物命名的方劑譯式為：動物名＋劑型名，如“白虎湯”可譯為WhiteTiger劑型名+plus（加）或minus（減）+加上或減去的藥物名稱，如“桂枝加（減）芍藥湯”可譯為RamulusCinnamoni（或CinnamonTwig）DecoctionPlusRadixPaeoniae（或Peony）。10．以方中所含諸藥數(shù)加功效命名的方劑譯式為：所含諸藥數(shù)+劑型名+for+功效，如“五味消毒飲”可譯為Five-IngredientDecoctionforEliminatingToxin。（三）中醫(yī)方劑常見劑型及其翻譯中醫(yī)方劑劑型比較多，現(xiàn)就其主要種類與譯法分述如下：1．湯劑：Decoction2．散劑：Powder3．丸劑：可譯為Bolus（大丸藥）、Pellet（小丸藥）或Pill（1）蜜丸：HoneyedBolus（2）水丸：WaterPellet（3）糊丸：PastePill（4）濃縮丸：CondensedPellet4．膏劑：Paste,Ointment,Plaster,Salve（1）流浸膏：LiquidExtract（2）浸膏：Extract（3）煎膏：DecoctedPaste（4）軟膏：Ointment,Paste（5）硬膏：Plaster5．丹劑：與丸劑同，只因多用精練藥品或貴重藥品制成，所以稱丹不稱丸。6．酒劑：Vinum7．茶劑：MedicinalTea8．藥露：Syrup9．錠劑：Lozenge,Pastille,Troche10．糖漿劑：Syrup11．片劑：Tablet12．沖服劑：Granule13．針劑：Injection14．栓劑：Suppository15．膠囊劑：Capsule（二）中藥藥性的翻譯1．Amongthesematerials,flowers,herbsandtreesaretheonesmostfrequentlyused,thatiswhyChinesemateriamedicaiscalledChinesemedicinalherbs.在這些藥物中，大多數(shù)是、草和樹木，所以中藥又稱為中草藥。2．TheChinesemedicinalherbsarecharacterizedbyfourproperties(cold,heat,warmandcool)andfivetastes(sour,bitter,sweet,acridorpungent-spicyandsalty).中草藥具有寒、熱、溫、涼四種不同的藥性（即四氣）和酸、苦、甘、辛、咸五種不同的味道（即五味）。3．Herbssuchaspreparedaconiteroot(Fuzi),whichrelievecoldsyndromes,arecharacterizedaswarmorhot.象附子這樣能解除寒證的草藥性屬溫熱。4．Whenthetasteisnotobvious,itisknownasblandortasteless.味道不明顯的草藥為淡味或無味。5．Also,someherbsarecharacterizedasastringent.還有一些藥物具有收澀的作用。6．Herbsthathaveadispersingfunctionarepungent-spicy.辛味之藥具有宣散作用。7．Herbsmaybecold,slightlycoldandverycold;bitter,slightlybitterandverybitter;etc.藥物或者為寒、微寒和大寒；或者為苦、微苦和苦甚。8．Thefunctionaltendenciesofherbsaremarkedbyascending,descending,floatingandsinking.藥物的作用趨勢為升降沉浮。9．Herbsthatascendandfloatmoveupwardandoutward;theypromotesweating,raiseyang,causevomitingandopentheorifices.具有升浮作用的藥物有發(fā)汗、升陽、涌吐和開竅的功效。10．Herbsthatdescendandsinkmovedownwardandinward,conductqidownward,promoteurinationanddefecation,subdueyangandcalmthemind.具有降沉作用的藥物有行氣、通便、潛陽和安神的功效11．Inaddition,processingandpreparationmaychangethetasteandpropertyoftheherbandinfluenceitsfunctionaltendencies.另外，炮制有可能改變藥物的性味和影響藥物的作用趨向。12．Aherbmayselectivelyactuponaparticularpartofthebodytorelievepathogenicchangeinspecificmeridiansandorgans.一個藥物可以有選擇性地作用于人體的某一特定部位以消除某一經絡或器官的病變。13．Themeridiansthataherbentersdependonthecorrespondingsymptomsrelieved.一個藥物歸于何經取決于它所祛除之癥狀。14．IntheChineseMateriaMedica,thewords“toxic,nontoxic,verytoxicorslightlytoxic”oftenappear.在《中華本草》一書中，“有毒、無毒、有大毒或有小毒”等詞經常出現(xiàn)。15．Nooverdoseoftoxicherbsshouldbegivenasthismayleadtosideeffects.使用有毒的藥物時不要多量，以免帶來副作用。（三）中醫(yī)治則的翻譯方法1．Diaphoresis,alsoknownasexterior-relievingmethod,isatherapeuticmethodusedtoopenthemuscularintersticesandrelieveexteriorsyndromewiththeherbsforrelievingtheexteriorandinducingsweating.汗法，也叫解表法，是運用解表發(fā)汗的方藥，開泄肌腠，解除表證的一種治療方法。2．Italsocanbeusedtotreatedemaseriousabovethewaist,earlystageofcarbuncleandulceraswellasinhibitederuptionofmeasleswiththesamemanifestationsmentionedabove.本法也可以用以治療水腫病腰以上腫甚、瘡瘍病初起，以及麻疹透發(fā)不暢等具有上述證候者。3．