考博英語模擬題閱讀理解試題1

考博英語模擬題閱讀理解試題1

Proponentsofdifferentjazzstyleshavealwaysarguedthattheirpredecessor,s

musicalstyledidnotincludeessentialcharacteristicsthatdefinejazzasjazz.

Thus,1940'sswingwasbelittledbybeboppersofthe1950'swhowerethemselves

attackedbyfreejazzesoftheI960's.Theneoboppersofthe1980'sand1990'

sattackedalmosteverybodyelse.ThetitanicfigureofBlacksaxophonistJohn

Coltranehascomplicatedtheargumentsmadebyproponentsofstylesfrombebop

throughneobopbecauseinhisownmusicaljourneyhedrewfromallthosestyles.

Hisinfluenceonalltypesofjazzwasimmeasurable.Attheheightofhispopularity,

Coltranelargelyabandonedplayingbebop,thestylethathadbroughthimfame,to

exploretheouterreachesofjazz.

Coltranehimselfprobablybelievedthattheonlyessentialcharacteristicof

jazzwasimprovisation,theoneconstantinhisjourneyfrombeboptoopen-ended

improvisationsonmodal,Indian,andAfricanmelodies.Ontheotherhand,thisdogged

studentandprodigioustechnician—whoinsistedonspendinghourseachday

practicingscalesfromtheorybooks一wasneverabletojettisoncompletelythe

influenceofbebop,withitsfastandelaboratechainsofnotesandornamentson

melody.

TwostylisticcharacteristicsshapedthewayColtraneplayedthetenorsaxophone:

hefavoredplayingfastrunsofnotesbuiltonamelodyanddependedonheavy,

regularlyaccentedbeats.ThefirstledColtraneto“sheetsofsound“wherehe

racedfasterandfaster,pile-drivingnotesintoeachothertosuggeststacked

harmonies.Thesecondmeantthathissenseofrhythmwasalmostasclosetorock

astobebop.

ThreerecordingsillustrateColtrane,senergizingexplorations.RecordingKind

ofBluewithMilesDavis,Coltranefoundhimselfoutsidebop,exploringmodal

melodies.Hereheplayedsurging,lengthysolosbuiltlargelyaroundrepeatedmotifs

—anorganizingprincipleunlikethatoffreejazzsaxophoneplayerOrnetteColeman,

whomodulatedoralteredmelodiesinhissolos.OnGiantSteps,Coltranedebuted

asleader,introducinghisowncompositions.Herethesheetsofsound,downbeat

accents,repetitions,andgreatspeedarepartofeachsolo,andthevarietyofthe

shapesofhisphrasesisunique.Coltrane?ssearchingexplorationsproducedsolid

achievement.MyFavoriteThingswasanotherkindofwatershed.HereColtraneplayed

thesopranosaxophone,aninstrumentseldomusedbyjazzmusicians.Musically,the

resultswereastounding.WiththesopranoJspipingsound,ideasthathadsounded

darkandbroodingacquiredafeelingofgiddyfantasy.

WhenColtranebeganrecordingfortheImpulse!Label,hewasstillsearching.

Hismusicbecameraucous,physical.Hisinfluenceonrockerswasenormous,including

JimiHendrix,therockguitarist,who,followingColtrane,raisedtheextended

guitarsolousingrepeatedmotifstoakindofrockartform.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthetextisto

[A]discusstheplaceofColtraneintheworldofjazzanddescribehismusical

explorations.

[B]examinethenatureofbebopandcontrastitwithimprovisationaljazz.

[C]analyzethemusicalsourcesofColtrane,sstyleandtheirinfluenceonhis

work.

[D]acknowledgetheinfluenceofColtrane'smusiconrockmusicandrock

musicians.

2.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthefourth

paragraph?

[A]Athesisreferredtoearlierinthetextismentionedandillustratedwith

threespecificexamples.

