2023年四級模擬試題ModelTest

ModelTest1PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispartyouareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledShouldSmokingBeBannedinPublicPlaces?Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.近年來越來越多的公共場合禁煙這項舉措在受到擁護的同時也引發(fā)了爭議你的見解ShouldSmokingBeBannedinPublicPlaces?—————————————————————————————————————PartIIReadingComprehensive(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Low-carbonFuture:WeCanAffordtoGoGreenTacklingclimatechangewillcostconsumerstheearth.Thosewhocampaignforagreenrevolutionareouttodestroyourwesternlifestyles.Sucharethecriesofopponentsofemissionscuts,andtheirmessagehaspoliticalimpact:anumberofsurveyshavefoundthattheenthusiasmofvotersforpoliciestoreduceclimatechangefallsoffasthepricetagincreases.However,anewmodeling(模型化)exercisesuggeststhatthesefearsarelargelyunfounded.ItprojectsthatradicalcutstotheUK’semissionswillcausebarelynoticeableincreasesinthepriceoffood,drinkandmostothergoodsby2050.Electricityandpetrolcostswillrisesignificantly,butwiththerightpoliciesinplace,saythemodellers,thisneednotleadtobigchangeinourlifestyle.“Theseresultsshowthattheglobalprojecttofightclimatechangeisfeasible,”saysAlexBowen,aclimatepolicyexpertattheLondonSchoolofEconomics.“It’snotsuchabigaskaspeoplearemakingout.”Althoughitisimpossibletopreciselypredictpricesfourdecreasefromnow,theexerciseisoneofthemostdetailedexaminationsyetoftheimpactofclimatechangepoliciesonUKconsumers.Itprovidesausefulroughguidetooureconomicfuture.ThoughitsresultsspeakdirectlytotheUKconsumers,previousresearchhascometosimilarconclusionsfortheUS.InJune,onestudyfoundthatiftheUSweretocutemissionsby50percentby2050,pricesofmostconsumergoodswouldincreasebylessthan5percent.ThefindingsarealsoconsistentwithanalysesbythePewCenteronGlobalClimatechangeinWashingtonDC.“Evencuttingemissionsby80percentoverfourdecadeshasaverysmalleffectonconsumersinmostareas,”saysManikRoyofthePewCenter.“Thechallengeisnowtoconvinceconsumersandpolicy-Makersthatthisisthecase.”TheIntergovernmentalpanelonClimateChangerecommendsthatwealthynationscuttheiremissionstobetween80and95percentbelow1990levelsby2050inordertoavoidtheworsteffectsofclimatechange.TheUKgovernmentaimstoreduceitscontributionby80percentandleadersoftheotherG8nationshavediscussedfollowingsuit.Tomeetthisgoal,industrieswillhavetoslashfossilfuelconsumption,andlow-carbonpowersourceswillhavetomassivelyexpand.Companieswillhavetopayincreasinglyhigherpricesfortherighttoemitgreenhousegases.Howwillthisaffecttheaveragecitizen'swallet?Tomeasuretheimpactofthe80percenttargetontheUKpopulation,NewScientistapproachedCambridgeEconometrics,afirmknownforitsmodelingoftheEuropeaneconomy.Thefirmusedhistoriceconomicdatatopredicttheimpactofemissionsreductionsonpricesinover40categoriesofgoodsandservices.Itcomparedtheimpactofthe80percentcutwithabaselinescenarioinwhichthegovernmenttakesnoactionotherthanthelimitedemissionsrestrictionsalreadyinplaceasaresultoftheKyotoprotocol(京都協(xié)議書).Mostofthepriceincreasesareaconsequenceofrisingenergycosts,inpartbecausecoalandgasarereplacedbymoreexpensivelow-carbonsources.Thepriceofelectricityisprojectedtobe15percenthigherin2050comparedwiththebaseline.Intoday'sprices,thatwouldaddaround￡5ontotypicalmonthlyhouseholdelectricitybills.Itwillalsoresultinhigherpriceselsewhere,aseveryindustrialsectoruseselectricity.Butelectricityandotherformsofenergymakeuponlyasmallpartofthepriceofmostgoods.Otherfactors-rawmaterials,labourandtaxes-arefarmoreimportant.Theenergythatgoesintoproducingfood,alcoholicdrinksandtobacco,forexample,makesupjust2percentoftheconsumerprice.Formotorvehiclepurchasesandhotelstays,thefigureis1percent.Onlyforenergy-intensiveindustriesdoesthecontributionclimbabove3percent.Asaresult,mostproductscostjustafewpercentmoreby2050.Atcurrentprices,goinglow-carbonisforecasttoaddaround5pencetothepriceofasliceofbreadorapintofbeer.Thepriceofhouseholdappliancessuchaswashingmachinesrisesbyafewpounds.Thereisonemajorexceptiontothepattern.Airlinesdonotcurrentlyhavealow-carbonalternativetojetfuel.Unlessoneisfound,theywillbearthefullburdenofcarbonpricing,andaveragefareswillrisebyatleast140percent-raisingthecostofatypicalLondontoNewYorkreturntripfromaround￡350to￡840.Achievingtheoverallpictureoflowpricesdoesrequiregovernmentaction.Themodelforecaststhatby2050naturalgasandpetrolwillcost160percentand32percentmorerespectively.Toavoidlargepricerisesinhomeheatingandroadtransportwhilestillhittingthe80percenttarget,theCambridgeresearchershadtobuildtwomajorpoliciesintotheiranalysis.Theyassumedthatfuturegovernmentswillprovidegrantstohelpswitchalldomesticheatingandcookingtoelectricity,andinvestinthebasicfacilitiesneededforelectriccarstoalmostcompletelyreplacepetroleum-fuelledvehicles.BothpolicieshavebeendiscussedinrecentUKgovernmentstrategydocuments,thoughthedetailofhowtheywouldbeimplementedstillneedsfurtherdiscussion.Firmpoliciesmustfollowifambitiousemissionscutsaregoingtobemade,saysChrisThoungofCambridgeEconometrics.Soistacklingclimatechangegoingtobeeasierthanexpected,intermsofconsumercosts?WhiletheCambridgeEconometricsmodeliswidelyrespectedandregularlyusedbytheUKgovernment'sclimatechangeadvisers,anyattempttoforecastfourdecadesaheadcanbedivertedbyunforeseenevents.Thatleadssomeeconomiststoquestionthemodel'sresults.Forexample,companiescouldmovetocountrieswithlessstrictcarbonregulations,pointsoutRichardToloftheEconomicandSocialResearchInstituteinDublin,Ireland.IncomesintheUKwouldfall,makinggoodsrelativelymoreexpensive.Tolalsoquestionswhetheritisreasonabletousehistoricalpricesasabasisforprojectingbeyond2023.Despitethis,theCambridgeEconometricsresults,togetherwithotherrecentstudies,doprovideausefulguideforgovernments,saysMichaelGrubboftheUniversityofCambridge.Theysuggestthattheoverallchallengeisconquerable,evenifmanyofthedetailswillonlybecomeclearinyearstocome.Whydoestheenthusiasmofthepolicy-makerstolessonclimatedecrease?EconomicrecessioniswidelyspreadWesternlifestylesaredestroyedThecostofagreenrevolutionrisesTheenvironmentisimprovedAccordingtothemodellers,emissioncutswon’tchangethelifestyle,providedthat_____thepriceoffoodanddrinkremainstableappropriatepoliciesarecarriesoutelectricityandpetrolcostsdon’trisethepublichasastrongfaithinitThestudentsreleasedinUKandUSshowthat_________.Cuttingemissionswon’taffectthepriceofdailygoodsmuchThetwocountries’situationsofthegreenrevolutionaredifferentTheconsumersstronglysupportcuttingemissionThemostchallengingproblemishowtostabilizethepriceCambridgeEconometricspredictedtheimpactofemissionsreductionsonpricesfrom———ComputeranalysisPasteconomicdataCurrentcategoriesofgoodsAbaselinesituationWhat’sthemajorcauseofthehigherpriceaccordingtothepassage?HighertaxesoncarbonemissionChangesofthelifestyleTherisinglivingstandardsRisingenergycostsWhyaretheairfarespredictedtorisedramatically?MoreandmorepeoplewilltaketheplaneNocleanenergycanreplacethejetfuelManyairlinescollapseduetocarbonpricingThecostofanairlineincreasesforfindingnewenergyThetwomajorpoliciesbuiltbytheCambridgeresearchersinclude______imposinghighertaxesforpetroleum-fuelledvehiclesStabilizationofthepriceofdailygoodsandserviceTheelectrificationofresidentialheatingandcookingsystemTheprohibitionofdrivingpetroleum-fuelledvehiclesSomeeconomistsdoubtthemodel’sresultsbecausethepredictionmaybedivertedby____RichardTolpointsoutthatgoodsinUKmaybecomemoreexpensiveascompaniescouldfindotherlocationswith___________________.TheCambridgeEconometricsresultsprovideausefulguideforpolicy-makers,withasuggestionthatthegovernmentcan________thechallenge.PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)SectionAA)thephysicsclassisverydifficultB)thephysicsclassisnotgivenhistermC)thephysicsclassiseasierthanpeoplethinkD)ThephysicsclassshouldbecancelledifpossibleA)hewassatisfiedwithhismilitaryserviceB)itwasthefirsttimehehadbeenabroadC)hehadneverbeenonawarshipD)hehadbeenonthewarshipbeforeA)puticeonherfootB)seeadoctoratonceC)giveherfootagoodrestD)takethedoctor’sadviceA)theybrokedownandcouldgonofurtherB)theyhaven’tachievedmuchC)theyhaveproducedageneralagreementD)theyhaven’tstartedyetA)thewomanisoutofshapeB)thewomandoesn’tneedanewracketC)thewomanalsoneedsnewtennisshoesD)ThewomanspenttoomuchonhertennisshoesA)heshouldmakeanapologytoMaryB)hemaytalktoMarydirectlyC)heshouldexcuseMary’sbehaviorD)heshouldn’talwayspullalongfaceA)shedidn’tlikethestyleB)thecoatdidn’tfitherC)shecouldn’tafforditD)thefabricfeltuncomfortableA)shehasbeenonthetripherselfandenjoyeditB)shewouldn’tconsidergoingonthetripC)shethinkstheclassistooadvancedforthemanD)shethinkthere’sagoodreasontogoonthetripA)heislateforclassestoooftenB)hehasmissedtoomanyclassesC)hehasfailedintheexamagainD)heisatrouble-makeratschoolA)studentsaregoingtotakethefinalexamtodayB)it’sthelastdayStevecandroptheclasswithafullrefundC)studentshavetohandintheirreportstodayD)it’sthefinaldayStevecanapplyforaloanA)droptheclassB)makeupthemissedlessonsC)stoptakingpart-timejobD)transfertoanotherschoolA)thequalityofgoodsandserviceshasimprovedB)mostpeoplearereducingtheirconsumptionC)complainchannelsaretoolimitedD)manypeopledon’tbothertocomplainA)electricalappliancesB)travelagenciesC)photographicandsoundequipmentD)clothingA)theyaccountforthelargestproportionB)90percentofthemarereasonableC)mostofthemarefordelayedairticketsD)fewofthemareforpooraccommodationA)twoweeksB)lessthantwoweeksC)twotothreeweeksD)morethanthreeweeksSectionBPassageOneA)itisaninternationalorganizationB)itonlyexistsinpoorcountriesC)peoplealwaysthinkhighlyofitD)anyonecanjointhegroupeasilyA)totrytostopthewarinItalyB)tohelpthewoundedinthebattleC)toformaninternationaltreatyD)toaidtheinjuredintheearthquakeA)protectingtheprisonersofwarB)teachingfirstaidtothepublicC)raisingmoneyforpublicfundD)publicizingtheideaofcharityPassageTwoA)theyareofferedforthosewithaninterestinthecoursesB)employersandemployeesinacompanyarebothwelcomeC)peoplewhowillretireinafewyearsarethetargetstudentsD)studentsfromanormaluniversitycanattendthecoursesA)specialistspeakersB)retiredpeopleC)employersD)seniorcitizensA)theycanattendanycoursesforfreeB)theyarrangediscussiongroupforpeopleC)theylearnhowtocommunicatewithothersD)theywanttobecarpentersorcraftsmenA)itchargesatareducedrateB)itisavailableeverydayC)itisopentoallpeopleD)itisprovidedonlyintheeveningPassageThreeA)theyhavetolearnbasicsofEnglishB)theyknowclearlywhattheywanttolearnC)itisgoodforthemtolearngeneralEnglishskillsD)theywanttohaveanup-to-dateknowledgeofEnglishA)theknowledgeofteachersB)thebehaviorsofstudentsC)theprinciplesofschoolsD)TheintroductionofbooksA)EnglishfordoctorB)EnglishforlawyersC)EnglishforreportersD)EnglishforbusinessmanSectionCShynessisthecauseofmuchunhappinessforagreatmanypeople.Shypeopleareanxiousandself-conscious;thatis,theyare(36)______concernedwiththeirownappearanceandactions.Worrisomethoughtsareconstantly(37)_________intheirminds:whatkindof(38)________amImaking?Dotheylikeme?DoIsoundstupid?AmIwearingunattractiveclothes?Itis(39)______thatsuchuncomfortablefeelingsmustnegativelyaffectpeople.Aperson'sconceptionofhimselforherselfis(40)_______inthewayheorshebehaves,andthewayapersonbehavesaffectsotherpeople's(41)________.Ingeneral,thewaypeoplethinkaboutthemselveshasaprofoundeffectonallareasoftheirlives.Shypeople,havinglowself-esteem,arelikelytobepassiveandeasily(42)_______byothers.Shypeoplearevery(43)_______tocriticism;itmakesthemfeelofinferior.(44)_____________________________________________________________.Ashypeoplemayrespondtoapraiseastatementlikethisone,"You'rejustsayingthattomakemefeelgood.Iknowit'snottrue."Itisclearthatwhileself-awarenessisahealthyquality,overdoingitisharmful.Canshynessbecompletelyeliminated,oratleastreduced?Fortunately,peoplecanovercomeshynesswithdeterminedandpatienteffortsinbuildingself-confidence.(45)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.Forexample,mostpeoplewouldliketobe“A”studentsineverysubject.(46)_______________________________________________________________________________.People’sexpectationsofthemselvesmustberealistic.PartIVReadingComprehension(Readingindepth)(25minutes)SectionAThinkbeforeyoupost.Youmightnotbeawareofhowmuchinformationyou’re47.That’sthemessagefromthefoundersofPleaseRobMe,awebsitelaunchedlastweekthat48justhoweasyitistorobpeopleblindonthebasisoftheinformationthey’repostingontheweb.ThesiteusesstreamsofdatafromFoursquare,a（n）49popularlocation-basedsocialnetworkthatisbasedonagame-likepremise（前提）.Playersusesmartphonesorlaptopsto"checkin"toalocation,50theirpositiononamapforfriendsusingtheservicetosee.Themoreoftenyoucheckin,thebetteryourchancesofbeingdeclaredthemayorofa51location,beitarestaurant,bar,officeorevenyourownhome.