Diaphoresisiseitherinducedbyherbsacridintasteandwarminnatureorbyherbsacridintasteandcoolinnature.汗法有辛溫發(fā)汗和辛涼發(fā)汗之分。4．themethodofnourishingyintoinducesweating滋陰發(fā)汗5．thetherapyofsupportingyangtoinducesweating助陽發(fā)汗6．Emesisisatherapeuticmethodusedtodirectpathogenicfactorsortoxicmaterialstobevomitedoutthroughthemouth.吐法是引導病邪或有毒物質，使之從口涌吐而出的一種治療方法。7．Emetictherapyisusuallyusedtotreatstheniasyndromewithurgencytovomitoutthingsretainedinside.吐法常用以治療病情急迫而必須迅速吐出積滯的實證。8．Purgationisatherapeuticmethodusedtodischargefeces,eliminateretentionofsubstanceandfluidinsidethebodyandrelieveaccumulationofsthenia-heatwiththeprescriptionsandherbseffectiveforcatharsis.下法是運用具有瀉下作用的方藥，通過瀉下大便，攻逐體內結滯和積水，并解除實熱蘊結的一種治療方法。9．Mediationisatherapeuticmethodusedforeliminatingpathogenicfactorsandsupportinghealthyqi.和法是祛除病邪扶助正氣的一種治療方法。10．Thistherapyisusedtotreatavarietyofsyndromes,suchasshaoyangsyndromemarkedbyalternativechillsandfeverinthesemi-exteriorandsemi-interiorphase;irregularmenstruationduetodisharmonybetweentheliverandstomachandstagnationofliverqi;abdominalpainanddiarrheaduetohyperactivityoftheliverandastheniaofthespleen.這一療法應用范圍廣，如往來寒熱于半表半里的少陽證，肝胃不和、肝氣郁結所致的月經不調，以及肝旺脾虛的腹痛、瀉泄等。11．Clinicallymediationisdividedintofourtypes:mediatingshaoyang,relaxingtheliverandharmonizingthestomach,regulatingtheliverandspleen,andregulatingtheintestinesandstomach.臨床上和法分為四種：和解少陽，適用于邪在半表半里之間的少陽證；舒肝和胃，適用于肝氣犯胃，胃失和降；調和肝脾，適用于肝脾失調；調和腸胃，適用于邪在腸胃，寒熱互見。12．Warmingtherapy,alsoknownascold-eliminatingtherapy,isatherapeuticmethodusedtoeliminatepathogeniccoldandinvigorateyangqiwiththeprescriptionsandherbswarmandhotinnature.溫法，也叫祛寒法，是運用性質溫熱的方藥，以祛除寒邪和補益陽氣的一種治療方法。13．Clinicallywarmingtherapyisdividedintothreetypes:warmingthemiddletoeliminatecold,resolvingphlegmandretentionoffluidbywarmingandrestoringyangtorescuecollapse.臨床上溫法分為三類：溫中祛寒、溫化痰飲、回陽救逆。14．Warmingtherapyalsoincludessuchtherapeuticmethodsaswarmingthelungtoresolvefluidretention,warmingthekidneytopromotewatermetabolism,warmingmeridiansandtheliverandwarmingthestomachtoregulateqi.溫法還包括溫肺化飲、溫腎利水、溫經暖肝、溫胃利氣等。15．Heat-clearingtherapyisatherapeuticmethodusedtoclearawayheatbymeansofreducingfire,removingtoxinandcoolingbloodwiththeprescriptionsandherbscoldandcoolinnature.清法是運用性質寒涼的方藥，通過瀉火、解毒、涼血等作用，以清除熱邪的一種治療方法。16．Heat-clearingtherapyisclinicallydividedintofourtypes:clearingawayheattoreducefire,clearingawayheattoremovetoxin,clearingawayheatatyingphasetocoolblood,andnourishingyintoclearawayheat.臨床上清法分為四類：清熱瀉火、清熱解毒、清營涼血、養(yǎng)陰清熱。17．Resolutionisatherapeuticmethodusedtoremovetheretentionoffoodandeliminatestagnationwithherbseffectiveforpromotingdigestion.消法是運用助消化、導食滯的方藥，以消積導滯的一種治療方法。18．Clinicallyresolutionisdividedintothreetypes:promotingdigestiontoeliminatefoodretention,removingmassandresolvingaccumulationandregulatingqitoresolvestasis.臨床上消法分為三類：消食導滯、消痞化積、行氣消瘀。19．Otherresolvingtherapiesincluderesolvingphlegmtoremovefluidretention,resolvingwatertosubsideswellingandsofteninghardnesstoresolvestagnation.消法還包括消痰化飲、消水散腫及軟堅散結。20．Invigoratingtherapyisatherapeuticmethodusedtotreatastheniaandweaknessbymeansofsupplementingessence,bloodandbodyfluidwiththeprescriptionsandherbseffectivefortonifyingandreinforcingthebody.補法是運用滋養(yǎng)強壯作用的方藥，以補充精、血、津液等物質，消除虛弱證候的一種療法。21．Clinicallyinvigoratingtherapyisdividedintofourtypes:invigoratingqi,tonifyingblood,invigoratingyin,invigoratingyang.臨床上補法分為五類：補氣、補血、補陰、補陽。（四）病機病癥翻譯1.Pathogenesisreferstothemechanisminvolvedintheoccurrence,developmentandchangesofdisease.病機即疾病發(fā)生、發(fā)展與變化的機理。2．Suchacombatbetweenhealthyqiandpathogenicfactorsdamagestherelativeequilibriumbetweenyinandyanginthebody,orleadstodysfunctionofthevisceraandmeridians,orresultsindisturbanceofqiandblood,whichconsequentlybringonvariouslocalorgeneralpathologicalchanges.正邪相爭破壞了人體陰陽的相對平衡，或使臟腑、經絡功能失調，或使氣血功能紊亂，從而產生全身或局部的多種多樣的病理變化。3．Althoughdiseasesarevariousandclinicalmanifestationsarecomplicated,thepathogenesis,ingeneral,involvesnomorethansuchfactorsassuperabundanceordeclinebetweenhealthyqiandpathogenicfactors,imbalancebetweenyinandyang,disorderofqiandbloodaswellasdysfunctionofthevisceraandmeridians.盡管疾病的種類繁多，臨床征象錯綜復雜，但總離不開邪正盛衰、陰陽失調、氣血失常、經絡和臟腑功能紊亂等病機變化的一般規(guī)律。4．Inthiscasethehealthyqiisdifficulttolaunchanintensestruggleagainstpathogenicfactorsandeventuallyleadstoanastheniasyndrome.在這種情況下，正氣難以有力抗擊邪氣，引起虛證。5．Theclinicalmanifestationsofastheniasyndromearespiritualandphysicallassitude,lusterlesscomplexion,palpitationandshortnessofbreath,spontaneoussweating,nightsweating,orfeverishsensationoverfivecenters(palms,solesandchest),oraversiontocoldandcoldlimbsandweakpulse,etc.虛證的臨床表現(xiàn)是神疲體倦、面容憔悴，心悸氣短，自汗，盜汗，五心煩熱，畏寒肢冷，脈虛無力等。6．Undersuchacondition,theconflictbetweenhealthyqiandpathogenicfactorsisintenseandbringsonastheniasyndrome.在這種情況下，邪正之爭激烈，導致實證。7．Theclinicalmanifestationsofstheniasyndromeareprofusephlegm,indigestion,accumulationoffluidanddampness,interiorretentionofbloodstasis,highfever,mania,highandcoarsevoice,unpalpableabdominalpain,constipation,dysuriaandpowerfulpulse,etc.實證的臨床表現(xiàn)是壯熱，狂燥，聲高氣粗，腹痛拒按，二便不通，脈實有力等8．Thepathologicalchangesofimbalancebetweenyinandyangmainlyincluderelativepredominance,relativedecline,mutualconsumption,mutualrejectionanddepletionofyinandyang.陰陽失調的病理變化包括陰陽偏勝、陰陽偏衰、陰陽的護損、陰陽的格拒和陰陽的亡失。9．“exuberanceofpathogenicfactorsleadstosthenia”“邪氣盛則實”10．ThatiswhyitissaidinSuWenthat“predominanceofyangcausesexternalheat”.所以《素問》說：“陽盛則外熱”。11．Relativedeclineofyinandyangreferstoastheniasyndromebecause“l(fā)ossofessenceleadstoasthenia”.陰陽的偏衰指的是“精氣奪則虛”的虛證。12．Relativedeclineofyangismainlycausedbycongenitaldeficiency,orpostnatalmalnutritionandendogenousimpairmentduetooverstrain,orprolongedillnessconsumingyangqi.陽偏衰主要由先天稟賦不足，或后天飲食失養(yǎng)和勞倦內傷，或久病損傷陽氣所致。13．Thecausesofrelativedeclineofyinarevarious,suchaspathogenicfactorsofyangnatureimpairingyin,firetransformedfromextremechangesofemotionsdamagingyinandprolongedillnessconsumingyin.陰偏衰多由陽邪傷陰，或因五志過極，化火傷陰，或因久病耗傷陰液所致。14．