[B]Athesisisstatedandthreeexamplesaregiveneachsuggestingthata

correctionneedstobemadetoathesisreferredtoearlierinthetext.

[C]Athesisreferredtoearlierinthetextismentioned,andthreeexamples

arepresentedandrankedinorderoftheirsupportofthethesis.

[D]Athesisisstated,threeseeminglyopposingexamplesarepresented,and

theirunderlyingcorrespondenceisexplained.

3.Accordingtothetext,JohnColtranedidallofthefollowingduringhiscareer

EXCEPT

[A]improviseonmelodiesfromanumberofdifferentcultures.

[B]performasleaderaswellassoloist.

[C]spendtimeimprovinghistechnicalskills.

[D]eliminatetheinfluenceofbeboponhisownmusic.

4.AccordingtothetextamajordifferencebetweenColtraneandotherjazz

musicianswasthe

[A]degreetowhichColtrane,smusicencompassedallofjazz.

[B]repetitionofmotifsthatColtraneusedinhissolos.

[C]numberofhisowncompositionsthatColtranerecorded.

[D]indifferenceColtranemaintainedtomusicaltechnique.

5.Intermsofitstoneandform,thetextcanbestbecharacterizedas

[A]dogmaticexplanation.

[B]indignantdenial.

[C]enthusiasticpraise.

[D]speculativestudy.

[答案與考點(diǎn)解析]

1.【答案】A

【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道中心主旨題。第一段的倒數(shù)第一、二句是全文的中心主旨句，

全文就是根據(jù)這兩句話展開論述的。抓住這兩句話就可以找出本題的正確選項(xiàng)A。考生在解

題時(shí)，尤其是破解中心主旨題時(shí)，一定要先找出全文的中心主旨句。

2.【答案】C

【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道例（舉）證與細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第四段第?句明確指出“三張唱片為

科爾特蘭尼富有活力的探索提供了證明”。這說明第四段將講述三個(gè)例子用來說明在前一段

即第三段所提出的論點(diǎn)。另外這三個(gè)例子是按著先后順序給出的，因此本題的正確選項(xiàng)是C?

考生在解題時(shí)要注意段落之間的相互關(guān)系，更要注意句子之間的相互關(guān)系。

3.【答案】D

【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道細(xì)節(jié)理解題型。本題屬于比較難的題型，因?yàn)楸绢}的涉及面比較

廣。本題A、B、C選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容分別在第二段第一句、第四段第三四句和第二段第二句提到過。

故本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是D。其實(shí)這道題表面上非常難，但是對(duì)于善于捕捉全文中心主旨句

的同學(xué)來講確比較容易，因?yàn)閺牡谝欢蔚谒木涞脑驙钫Z從句中就可以推導(dǎo)出本題的正確答

案D?考生在解題時(shí)應(yīng)時(shí)時(shí)牢記全文的中心主旨句。

4.【答案】A

【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道審題定位題型。根據(jù)本題題干中的“otherjazzmusicians”

可將本題的答案信息來源定位在第一段的第一至四句，因?yàn)樵谶@四句話中提到了其它的爵士

音樂家。第一段第四句的狀語從句明確指出了“Coltrane”與其它音樂家的不同在于他吸收

了各種風(fēng)格的爵士音樂。故本題的正確答案應(yīng)該是A?？忌诮忸}時(shí)應(yīng)重視審題定位。

5.【答案】C

【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道歸納推導(dǎo)題型。細(xì)心的同學(xué)可從本文作者在論述時(shí)使用的詞語