TheproblemcomeswhenusersalsoposttheselocationstoTwitter,saysBoyvanAmstel,oneofthefoundersofPleaseRobMe.Thentheinformationbecomes52available,makingitpossibleforarobbertokeepaclosewatchonwhenyousayyou’reinyourhomeornot.

SohowcanyoukeepyourselfoffPleaseRobMeand,moreimportant,keepyourhomeoutofthepolicenotebookAlittleforesightgoesalongway.SiteslikeFoursquareanditscompetitorsdon’tpostyourlocationunlessyougiveittothem,norisitpostedtoTwitterwithoutyour53.It’salwaysuptotheuserto54whattopost.Areyougoingtogetrobbedbecauseyou’reoversharingIt’s55.ButPleaseRobMeshowsthatsometimesalittle56onlinecangoalongway.A）illustratesB）likelyC）publiclyD）particularE）decide

F）excessivelyG）realizeH）cautionI）typicalJ）increasingly

K）revealingL）unlikelyM）meansN）consentO）recordingSectionBPassageOnePregnancymothersaregettinganewtooltohelpkeepthemselvesandtheirbabieshealthy:pregnancytipssentdirectlytotheircellphones.

Theso-calledtext4babycampaignisthefirstfree,healtheducationprogramintheU.S.toharnessthereachofmobilephones,accordingtoitssponsors.Organizerssaytextingisaneffectivemeansofdeliveringwellnesstipsbecause90percentofpeopleintheU.S.havecellphones.

"Especiallyifyoustarttalkingaboutlow-incomepeople,cellphonesaretheindispensabletoolforreachingthemandengagingthemabouttheirhealth,"saidPaulMeyer,presidentofVoxiva,acompanywhichoperateshealthtextingprogramsinAfrica,LatinAmericaandIndia.

Studiesinthosecountrieshaveshownthatperiodictextscanreducesmokingandotherunhealthybehaviorsinpregnantmothers.

MeyersaidtheU.S.program,runbyVoxiva,willbethelargesthealth-relatedtextingprogrameverundertaken.

Underthenewservice,mothers-to-bewhotext"BABY"toaspecifiednumberwillreceiveweeklytextmessages,timedtotheirduedateortheirbaby’sbirthdate.Themessages,whichhavebeenscannedbygovernmentandnonprofithealthexperts,dealwithnutrition,immunizationandbirthdefectprevention,amongothertopics.Themessageswillcontinuethroughthebaby’sfirstbirthday.

BabyisexpectedtobeannouncedThursdaymorningbyofficialsfromtheWhiteHouse’sOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicy.Governmentofficialswillbepublicizingthecampaigninspeechesandpromotionalmaterials.

Organizershopetheeffortcancurbpremature（早產(chǎn)的）births,whichcanbecausedbypoornutrition,excessivestress,smokinganddrinkingalcohol.About500,000babiesarebornprematurelyintheU.S.eachyear.Thenonprofitisamongthesponsorsofthecampaign.

"Therealscarythingisthatwe’reanindustrializednationandwe’renotdoingverywelloninfantdeathrate,andweknowprematurityisabigpartofthat,"saidthegroup’sdirector,JudyMeehan.

CurrentlytheU.S.ranks30thworldwideforinfantdeathrate,accordingtoMeehan,behindmostWesternEuropeannations.

ResearchersattheGeorgeWashingtonUniversityhaveagreedtoevaluatetheeffectivenessofbabybymeasuringhealthtrendsformothersandnewborns.57.Theword“harness”inParagraph2canbereplacedby“_______”A)takeadvantageofB)beindependentofC)produceaneffectonD)expandtherangeof58.WhatdoweknowaboutAfrica,LatinAmericaandIndia?A)TheyareamongtheprofitablemarketsB)WomenseldomcareabouttheirhealthC)PeopletherearerelativelypoorD)Cellphonesarepopularthere59.Thebabyprogramisaimedathelpingpregnancywomen_________.A)intheU.S.B)inpoorcountriesC)allovertheworldD)inWesternEuropeannations60.Whatisthepurposeofthebabyprogram?A)TowarnwomenagainstbadhabitsB)ToletpeoplecareaboutprematurityC)Toimprovebabies’nutritionD)Toreduceinfantdeathrate61.ComparedwiththeU.S.,mostWesternEuropeannations________.A)havehigherinfantdeathratesB)dobetteroninfantdeathratesC)domorestudiesonbabyD)paylessattentiontobabyPassageTwoAsagroupofyoungAfricanimmigrantsstrugglestoadapttolifeintheUnitedStates,anafter-schooldramaprogramatWhiteOakMiddleSchoolaimstomaketheirliveseasierbyfirstmakingthemalittleharder.