Theusualsymptomscausedbyrelativedeclineofyinarefeverishsensationoverthefivecenters(palms,solesandchest),bone-steaming,tidalfever,flushedcheeks,emaciation,nightsweating,drymouthandthroatandreddishtonguewithscantycoatingaswellasthin,rapidandweakpulse.陰偏衰的常見癥狀為五心煩熱、骨蒸、潮熱、面赤、消瘦、盜汗、口干咽燥、舌紅少苔、脈細數(shù)無力等。15．Mutualconsumptionmeansthattheastheniaordeficiencyofyinoryangaffectsitsopponent,consequentlybringingonsimultaneousastheniaofbothyinandyang.互損指的是陰或陽任何一方的虛損影響及相對的一方，形成陰陽兩虛的病機。16．Theastheniaofyinleadingtoastheniaofyangisknownasyinconsumingyangandtheastheniaofyangresultinginastheniaofyiniscalledyangconsumingyin.陰虛而導致陽虛稱為陰損及陽，陽虛導致陰虛稱為陽損及陰。17．Theformerreferstoamorbidstatemarkedbyastheniaofbothyinandyangresultingfromyinastheniaduetolossofyin-fluidthatmakestheproductionofyangqideficient.前者指陰液虧損累及陽氣化生不足，形成以陰虛為主的陰陽兩虛病理狀態(tài)。18．Thelatterreferstoamorbidstatemarkedbyastheniaofbothyinandyangresultingfromastheniaofyangthataffectstheproductionofyin-fluid.后者指陽氣虛累及陰液的化生，從而形成以陽虛為主的陰陽兩虛病理狀態(tài)。19．Mutualrejectionbetweenyinandyangmeansthattheextremesuperabundanceofeitheryinoryangstagnatesinsideandrejectsitsopponent,consequentlybringingoncomplicatedpathologicalphenomenasuchastruecoldandfalseheatortrueheatandfalsecold.陰陽格拒指陰或陽的一方偏勝至極，因而壅遏于內，將另一方排斥格拒于外，從而出現(xiàn)真寒假熱或真熱假寒等復雜的病理現(xiàn)象。20．Superabundanceofyinrejectingyang,alsoknownasrejectionofyang,meansthatinteriorexuberanceofyindrivesyangtofloatexteriorly,clinicallyleadingtosuchfalse-heatsymptomsasflushedcheeks,dysphoricfever,thirstandlargepulse.陰盛格陽，又稱格陽，指陰寒之邪壅盛于內，逼迫陽氣浮越于外的病理狀態(tài)，臨床表現(xiàn)為面紅、煩熱、口渴、脈大等假熱之象。21．Exuberanceofyangrejectingyin,alsoknownasrejectionofyin,meansthatinteriorpredominanceofpathogenicheatstagnateyangandpreventsitfromreachingthelimbs,clinicallyresultinginsuchfalse-coldsymptomsasdeepcoldsensationofthelimbsandsunkenpulse.陽盛格陰，又稱格陰，指熱邪內盛，陽氣被遏，不能外達于肢體，臨床表現(xiàn)為四肢逆冷、脈象沉伏等假寒之象。22．Lossofyinoryangreferstoacriticalmorbidstateduetosuddenandexcessivelossofyin-fluidoryangqi.陰陽亡失指機體的陰液或陽氣的突然大量亡失，導致生命垂危的一種病理狀態(tài)。22．Lossofyinisfrequentlycausedbysuperabundanceofpathogenicheatorprolongedretentionofpathogenicheatthatscorchesyin-fluid,orbyotherfactorsthatexcessivelyconsumesyin-fluid.亡陰常由熱邪熾盛，或邪熱久留，大量灼陰液所致，也可由其它因素大量耗損陰液而致。23．“fiveendogenouspathogenicfactors”內生五邪（五）有關痰的翻譯1.Theexperiencewasunique,attimeshardortrying—yettakenasawhole,invaluableandenriching.(在該院的)經歷是不同尋常的,雖然有時艱難或者難堪,但總的來說是很有價值的和豐富的。2.IntraditionalChinesemedicine,theterm“phlegm”hastwomeanings.Inanarrowsense,itisthatsubstancewhichoneexpectorates.Inabroadersense,itisthesubstancewhichcanlodgeinthemeridiansandorgans,manifestingasphlegmsyndromes.在中醫(yī)里，痰有兩層意思。狹義的痰指的是由喉嚨咯出的痰;廣義的痰指的是可以停滯在經絡和器官里并引起痰證的痰。3.Theproductionofphlegmismainlyassociatedwithadysfunctioninthetransformation,transportationandeliminationoffluidresultingfromdisordersofthelungs,spleenandkidneys.Phlegmisaprogressionofdampness,butisheavierandthickerthandampness,andevenmorelikelytocauseblockageandobstruction.Phlegmisboththeresultandcauseofdisharmony.痰的生成主要與肺脾和腎臟病變引起的運化和排泄水液功能失調有關。痰是濕之甚,但比濕厚重,甚至更易于引起阻滯和閉塞。