中推導(dǎo)出本題的正確答案C。例如作者在第一段第四句的主語上使用了“titanicfigure”；

在第五句使用了"hisinfluence…wasimmeasurable";在最后一段的第三句使用了“his

influence--wasenormousw,這都反映了作者的"enthusiasticpraise

［參考譯文］

不同的爵士樂風(fēng)格的支持者一貫認(rèn)為他們前輩的音樂風(fēng)格沒有包括那些使爵士樂之所

以成為爵士樂的本質(zhì)特征。這樣，二十世紀(jì)五十年代的比波普派輕視二卜世紀(jì)四卜年代的搖

擺音樂派，而他們自己又受到二十世紀(jì)六十年代的自由爵士派的抨擊。二十世紀(jì)八十至九十

年代的新比波普派幾乎對(duì)任何其他人都進(jìn)行抨擊。而黑人薩克斯管巨匠約翰?科爾特蘭尼使

這些從比波普派到新比波普派的支持者所提出的主張更加復(fù)雜化，因?yàn)樵谒约旱囊魳防?/p>

中，他經(jīng)歷了所有這些風(fēng)格。他對(duì)所有爵士音樂的風(fēng)格的影響是不可估量的。在他最受歡迎

的時(shí)期，科爾特蘭尼基本上放棄了比波普風(fēng)格的演奏以便探索爵士樂更深的處延，然而正是

比波普風(fēng)格的演奏使得他成名。

科爾特蘭尼自己可能認(rèn)為爵士樂的唯?本質(zhì)特征就是即興創(chuàng)作,這是他從比波普風(fēng)格到

對(duì)形式音樂、印度音樂、非洲音樂的自山即興演奏的歷程中一直沒有改變的。另一方面，這

個(gè)頑強(qiáng)的學(xué)生和異常的技巧家每天花幾個(gè)小時(shí)用以練習(xí)理論書籍上的曲譜，從未能完全拋棄

比波普的影響，在他的旋律中可以找到帶有比波普特點(diǎn)的快速和精細(xì)的音符以及修飾效果。

有兩種風(fēng)格特征影響了科爾特蘭尼演奏男高音薩克斯管的方式:他喜歡對(duì)建立于一種旋

律上的音符進(jìn)行快速的演奏，同時(shí)也依賴于強(qiáng)有力的、有規(guī)律的重音節(jié)奏。前者引導(dǎo)科爾特

蘭尼走向“片狀聲響”的境界，在那里科爾特蘭尼的演奏越來越快，將音符成堆互相累放起

來以表達(dá)一種堆疊起來的和諧感。而后者意味著，他的節(jié)奏感之接近于搖滾樂幾乎就像其接

近于比波普風(fēng)格一樣。

三張唱片為科爾特蘭尼富有活力的探索提供了證明。和馬爾斯?戴維斯合作錄制《有幾

分憂傷》時(shí)，科爾特蘭尼發(fā)現(xiàn)他已離開了波普風(fēng)格，對(duì)形式音樂進(jìn)行探索。在這中間，他演

奏那些跌宕起伏的冗長(zhǎng)的獨(dú)奏，而這些獨(dú)奏基本上是圍繞著一個(gè)重復(fù)主題展開的。該種主題

是用以組織其音樂的原則，它和自山派爵士樂薩克斯管演奏家奧尼迪?科爾曼采用的組織方

式不同。后面這位音樂家在他的獨(dú)奏中會(huì)對(duì)其旋律進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)改變。在《大踏步》中，科爾特

蘭尼初次以領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者角色出現(xiàn)，對(duì)他自己的作品進(jìn)行了介紹。在這中間，“片狀聲響”、強(qiáng)拍

