印尼默拉皮火山

默拉皮火山MountMerapiGunungMerapiMerapjcJuly2005TypeGunungMerapiMerapjcJuly2005TypeActiveStratovolcano英文名稱：Merapi,Mount.MountMerapi印尼語名稱：GunungMerapi印度尼西亞爪哇島中心附近的火山山峰，在日惹以北約32公里（20哩），距三寶壟以南稍遠處。默拉皮火山海拔2,911公尺（9,550呎），陡坡較低的兩側植被茂密。在印度尼西亞130個火山中活動最頻繁。最大的噴發(fā)之一發(fā)生在西元1006年，其使爪哇中部到處散布火山塵。其他大噴發(fā)分別發(fā)生在1786、1822、1872、1930和1976年。1994年11月22日噴發(fā)中釋放的火成碎屑流使64人喪生。默拉皮火山是一個錐形火山，是印度尼西亞活動性最強的火山，自從1548年起，已經(jīng)斷續(xù)噴發(fā)了68次。"默拉皮”在印度尼西亞語中的意思就是“火山”?；鹕骄嚯x日惹市相當近，山麓居住著幾千人，有的村莊在海拔1700米的高處，由于其威脅人類居住地的安全，被國際地球化學和火山學協(xié)會列為應當加強監(jiān)督與研究的全球16座火山之一。默拉皮火山在南爪哇的火山中屬于最年輕的一座，位于一個隱沒帶上，在這里印度-澳大利亞板塊沉入歐亞大陸板塊下Elevation 2円詵rri陽用辭ft)；【1】Prominence ■]^2 m(4^67fty 氏心網(wǎng)Listing RibuTranslation MountainofFire.(Indonesian^Location▲MountMerapiBorderofCentralJavafYogyakarta(Indonesia)Coordinates&廠亞‘26.9917S110°26;41.34"EGeologyAgeofrock400,000years：Lasteruption18November-2010^面。地層學分析證明在40萬年前這個地區(qū)已經(jīng)開始噴發(fā)，直到一萬年以前，一直是典型的熔巖噴出，形成玄武巖。后來就形成爆炸式的噴發(fā)，是更粘稠的安山巖漿，形成熔巖丘，熔巖丘崩塌會造成火山碎屑流和猛烈的噴發(fā)，形成噴發(fā)的煙塵柱。默拉皮火山一般每兩到三年都有一次小噴發(fā)，每10至15年會有一次大噴發(fā)，嚴重的噴發(fā)發(fā)生在1006年、1786年、1822年，1872年發(fā)生一次最大的噴發(fā)，和1930年的噴發(fā)一起造成13個村莊的毀滅，死亡1400人。默拉皮火山地理參數(shù)經(jīng)緯度海拔(m)高差(m)火山類型巖石年齡最后噴發(fā)時間7°32‘26.99〃S110°26z41.34〃E29681392活火山成層火山40萬年2010.11.18噴發(fā)記錄2010EruptionMerapivolcanobeganeruptingon26thOctober2010.Theeruptionwasthewasthelargestatthevolcanoin100years.Ashemissionsreachedanaltitudeof40,000ft,and370,000peoplewereevacuatedfroma20kmradiusdangerzone.Over190peoplewerekilledbypyroclasticflowsandashfall.2006EruptionsSeismicactivitybeganincreasingatMerapivolcanoinMarch2006,and10,000residentswerepreparedforevacuation.On10thAprilpeoplewerebannedfromclimbingthevolcano.On12thApriltheAlertLevelwasraidedfrom2to3.An8kmexclusionzonewasplacedaroundthevolcano.On27thAprilnearly2,000villagerswereevacuatedfromSidorejoandTegalmulyovillagesaroundMerapivolcano.On13thMay,theAlertLevelwasraisedtothehighestlevel4,andabout4,500peoplelivingnearthevolcanowereevacuated.On15thMaypyroclasticflowstraveledupto4kmwest.By16thMay,morethan22,000peoplehadbeenevacuated.On8thJune,thelava-domegrowthrateatMerapiwasanestimated100,000cubicmetersperday,withanestimatedvolumeof4millioncubicmeters.Pyroclasticflowsandrockfallsdecreasedinfrequencyandintensityafter28thJune2006.2006EarthquakesOn27thMay2006amagnitude6.3earthquakekilledabout5,400peopleproducedinathree-foldincreaseinactivityatMerapivolcano.On17thJuly2006amagnitude7.7earthquakehit50kmsouthofMerapivolcano.Theearthquakewastheresultofthrust-faultingontheboundarybetweentheAustralianandSundatectonicplates.Theearthquakeproducedan8mhightsunamiwhichhitthesoutherncoastofJava.Thiseventwasclassifiedasatsunamiearthquake,becauseofthelowearthquakemagnitudecomparedtothetsunamisize.Theearthquakecaused5,750deaths,38,560injuries,andupto600,000peopledisplacedintheBantul-Yogyakartaarea.2001EruptionAmajoreruptionbeganatMerapivolcanoon10thFebruary2001.A30-minute-longpyroclasticflowoccurredat0200hr.At0330hrtherewasacollapseofthe1998lavadomewhichejectedash5kmabovethesummitandproducedapyroclasticflowsthatextended7kminthedirectionoftheSatRiver.1998EruptionsActivityatMerapivolcanobeganincreasinginJuly1998.On11thJuly37nueesardentesoccurredbetweenmidnightand0500hr.Between11-19July,128nusssardentesoccurred,includingastrongpyroclasticashandblockflowat1500on19thJuly.1994EruptionsOn22ndNovember1994,alargenumberofdome-collapsenueesardentesweregeneratedoveraperiodofseveralhoursatMerapivolcano.ThenueesardentesdescendedmainlytheBoyongvalleyandtheBedogvalley,atributaryoftheKrasak-Kecilvalley.Thiswasincontrasttothe1984and1992flowswhichtraveledexclusivelytowardsthesouthwestandwest.1986-87EruptionsLavadomeformationatMerapivolcanoin1986-87wasthelargestsince1973.1984EruptionOn15thJune1984explosionsatthelavadomeproducedpyroclasticflowswhichextended7kmfromthevolcano,andashfall80kmNW.1968EruptionsAttheendofMay1968alavatonguehadextended875mandwastheresultofnewlavadoneextrusionafterthe1967collapse.Thenumberofavalanchesfromthelavatonguewere1432inJune,1370July,329August,and12inSeptember.RenewedactivitybeganatMerapivolcanoinOctober1968withanincreasingnumberoflavaavalanches.1967EruptionsAlavadomeextrudedinApril1967attheupperBatangRiverontheSWslopeofMerapivolcano.ThedomecollapsedinOctober1967.1822LaharAhotlaharatMerapivolcanoon28thDecember1822destroyed4villageswith100casualties.MerapiVolcanoEruptions2010,2007,2006,2001-02,1992-98,1972-90,1971,1967-69,1961,1953-58,1948-49,1944-45,1942-43,1939-40,1933-35,1930-31,1924,1923,1922,1920-21,1918,1915,1909-13,1908,1906-07,1905,1902-04,1902,1897,1894,1893,