痰既是失調的結果,有時失調的原因。4.Thespleenissaidtoformphlegm,andthelungsaresaidtostoreit.Phlegmmaybeboththecauseandresultofthefailureofthedispersinganddescendingfunctionofthelungs.脾是生痰之源,肺為儲痰之器。肺失宣降可以引起痰，痰也可以導致肺失宣降。5.Thiscanmanifestasfullnessanddistensionintheepigastrium,borborygmus,loosestools,lethargy[?leθ?d?i:],andgeneralizedheavysensation.這可以表現(xiàn)為胃脘部脹滿,腸鳴,便溏,昏睡,及全身困重。6.Deficiencyofkidneyyangmayleadtoadysfunctioninthetransformationofwater,causingwatertofloodupward,andresultingintheformationofphlegm.腎陽虛可導致水濕運化失常,從而引起水液上泛,形成痰液。7.Exophthalmicgoiterisaconditionmarkedbyprotrusionoftheeyeballs,increasedheartaction,enlargementofthethyroidgland,weightloss,nervousness,finetremoroftheextendedfingersandtongue,alteredbowelactivity,heatintolerance,andexcessivesweating.眼球突出性甲狀腺的特征是眼球突出,心跳加快，甲狀腺增大，體重下降，緊張,指端微微顫動,大便失常,惡熱,多汗等。8.IntraditionalChinesemedicine,thisconditionisregardedasarisingfromemotionaldistressorfrustration,whichmaycausestagnationoftheliverqiandspleenqiandtheaccumulationofphlegm.在中醫(yī)里，這中病理狀態(tài)被看作是情志不遂所致,可引起肝脾之氣郁結及痰液聚積。9.If,inaddition,thisprolongedstagnationoftheqihastransformedintofire,theremaybedamagetotheheartyinwithirritability,mentalrestlessness,andpalpitations.另外，如果氣郁化火,則可傷心陰,癥見易怒,心煩和心悸等。(六)八綱相關翻譯1．Themanifestationsofdiseases,thoughcomplicated,canbegeneralizedintocertainpatternsinthelightoftheeightprinciples.疾病的表現(xiàn)盡管極其復雜，但基本上都可以用八綱加以歸納。2．SoitissaidinSuWen“theexperienceddiagnosticiansinspectcomplexionandtakepulsetodifferentiateyinandyangfirst.”所以《素問》說：“善診者，察色按脈，先別陰陽?！?．Generallyspeaking,anysyndromesthatcorrespondto“yin”innaturearetermedyinsyndromes,suchasinteriorsyndrome,coldsyndromeandastheniasyndrome;whileanysyndromesthatcorrespondto“yang”innaturearetermedyangsyndromes,suchasexteriorsyndrome,heatsyndromeandstheniasyndrome.一般地講，凡符合“陰”的屬性的證候稱為陰證，如里證、寒證、虛證等；凡符合“陽”的屬性的證候稱為陽證，如表證、熱證、實證等。4．lyingwiththekneesdrawnup蜷臥5．Thedifferentiationofsyndromesaccordingtotheexteriorandinteriorsyndromesisapplicabletoexogenousdiseasesforthepurposeofdetectingthedepthoftransmissionandthedevelopmentofpathologicalchanges.表里辨證適用于外感病，可察知病情的輕重深淺及病理變化的趨勢。6．Interiorpenetrationoftheexogenouspathogenicfactorsindicatesprogressofthediseasewhileexteriorwithdrawaloftheendogenouspathogenicfactorssuggestsrecedingofthedisease.表邪入里為病進，里邪出表為病退。7．Theinteriorsyndrome,usuallyseenatthemiddleandlatestagesofexogenousdiseasesorendogenousdiseases,isusuallycausedbyinteriortransmissionoftheunrelievedexogenouspathogenicfactorsintotheviscera,orbydirectinvasionofexogenouspathogenicfactorsintotheviscera,orbyimpairmentoftheviscerabyemotionalfactors,improperdietandoverstrain.里證多見于外感病的中后期或內傷病，一般由外邪不解內傳入里，侵犯臟腑所致，或外邪直接侵犯臟腑而成，或情志內傷，飲食勞倦等因素直接損傷臟腑。8．Thatiswhatimpliedinthestatementof“predominationofyanggeneratingheatandpredominationofyingeneratingcold”.這就是“陽盛則熱，陰盛則寒”的含義。9．floatingwhitishcomplexion[k?m?plek??n]（面色）晄白10．blandtasteinthemouth口淡11．profuseandclearurine小便清長12．