重音、重復(fù)回旋和極快的速度組成了每一段獨(dú)奏的各個(gè)部分，各樂章的形式的多樣性是獨(dú)一

無二的?？茽柼靥m尼深刻的探索獲得了穩(wěn)固的成就?！段业溺姁壑铩肥橇硪环N意義上的分

水嶺。在這里，科爾特蘭尼演奏了爵士樂演奏家很少使用的女高音薩克斯管，所產(chǎn)生的音樂

上的效果是驚人的。伴隨著女高音薩克斯管的尖音，那些顯得昏暗及帶有沉思意味的主題獲

得了一種令人眼花繚亂的夢(mèng)幻感覺。

當(dāng)科爾特蘭尼開始為沖動(dòng)唱片公司進(jìn)行音樂錄制時(shí)，他仍然在探索。他的音樂變得沙啞

而感性。搖滾樂手受到他的巨大影響，其中包括吉米?亨德瑞克斯這位吉它手。后者仿效科

爾特蘭尼，使基于重復(fù)主題的大段吉他獨(dú)奏上升成為一種搖滾藝術(shù)形式。

2011年考博英語閱讀理解模擬題3

ItispossibleforstudentstoobtainadvanceddegreesinEnglishwhileknowing

littleornothingabouttraditionalscholarlymethods.Theconsequencesofthis

neglectoftraditionalscholarshipareparticularlyunfortunateforthestudyof

womenwriters.Ifthecanon-thelistofauthorswhoseworksaremostwidelytaught

一isevertoincludemorewomen,scholarsmustbewelltrainedinhistorical

scholarshipandtextualediting.Scholarswhodonotknowhowtoreadearly

manuscripts,locaterarebooks,establishasequenceofeditions,andsoonare

bereftofcrucialtoolsforrevisingthecanon.

Toaddresssuchconcerns,anexperimentalversionofthetraditionalscholarly

methodscoursewasdesignedtoraisestudents'consciousnessabouttheusefulness

oftraditionallearningforanymoderncriticortheorist.Tominimizetheartificial

aspectsoftheconventionalcourse,theusualprocedureofassigningalargenumber

ofsmallproblemsdrawnfromtheentirerangeofhistoricalperiodswasabandoned,

thoughthisprocedurehastheobviousadvantageofatleastsuperficially

familiarizingstudentswithawiderangeofreferencesources.Insteadstudentswere

engagedinacollectiveefforttodooriginalworkonaneglectedeighteenth-century

writer,ElizabethGriffith,togivethemanauthenticexperienceofliterary

scholarshipandtoinspirethemtotakeresponsibilityforthequalityoftheirown

work.

Griffith'sworkpresentedanumberofadvantagesforthisparticularpedagogical

purpose.First,thebodyofextantscholarshiponGriffithwassotinythatitcould

allbereadinaday;thusstudentsspentlittletimeandeffortmasteringthe

literatureandhadaclearfieldfortheirowndiscoveries.Griffith,splayThe

platonicWifeexistsinthreeversions,enoughtoprovideillustrationsofeditorial

issuesbutnottoomanyforbeginningstudentstomanage.Inaddition,because

Griffithwassuccessfulintheeighteenthcentury,ashercontinuedproductivity

andfavorablereviewsdemonstrate,herexclusionfromthecanonandvirtual

disappearancefromliteraryhistoryalsohelpedraiseissuesconcerningthecurrent

canon.

TherangeofGriffith,sworkmeantthateachstudentcouldbecometheworldJ

sleadingauthorityonaparticularGriffithtext.Forexample,astudentstudying

Griffith,sWifeintheRightobtainedafirsteditionoftheplayandstudiedit

forsomeweeks.Thisstudentwassuitablyshockedandoutragedtofinditstitle

transformedintoAwifeintheNightinWatt'sBibliothecaBritannica.Such

experiences,inevitableandcommoninworkingonawritertowhomsolittleattention

hasbeenpaid,servetovaccinatethestudent—Ihopeforalifetime—against

creduloususeofreferencesources.

1.Theauthorofthetextisprimarilyconcernedwith

[A]revealingacommonlyignoreddeficiency.

[B]proposingareturntotraditionalterminology.

[C]describinganattempttocorrectashortcoming.

[D]assessingthesuccessofanewpedagogicalapproach.

2.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthetextexpectsthattheexperience

ofthestudentmentionedashavingstudiedWifeintheRightwouldhavewhichof

thefollowingeffects?

[A]ItwouldleadthestudenttodisregardinformationfoundintheBibliotheca

Britannica.