ProjectXisaprogramthatusesdrama,dance,poetryandothercreativeoutletstohelpstudentsdiscussthetoughandsometimespainfulproblemstheyfaceaspre-teenimmigrantswithsignificantlanguagebarriers.AfinalunveilingoftheircreationwillbeperformedforfriendsandfamilyattheendoftheyearatImaginationStage.

WanjiruKamau,coordinatorofWhiteOak’sAfricanClubsaidit’simportanttogivetroublestogroupmemberstohelpthemfindtheirplaceattheschool."Itcomfortsthosewhoareuncomfortable,anditdiscomfortsthosewhoarecomfortable,"KamansaidofProjectX.

KamauteamedupwithImaginationStageaftershenoticedthatmanyAfricanstudentsseemeduncomfortabletalkingaboutproblems,suchasbeinglaughedatbytheirfellowstudentsabouthowtheylookandtalk.Whenmostofthekidsjointheclub,theyspeaklittleornoEnglish,Kamausaid.Eachweek,theclubtypicallydrawsfiveto10studentswhoareoriginallyfromAfricafordiscussionsessionsandtheProjectXprogram.

"We’regoingtoexpressourselvesthroughourwordsandouractions,andthat’spowerful,"saidteachingartistMegGreenassheintroducedfill-in-the-blankpoemsthestudentswroteabouttheiridentities.

Onestudent,FranckKetchouang,13,wrote,"Iamfromtheworld;Iamlove,"whichdrewoohsandaahsfromthegroup.KetchouanghasbeenintheUnitedStateslessthanayear,saidProgramCoordinatorChadDike.WhenKetchouangstartedattendingProjectX,hehadbeenintheUnitedStatesfortwomonthsandspokenoEnglish.Nowhe’soneofthegroup’smostoutgoingmembersandhelpstranslateinstructionsfromEnglishtoCreoleforthegroup’snewestmember,whoisfromHaiti.

Manypeoplewillgiveupwhenthere’salanguagebarrier,"butthesestudentsprovethemwrong,"Kamausaid."Youdohavesomethingtogive.Youareimportant.WhenTV,media,etc.arebringingthemdown,thisprogramisbringingthemup."62.ProjectXisintendedforhelpingtheyoungAfricanimmigrantsto_________.A)getoverlanguagebarriersB)overcometoughproblemsC)enrichafter-schoollifeD)becomemorecreative63.HowwellthememberslearnintheProjectXprogramisdemonstratedby_____.A)theirannualcreativeperformancesB)theirannualscoresgainedatschoolC)thecommentsoffriendsandfamilyD)thecommentsoftheprogramteachers64.WhatdoweknowabouttheimaginationStage?A)It’sestablishedbyKamauforProjectXB)It’soperatedonceattheendofeachyear.C)It’sprojecteddesignedbyWhiteOakMiddleSchool.D)It’sacooperativepartnerofWhiteOak’sAfricaClub.65.Accordingtotheauthor,whatFranckKetchouangwrotewas_________.A)sillyB)simpleC)remarkableD)disputable66.Thepassageiswrittenmainlyto________.A)callformoreattentiontoimmigrantsB)inspireimmigrantstonevergiveupC)advocateWhiteOak’sAfricanClubD)introducetheprojectXprogramPartVClozeItcanbetemptingtomakeahastydecisionwhenakilleropportunitycomesalongorthethoughtofspendinganotherdayonthejobseemspainful.67,CareercoachPiotrowskirecommendstakingbaby68toexecuteanewcareerstrategy.

"Planatimelineofonetotwoyearsto69yourcareerchange.Gatherinformationforfourtosixmonths,andthengetmovingonactivitiesthatwill70intoyournewspecialtyoverthenextfewmonths.Remember,youcanmakethe71overtime.Youdon’tneedtodoitallat72."

"Spendtimelooking73industrycategoriesandavari