interiorpenetrationofheattransformedfrompathogeniccold,orheattransformedfromextremechangesofemotions,orheataccumulatingfromimproperdiet寒邪化熱入里，或七情過激，郁而化熱，或飲食不節(jié)，積蓄為熱。13．scantyandbrownishurine小便短赤14．Astheniameansinsufficiencyofhealthyqiandstheniameansexuberanceofpathogenicfactors.虛指正氣不足，實指邪氣盛實。15．Astheniasyndrome,includingastheniaofyin,yang,qi,blood,essence,bodyfluidandtheviscera,iscausedeitherbycongenitalinsufficiencyorpostnatalmalnutrition.虛證包括陰、陽、氣、血、精、津，以及臟腑等各種不同的虛損，由先天不足和后天失調所引起。16．However,themaincauseofastheniasyndromeisusuallythepostnatalmalnutrition,suchasweaknessofthestomachandspleenduetoimproperdiet,impairmentofvisceralqiandbloodduetoemotionalfactorsandoverstrain,consumptionofkidneyessenceduetoexcessivesexualactivityanddamageofhealthyqiduetoprolongedillnessorimpropertreatment.但虛證主要還是由后天失調所引起，如飲食失調、后天不固；七情勞倦，內傷臟腑氣血；房室過度，耗傷腎臟元真之氣；或久病失治療誤治等。17．palewhitishorsallow[?s?l??]complexion,面色淡白或萎黃18．light-coloured,bulgyandtendertongue舌淡胖嫩19．feverishsensationoverthefivecenters(palms,solesandchest)五心煩熱20．unpalpableabdominalpain腹痛拒按21．Thoughclassifiedintodifferentcategories,theyareinseparableandinterconnected.八綱雖然可以分為不同的類型，但實際上是相互關聯(lián)的，不可截然分開。(七)望診Inspectionofcomplexionmeanstoobservethefacialchangesincolourandluster.Generallyspeaking,reddishcomplexionindicatesheatsyndromes;whitishcomplexionindicatescoldandastheniasyndrome;yellowishcomplexionindicatesasthenia[?s?θi:nj?]（虛弱）anddampnesssyndromes;bluishcomplexionsuggestspainandcoldsyndrome,bloodstasis[?steisis]（停滯）andconvulsion[k?n?v?l??n]（驚厥、抽搐）;andblackishcomplexionshowsastheniaofthekidney,bloodstasisandfluidretention[ri?ten??n]（阻滯）.（八）脈象Floatingpulse(FuMai):Exteriorsyndrome(floatingandforcefulpulseindicatingexteriorstheniasyndromewhilefloatingandweakpulseindicatingexteriorastheniasyndrome);Deeppulse(ChenMai):Interiorsyndrome(deepandforcefulpulseindicatinginteriorstheniasyndromewhiledeepandweakpulseindicatinginteriorastheniasyndrome);Slowpulse(ChiMai):Coldsyndrome(slowandforcefulpulseindicatingcold-stheniasyndromewhileslowandweakpulseindicatingasthenia-coldsyndrome);Rapidpulse(ShuoMai):Heatsyndrome(rapidandforcefulpulseindicatingsthenia-heatwhilerapidandweakpulseindicatingasthenia-heat);Weakpulse(XuMai):Astheniasyndrome(oftenastheniaofbothqiandblood);Forcefulpulse(ShiMai):Stheniasyndrome;Slipperypulse(HuaMai):Retentionofphlegmandfood,sthenia-heat;Astringentpulse(SeMai):Consumptionofessence,deficiencyofblood,stagnationofqiandstasisofblood;Fullpulse(HongMai):Exuberanceofheatandpathogenicfactors;Thinpulse(XiMai):Astheniaofyin-bloodanddampness;Softpulse(RuMai):Variousconditionsofastheniaanddampness;Tautpulse(XianMai):Liverandgallbladderdisease,variouskindsofpainproblems,phlegmandretentionoffluid;Tensepulse(JinMai):Painandcold;Rapidirregularintermittentpulse(CuMai):Sthenia-heatduetoexuberanceofyang,phlegm,retentionoffluidandfood;Knottedpulse(JieMai):Qistagnationduetopredominationofyin,phlegmstagnationandbloodstasis;Slowregularintermittentpulse(DaiMai):Declinationofvisceralqi,windandpainsyndrome,frightandtraumaticinjury.1．