[B]Itwouldteachthestudenttoquestiontheaccuracyofcertainkindsof

informationsourceswhenstudyingneglectedauthors.

[C]Itwouldteachthestudenttoavoidtheuseofreferencesourcesinstudying

neglectedauthors.

[D]Itwouldhelpthestudenttounderstandtheimportanceoffirsteditions

inestablishingtheauthorshipofplays.

3.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthe^particularpedagogicalpurpose”

mentionedinlines1-2,paragraph3?

[A]Toassistscholarsinrevisingthecanonofauthors.

[B]Tominimizethetrivialaspectsofthetraditionalscholarlymethodscourse.

[C]ToprovidestudentswithinformationaboutGriffith,swork.

[D]Toencouragescholarlyrigorinstudents*ownresearch.

4.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthelastparagraphin

relationtothetextasawhole?

[A]Itsummarizesthebenefitsthatstudentscanderivefromtheexperimental

scholarlymethodscourse.

[B]ItprovidesadditionalreasonswhyGriffith'sworkraisesissueshaving

todowiththecannotofauthors.

[C]Itprovidesanillustrationoftheimmediatenatureoftheexperiences

studentscanderivefromtheexperimentalscholarlymethodscourse.

[D]Itcontraststheexperienceofastudentintheexperimentalscholarly

methodscoursewiththeexperienceofastudentinthetraditionalcourse.

5.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthetextconsiderstraditionalscholarly

methodscoursestobe

[A]irrelevanttotheworkofmoststudents.

[B]inconsequentialbecauseoftheirnarrowfocus.

[C]unconcernedabouttheaccuracyofreferencesources.

[D]toowide-rangingtoapproximategenuinescholarlyactivity

1.【答案】C

【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道中心主旨題。如果抓住了本文第二段第一句與第一段和全文其

它段落的關(guān)系就不難找出本題的正確答案C?？忌诮忸}時(shí)?定要善于找出全文的中心主旨

句，并且細(xì)致入微地理解中心主旨句在上下文中的作用和關(guān)系。當(dāng)然考生在解題時(shí)一定要由

表及里地體味和歸納中心主旨句的深層含義，例如：第二段首句中表示目的的不定式短語

uaddresssuchconcernsw就是正確選項(xiàng)C中的“attempt”。

2.【答案】B

【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道審題定位與細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題?？忌筛鶕?jù)題干中的“WifeintheRight”

將本題的答案信息迅速確定在本文的最后一段。又可根據(jù)題干中的"experience"一詞將本

題的正確答案信息具體確定在全文的最后一句。這樣考生就可以尋找出本題的正確答案B,

選項(xiàng)B中的"questiontheaccuracy”體現(xiàn)了尾段最后?句的中心內(nèi)容?？忌诮忸}時(shí)應(yīng)

重視準(zhǔn)確的審題定位能力。

3.【答案】D

【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道指代詞與并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)題型?？忌谄平獯祟}時(shí)一定要注意指代

詞“this”的準(zhǔn)確含義。它的確切含義在第二段的尾句，從這句話中可得出本題的正確答案

是D。考生在解題時(shí)一定要注意指代詞的出現(xiàn)，一定要搞清指代詞的具體內(nèi)容。

4.【答案】C

【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道例（舉）證題型。通過本段中的"forexample"以及斜體字不

難發(fā)現(xiàn)本段是在用具體的例子來舉例說明一個(gè)論點(diǎn)。正確選項(xiàng)C中的“illustration”一詞

體現(xiàn)了尾段在全文中的作用。考生在解題時(shí)一定要善于辨別抽象敘述和具體舉例說明之間的

關(guān)系。

5.【答案】D

【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道歸納推導(dǎo)題型。根據(jù)題干中的“traditionalscholarlymethods

courses”可迅速將本題的答案信息確定在第二段。本題的具體答案信息在第二段第一、二、

三句，尤其是第二、三句。從第二段第二、三句可以“infer”（推斷）出本題的正確選是D。

這是一道比較難的題目，需要考生在理解第二、三句的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行推導(dǎo)，考生在破解這類題

