中西翻譯理論整理匯總

翻譯理論整理匯總翻譯腔英漢2）英漢文化的不同，不同的文化背景下，單詞或習語有時會出現(xiàn)偏差甚至零對等zero-correspondenc3）譯者自身水平。Venuti中國的翻譯理論家嚴復(fù)、茅盾、魯迅、朱光潛、傅雷、錢鐘書嚴復(fù)信、達、雅——faithfulness、expressiveness、elegance/gracefulness茅盾魯迅魯迅的“寧信而不順”是“凡是翻譯，必須兼顧兩面，一當然是力求易解，一則保存著，提出了“寧信而不順”這一原則，主張直譯，以照顧輸入新表現(xiàn)法和保持原作的風貌。他還認為，翻譯一要“移情情林語堂他是在中國議學史上第一個最明確地將現(xiàn)代語言學和心理學作為翻譯理論的“學理剖析”的基礎(chǔ)的。了解翻譯的三條標準：忠實、通順和美。朱光潛他的翻譯標準是：第一，不違背作者的意思；第二，要使讀者在肯用心了解時能夠了解。（spiritalikenes）傅雷對翻譯有兩個比喻，一是“以效果而言，翻譯應(yīng)該像臨畫一樣，所求的不在形似而要得其精而忘其粗，在其內(nèi)而忘其外錢鐘書的“化境”說（sublimatio會讀起來想翻譯出的東西的成國外的翻譯理論家JohnDrydenMetaphrase(逐詞譯),turninganauthorwordbyword,andlinebyline,fromonelanguageintoanother.Paraphrase(釋譯ortranslationwithlatitude,wheretheauthor'swordsarenotstrictlyfollowedbuthissense.Imitation(擬議),wherethetranslationassumestheliberty,botonlytovaryfrothewordsandthesense,buttoforsakethembothasheseesoccasion.AlexanderFraserTytlerThatthetranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.Thatthestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoforiginal.Thatthetranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoforiginalcomposition.EugeneA.NidaNida:translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesource-languagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.最切近而又最自然的對等語再現(xiàn)原語的信息。Reproducingthemessage;Equivalenceratherthanidentity;Anaturalequivalent;closestequivalent;Thestyle;Dynamicequivalenceistodescribeitas"theclosestnaturalequivalenttothesource-languagemessage".Thistypeofdefinitioncontainsthreeessentialterms:1)equivalent,whichpointstowardthesource-languagemessage;2)natural,whichpointsrowardthereceptorlanguage,and3)closest,whichbindsthetwoorientationstogetherthebasisofthehighestdegreeofapproximation.PeterNewmarkSemantictranslation:"ispersonalandindividualfollowsthethoughtprocessesoftheauthor,tendstoover-translate,pursuesnuancesofmeaning,yetaimsatconcisioninordertoreproducepragmaticimpact",expressive(literary)textstendmoretowardsemanticmethodoftranslation.的最大障礙時才加以解釋。屬超額翻譯。Communicativetranslation:ontheotherhand,"attemptstorendertheexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginalinsuchawaythatbothcontentandlanguagearereadilyacceptableandcomprehensibletothereadership".Informativeandtextsrequirecommunicativetranslation.屈從譯語和譯語文化，不給讀者留下任何疑點和難懂之處，屬欠額翻譯。Skopostheory德國目的論TranslationStudiesreturnstheattentiontotheReceptorside.Skopostheorybeginsbyseeingtranslationasapurposeful"action",whichleadto"aresult,anewsituation,possiblytoa'new'object".Theaimofthetranslationalactionandthewayinwhichitisrealizedisnotrandom,butmustbe"negotiatedwiththeclientwhocommissionstheaction".Theendsjustifythemeans.AsVermeerinsists:"ifthereforefollowsthatsourceandtargettextsmaydivergefromeachotherquiteconsiderablynotonlyintheformulationanddistributionofcontentbutalsoasregardsthegoalswhicharesetforeach".HolmesHedividesTranslationStudiesintotwomajorbranches,"Pure"and"Applied",andthensun-dividesthe"Pure"intotwofurthersub-branches:"Theoretical"andTranslationStudies.TranslationMethods:Word-forwordtranslationThisisoftendemonstratedasinterlineartranslation,withtheTLimmediatelybelowSLwords.TheSLword-orderispreservedandthewordstranslatedsinglybytheirmostcommonmeanings,outofcontext.Culturalwordsaretranslatedliterally.Themainuseofword-for-wordtranslationiseithertounderstandthemechanicsofthesourcelanguageoftoconstrueadifficulttextasapre-translationprocess.LiteraltranslationTheSLgrammaticalconstructionsareconvertedtotheirnearestTLequivalentsbutthelexicalwordsareagaintranslatedsingly,outofcontext.Asapre-translationprocess,thisindicatestheproblemstobesolved.FaithfultranslationAfaithfultranslationattemptstoreproducetheprecisecontextualmeaningoftheoriginalwithintheconstraintsoftheTLgrammaticalstructures.It"transfers"culturalandpreservesthedegreeofgrammaticalandlexical"abnormality"(deviationfromSLandnorms)inthetranslation.Itattemptstobecompletelyfaithfultotheintentionsandthetext-realizationoftheSLwrite.SemantictranslationSemantictranslationdiffersfrom"faithfultranslation"onlyinasfarasitmusttakeaccountoftheaestheticvalue(thatis,thebeautifulandnaturalsound)oftheSLtext,compromisingon"meaning"whereappropriatesothatnoassonance,word-playorrepetitionjarsinthefinishedversion.Further,itmaytranslatelessimportantculturalwordsbyculturallyneutralthirdorfunctionaltermsbutnotbyculturalequivalentsanditmaymakeothersmallconcessionstothereadership.Thedistinctionbetween"faithful"and"semantic"translationisthatthefirstisuncompromisinganddogmatic,whilesecondismoreflexible,admitsthecreativeexceptionto100%fidelityandallowsforthetranslator'sintuitiveempathywiththeoriginal.AdaptationThististhe"freest"fromoftranslation.Itisusedmainlyforplays(comedies)andpoetry;thethemes,characters,plotsareusuallypreserved,theSLcultureconvertedtotheTLcultureandthetextrewritten.Thedeplorableofhavingaplayorpoemliterallytranslatedandthenrewrittenbyanestablisheddramatistorpoethasproducedmanyadaptations,butotheradaptationshave"rescued"periodplays.FreetranslationFreetranslationreproducesthematterwithoutthema