TraditionalChinesemedicineholdsthat,withtheoppositionandunityrelationshipsthebodykeepsadynamicequilibriumbetweentheinternalandexternalenvironmentsandthevisceraandthetissuesduetotherelationshipsofoppositionandunityamongthem.（八）病因中醫(yī)學認為，人體各臟腑組織之間，以及人體與外界環(huán)境之間，既對立又統(tǒng)一，維持著相對的動態(tài)平衡。2．Pathogenicfactorsarevarious,suchasabnormalchangesofweather,infectionofpestilence,mentalstimulation,improperdiet,overstrain,traumaduetoheavyload,injurycausedbyfalling,incisedwoundandinsectoranimalbites,etc.病邪多種多樣，如氣候的異常、疫癘的傳染、精神刺激、飲食勞倦、持重努傷、跌仆金刃外傷，以及蟲獸所傷等等。3．Duringthecourseofadisease,thecauseandeffectareofteninteractingwitheachother.Theeffectatacertainpathologicalstagemayturnintocauseandviceversa.在疾病過程中，原因和結果是互相作用著的，在某一病理階段中是結果的東西，在另一階段中則可能成為原因。4．InSuWen,forexample,itsays:“Thepathogenicfactorsoriginateeitherfromtheyinaspectoryangaspect.Thosefromtheyangaspectarecausedbywind,rain,coldandsummer-heat;whilethosefromtheyinaspectarecausedbyimproperdietandlivingconditionsaswellassexualactivityandemotionalchanges.”比如，《素問》中說：“夫邪之生也，或生于陰，或生于陽。其生于陽者，得之風雨寒暑。其生于陰者，得之飲食居處，陰陽喜怒?！?．“Diseasesareexclusivelycausedbythreekindsofpathogenicfactors.Thefirstgroupareendogenousfactorscausedbyinvasionofexogenouspathogenicfactorsintotheviscerafromthemeridians;thesecondgrouparetheonesattackingtheskinandbringingonstagnationofthevesselsthatconnectthefourlimbsandnineorifices;andthethirdgrouparetheinjuriescausedbysexualactivity,incisedwoundandinsectandanimalbites.”“千般災難，不越三條，一者，經絡受邪入臟腑，為內所因也；二者，四肢九竅，血脈相傳，壅塞不通，為外皮膚所中也；三者，房室、金刃、蟲獸所傷?！?．IntheJinDynasty,TaoHongjingalsosummarizedthecausesofdiseasesintothreecategories,namely“endogenousfactors,exogenousfactorsandothers”.在晉代，陶弘景將病因歸納為三類，即“一為內疾，二為外發(fā)，三為它犯?！?．Inordertodistinguishthemfromthesixexogenouspathogenicfactors,theyarecalled“fiveendogenouspathogenicfactorsorfiveendogenousevils”,namelyendogenouswind,endogenouscold,endogenousdampness,endogenousdrynessandendogenousfire.為了將其區(qū)分開來，它們被稱為“內生五邪”，即內風、內寒、內濕、內燥、內火。8．Sinceabnormalchangeofemotionsisthemajorfactorcausinginternalproblems,itistermed“internalinjuryduetosevenemotions”.由于情志異常是造成內傷病的主要原因，所以稱為“內傷七情”。9．ThatiswhyitissaidinSuWenthat“angerimpairstheliver”;”excessivejoyimpairstheheart”;“excessivecontemplationimpairsthespleen”;“anxietyimpairsthelung”;and“frightorfearimpairsthekidney”.這就是為什么《素問》中說“怒傷肝”；“喜傷心”；“憂傷肺”；“思傷脾”；“驚恐傷腎”。10．Itisalsosaidthat“angerdrivesqitoflowupward;joymakesqisluggish;griefconsumesqi;feardrivesqitoflowdownward…frightdisordersqi…andovercontemplationstagnatesqi.”“怒則氣上；喜則氣緩；悲則氣消；恐則氣下……驚則氣亂……思則氣結?！?1．However,improperdietorpartialityindietfrequentlyleadstodiseases.但飲食不節(jié)或偏食?？梢鸺膊　?2．“Phlegm”notonlyreferstosputumexpectoratedfromthethroat,butalsoincludesscrofula,nodulesandthethickliquidsubstanceretainedorstagnatedinthevisceraandmeridians.“痰”不僅僅指從喉嚨咯吐出來的痰，也包括瘰疬、痰核和停滯在臟腑經絡等組織中而未被排出的痰液。13．Bloodstasiscanbecausedeitherbyastheniaandstagnationofqi,blood-coldandblood-heatorbyendogenousandexogenousinjuryorextravasationofbloodduetoblood-heat.