型時(shí)應(yīng)注意由表及里地對(duì)原文進(jìn)行歸納和推導(dǎo)。

Moderntechnologyhasputmenonthemoonanddecipheredthehumangenome.Butwhenit

comestobrewingupflutomakevaccines,sciencestillturnstotheincredibleedibleegg.Eversince

the1940s,vaccinemakershavegrownlargebatchesofvirusinsidechickeneggs.Butgiventhatsome

36,000Americansdieofflueachyear,it'sremarkablethatourfirstlineofdefenseisstillwhat

SecretaryofHealthandHumanServicesTommyThompsoncalls“thecumbersomeandarchaic

egg-basedproduction/Newcell-basedtechnologiesareinthepipeline,however,andmayfinallyget

thesupporttheyneednowthattheUnitedStatesisfacedwithacriticalshortageoffluvaccine.

Althoughexpertsdisagreeonwhethernewwaysofproducingvaccinecouldhavepreventeda

shortageliketheonehappeningtoday,thereisnodoubtthattheexistingsystemhasseriousflaws.

Eachyear;vaccinemanufacturersplaceadvanceordersformillionsofspeciallygrownchicken

eggs.Meanwhile,public-healthofficialsmonitorcirculatingstrainsofflu,andeachMarchthey

recommendthreestrains—twoinfluenzaAstrainsandoneBstrain—formanufacturerstoincludein

vaccines.Inthelatespringandsummer;automatedmachinesinjectvirusintoeggsandlatersuckout

theinfluenza-richgoop.Virusfromtheeggs'innardsgetskilledandprocessedtoremoveeggproteins

andothercontaminantsbeforebeingpackagedintovialsforfallshipment.

Whyhasthiseggmethodpersistedforsixdecades?Themainreasonisthatit'sreliable.Buteven

thoughtheeggsarereliable,theyhaveseriousdrawbacks.Oneisthelongleadtimeneededtoorder

theeggs.Thatmeansit'shardtomakemorevaccineinahurry,incaseofashortageorunexpected

outbreak.Andeggsmaysimplybetoocumbersometokeepupwiththehundredsofmillionsofdoses

requiredtohandlethedemandforfluvaccine.

What'smore,someflustrainsdon'tgrowwellineggs.Lastyear,scientistswereunabletoinclude

theFujianstraininthevaccineformulation.Itwasarelativelynewstrain,andmanufacturerssimply

couldn'tfindaquickwaytoadaptitsothatitgrewwellineggs."Weknewthestrainwasoutthere/

recallsTheodoreEickhoffoftheUniversityofColoradoHealthSciencesCenter,“butpublic-health

officialswereleftwithoutavaccine—and,consequently,amoreseverefluseason/

Worse,thevirusesthatposethegreatestthreatmightbehardesttogrowineggs.That'sbecause

globalpandemicsliketheonethatkilledover50millionpeoplebetween1918and1920arethought

tooccurwhenabirdinfluenzachangesinawaythatletsitcrossthespeciesbarrierandinfecthumans.

Sincehumanshaven'tencounteredthenewvirusbefore,theyhavelittleprotectiveimmunity.The

deadlybirdflucirculatinginAsiain1997and1998,forexample,worriedpublic-healthofficials

becauseitspreadtosomepeoplewhohandledbirdsandkilledthem-althoughthebugnever

circulatedamonghumans.Butwhenscientiststriedtomakevaccinetheold-fashionedway,thebird

fluquicklykilledtheeggs.

l.Themoon-landingismentionedinthefirstparagraphtoillustrate.

[A]technologycannotsolveallofourhumanproblems

[B]progressinvaccineresearchforinfluenzahaslaggedbehind

[C]greatachievementshavebeenmadebymeninexploringtheunknown

[D]thedevelopmentofvaccineproductionmethodscannotbestopped

2.Whatstepisessentialtothetraditionalproductionoffluvaccine?

[A]Manufacturersimplantthevaccineintoorderedchickeneggs.

[B]Scientistsidentifytheexactstrainsoonafteraflupandemicstarts.

[C]Publichealthmeasuresaretakenasanimportantpandemic-fightingtool.

[D]Virusesaredeadenedandmadecleanbeforebeingputintovaccineuse.

3.Theforemostreasonwhytheegg-basedmethodisdefectiveliesin.

[A]thecomplexprocessofvaccineproduction[B]itspotentialthreattohumanbeing

[C]thelowsurvivalratefornewfluvaccines[D]itscontributiontothefluvaccineshortage

4.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?

[A]Fluvaccinesnowmainlyuseegg-basedtechnology.

[B]Abirdinfluenzahasoncecirculatedamonghumans.

[C]Safetycanbegreatlyimprovedwithcell-culturevaccines.

[D]Modernvaccineproductionmethodsaretoreplaceegg-basedmethods.

5.Intheauthor'sview,thenewvaccineproductionmethodseemstobe.

[A]remarkable[B]criticized[C]efficient[D]accepted

答案：1.B2.D3.C4.A5.D

AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,

andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair,thisobservationisalso

frequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadians,andshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.

Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.Small-mindedofficials,rudewaiters,and

ill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservation

madesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.

Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry,atravelerwasa

welcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommon

problemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangers

andtravelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversion,andbroughtnewsoftheoutside

world.

Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.

Someonetravelingalone,ifhungry,injured,orill,oftenhadnowheretoturnexcept

tothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetraveler

ormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshness

ofdailylife:ifyoudidn，ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhim,therewas

nooneelsewhowould.Andsomeday,remember,youmightbeinthesamesituation.

Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthe

wearytraveler.Yet,theoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillvery

strongintheUS,especiallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusy

touristtrails.Iwasjusttravelingthrough,gottalkingwiththisAmerican,and

prettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner-amazing.Suchobservationsreportedby

visitorstotheUSarenotuncommon,butarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.The

casualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficial

norasartificial,butastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition.

Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,

assumptions,andconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.And,of

course,speakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstands

socialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailtotranslateculturalmeanings

properlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexample,whenanAmericanusestheword

friend,theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseit

hasinthevisitor*slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteron

abustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.Yet,

beingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfromboth

neighborsandstrangers.

55.Intheeyesofvisitorsfromtheoutsideworld,.

(A)rudetaxidriversarerarelyseenintheUS

(B)small-mindedofficialsdeserveaseriouscomment

(C)Canadiansarenotsofriendlyastheirneighbors

(D)mostAmericansarereadytoofferhelp

56.Itcouldbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.

(A)cultureexercisesaninfluenceoversocialinterrelationship

(B)courteousconventionandindividualinterestareinterrelated

(C)variousvirtuesmanifestthemselvesexclusivelyamongfriends

(D)socialinterrelationshipsequalthecomplexsetofculturalconventions

57.Familiesinfrontiersettlementsusedtoentertainstrangers.

(A)toimprovetheirhardlife

(B)inviewoftheirlong-distancetravel

(C)toaddsomeflavortotheirowndailylife

(D)outofacharitableimpulse

58.Thetraditionofhospitalitytostrangers.

(A)tendstobesuperficialandartificial

(B)isgenerallywellkeptupintheUnitedStates

(C)isalwaysunderstoodproperly

(D)hassomethingtodowiththebusytouristtrails

答案：DACB

Islamiclawisaparticularlyinstructiveexampleofusacredlaw”.Islamiclawisa

phenomenonsodifferentfromallotherformsoflawnotwithstanding,ofcourse,a

considerableandinevitablenumberofcoincidenceswithoneortheotherofthemasfar

assubjectmatterandpositiveenactmentsareconcernedthatitsstudyisindispensable

inordertoappreciateadequatelytheful1rangeofpossiblelegalphenomena.Eventhe

twootherrepresentativesofsacredlawthatarehistoricallyandgeographicallynearest

toit,JewishlawandRomanCatholiccanonlaw,areperceptiblydifferent.