瘀血或由氣虛、氣滯、血寒、血熱等原因所造成，或由內外傷或血熱妄行等原因所引起。（九）血1．InSuWen,itsaysthat“themiddleenergizerreceivesqi(foodnutrients),takesthejuiceandtransformsitintoredliquidknownasblood”《素問》說：“中焦受氣取汁，變化而赤，是謂血?！?．LingShusaysthat“Yingqiseparatesitsliquid,infusesitintothevesselsandtransformsitintobloodtonourishthefourlimbsandtheviscera.”《靈樞》說：“營氣者，泌其津液，注之于脈，化以為血；以榮四末，內注五臟六腑……”3．nourishandmoisten[?m??s?n]thewholebody.營養(yǎng)和滋潤全身。4．IntheChapteroftheGenerationoftheFiveZang-OrgansinSuWen,itsays:“Withthenourishmentofblood,theliverisabletomaintainnormalvision;withthenourishmentofblood,thefeetareabletowalk;withthenourishmentofblood,thepalmsareabletogripobjects;withthenourishmentofblood,thefingersareabletograsp”.《素問?五臟生成篇》說：“肝受血而能視，足受血而能步，掌受血而能握，指受血而能攝?！?．Thenourishingandmoisteningfunctionsaresignifiedbysuchmanifestationsasruddycomplexion,well-developedandstrongmuscles,lustrousskinandhairaswellasnimbleandflexiblesensationandmovement.血的營養(yǎng)和滋潤的生理功能主要體現(xiàn)在面色的紅潤、肌肉的豐滿和壯實、皮膚和毛發(fā)的潤澤有華、感覺和運動的靈活自如等方面。6．Insufficiencyofbloodorcontinuousexcessiveconsumptionofbloodorhypofunctionofbloodinnourishingandmoisteningthebodywillinevitablyleadtosuchgeneralorlocalpathologicalchangesasvertigo[?v?:t??g??],blurredvision,paleorsallow[?s?l??]complexion,dryhairorskin,numbnessoflimbsorextremities.血的生成不足或持久地過度耗損，或血的營養(yǎng)和滋潤作用減弱，均可引起全身或局部血虛的病變，出現(xiàn)頭昏目花、面色不華或萎黃、毛發(fā)干枯、肌膚干燥、肢體或肢端麻木等臨床表現(xiàn)。7．SoitissaidinSuWenthat“bloodandqiconstitutethespiritofmanandmustbecarefullynourished.”所以《素問》說：“氣血者，人之神，不可不謹養(yǎng)?！?．ThatiswhyitissaidinLingShuthat“harmonyofbloodandsmoothnessofthevesselsarekeytothenormalstateofthespirit.”這就是為什么《靈樞》說：“血脈和利，精神乃居?！?．Sincethepumpingoftheheartpropelsbloodtocirculate,itsaysinSuWenthat“theheartdominatesthebloodvessels.”由于心臟的搏動推動血液的運行，所以《素問》說：“心主身之血脈?！?0．Thedispersionandconnectionwithvariousvesselsofthelungaswellasthedredgingandreleasingfunctionsoftheliverarealsoessentialfactorsinpromotingthecirculationofblood.肺的宣發(fā)和朝百脈，肝的疏泄等，是推動和促進血液運行的重要因素。11．Thefunctionofthespleentocommandbloodandthefunctionofthelivertostorebloodarethekeyfactorsinkeepingthebloodcirculatinginsidethevesselandpreventingitfromextravasating.脾的統(tǒng)血和肝的藏血等，是固攝血液、防止外溢的重要因素。12．Clinicallyfourtypesofblooddisordersarecommonlyencountered,namelybloodasthenia[?s?θi:nj?],bloodstasis,blood-heatandblood-cold.臨床常見的血病證候有血虛、血瘀、血熱和血寒等四種。13．Bloodastheniareferstoasyndromemarkedbygeneralweaknessduetoconsumptionorinsufficiencyofbloodandmalnutritionofthewholebody.血虛證是血液虧虛，臟腑百脈失養(yǎng)，表現(xiàn)全身虛弱的證候。14．Theclinicalmanifestationsofbloodastheniaarepaleorsallowcomplexion,light-colouredlipsandnails,dizziness,palpitation[p?lpi?tei?(?)n](心悸),insomnia,numbness[?n?mn?s](麻木)ofhandsandfeet,light-colouredandscanty[?sk?nti:]（稀少的）menstruation,delayedmenstruationoramenorrhea,light-colouredtonguewithwhitishcoating,thinandweakpulse.血虛的臨床表現(xiàn)為面白無華或萎黃，唇色淡白，爪甲蒼白，頭暈眼花，心悸失眠、手足發(fā)麻，婦女經血量少色淡，衍期甚或閉經，舌淡苔白，脈細無力。15．Theclinicalmanifestationsofbloodstas