BothJewishlawandcanonlawaremoreuniformthanIslamiclaw.Thoughhistorically

thereisadiscerniblebreakbetweenJewishlawofthesovereignstateofancientIsrael

andoftheDiaspora（thedispersionofJewishpeopleaftertheconquestofIsrael）,the

spiritofthelegalmatterinlaterpartsoftheOldTestamentisveryclosetothat

oftheTalmud,oneoftheprimarycodifications（詮釋）ofJewishlawintheDiaspora.

Islam,ontheotherhand,representedaradicalbreakawayfromtheArabpaganism（信

仰）thatprecededit;Islamiclawistheresultofanexamination,fromareligiousangle,

oflegalsubjectmatterthatwasfarfromuniform,comprisingasitdidthevarious

componentsofthelawsofpreIslamicArabiaandnumerouslegalelementstakenover

fromthenonArabpeoplesoftheconqueredterritories.Allthiswasunifiedbybeing

subjectedtothesamekindofreligiousscrutiny,theimpactofwhichvariedgreatly,

beingalmostnonexistentinsomefields,andinothersoriginatingnovelinstitutions.

Thiscentraldualityoflegalsubjectmatterandreligiousnormisadditionaltothe

varietyoflegalethical

andritualrulesthatistypicalofsacredlaw.

Initsrelationtothesecularstate,IslamiclawdifferedfrombothJewishandcanon

law.Jewishlawwasbuttressedbythecohesionofthecommunity,reinforcedbypressure

fromoutside:itsrulesarethedirectexpressionofthisfeelingofcohesion,tending

towardtheaccommodationofdissent.CanonandIslamiclaw,onthecontrary,were

dominatedbythedualismofreligionandstate,wherethestatewasnot,incontrast

withJudaism,analienpowerbutthepoliticalexpressionofthesamereligion.Butthe

conflictbetweenstateandreligiontookdifferentforms;inChristianityitappeared

asthestruggleforpoliticalpoweronthepartofatightlyorganizedecclesiastical

hierarchy,andcanonlawwasoneofitspoliticalweapons.Islamiclaw,ontheother

hand,wasneversupportedbyandorganizedinstitution;consequentlytherenever

developedanoverttrialofstrength.Theremerelyexisteddiscordancebetween

applicationofthesacredlawandmanyoftheregulationsframedbyIslamicstates;this

antagonismvariedaccordingtoplaceandtime.

36.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingisnottrue?

[A]IslamiclawisrarelydifferentfromJewishlawandcanonlaw.

[B]Islamiclawisespeciallyinstructiveexampleofscaredlaw.

[C]Jewishlawisthesameascanonlaw.

[D]IslamiclawismoreuniformthanbothJewishlawandcanonlaw.

37.Theword“it”(inLine7,Para2)mostprobablyrefersto.

[A]theOldTestament[B]Islamiclaw

[C]canonlaw[D]legalsubjectmatter

38.Theword“buttress”(inLine2,Para3)means.

[A]buttonhole[B]distress[C]support[D]hinder

39.Islamiclawneverdevelopedanoverttrialofstrength,because.

[A]itwasneversupportedbyanorganizedinstitute

[B]itwasdominatedbythedualismofreligionandstate

[C]itwasreinforcedbypressurefromoutside

[D]itwassupportedbyanorganizedinstitution

40.Thebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe.

[A]ScaredLaw[B]IslamicLaw

[C]IslamicLaw,JewishLawandCanonLaw[D]AllKindsofLaws

BBCDC

Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassical

rationalmodeloffirs