切薩皮克灣經(jīng)城市雨水管理獲得改善的經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)

ManagingUrbanStormwatertoReduceEutrophication-LessonsfromtheChesapeakeBay

切薩皮克灣經(jīng)城市雨水管理獲得改善的經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)VTUrbanStormwaterResearch

城市雨水研究Adaptivemanagementappliedtodesign,monitoring,andmodelingofurbanstormwaterBMPs適應(yīng)性管理應(yīng)用到城市雨水最佳管理策略的設(shè)計、監(jiān)測和模擬中Integratinglife-cyclecostanalysiswithpredictivemodels,assessingCost-Benefits將生活周期成本分析與預(yù)測模型融合，評估成本—效益Improvingpredictivemodelsandtoolsappliedinurbanwatershedsw/BMPs改善預(yù)測模型和工具，應(yīng)用到城市流域/最佳管理措施中Providingeducationandguidanceonurbanstormwater,andBMPstovariousaudiences提供城市雨水管理教育和引導(dǎo)，為群眾介紹最佳管理措施/site/urban-stormwater/Waterqualityissuesfromstormwater,andtheVirginia-ChesapeakeBayprogramresponse雨水的水質(zhì)問題，弗吉尼亞—切薩皮克灣規(guī)劃應(yīng)對Contemporarymeasurestoaddressstormwaterimpacts解決雨水影響的現(xiàn)代措施Monitoring/EvaluatingStormwaterTreatmentpractices監(jiān)測/評估雨水治理實踐IntelligentsitingofBMPs,modelingperformance最佳管理措施的明確定位，模擬性能Summary總結(jié)TopicsofDiscussion議題415eutrophic/

hypoxiccoastalsystems415個富營養(yǎng)/缺氧化沿海系統(tǒng)169hypoxic

areas169個缺氧區(qū)域233areasofconcern233個擔(dān)憂區(qū)域13recovering13個修復(fù)區(qū)Overlast50years:在過去的50多年NfluxdoubledN流量翻兩倍PfluxtripledP流量翻三倍WorldWideEutrophicationofCoastalWaters

全球沿海水域的富營養(yǎng)化現(xiàn)象

WhatisStormwater?什么是雨水？Whatrunsoffthelandand

doesnotinfiltrate陸地上流經(jīng)的，不會滲透Amountdependsonmanyfactors:流量也依賴一些因素：Imperviousness不滲透性Rainfallintensity降雨密集度Soilconditions土壤條件Rateofrainfall降雨率Slope坡度StormwaterQuantity-PeakRunoff

雨水量——最大徑流Time時間StreamDischarge河流流量Pre-development開發(fā)前Post-developmentw/ostormwatercontrol開發(fā)后，沒有雨水控制Post-developmentw/stormwatercontrol開發(fā)后，有雨水控制Sources:TessWynn,“LowImpactDevelopment”,2009,BiologicalSystemsEngineering,VirginiaTechWheredoesStormwaterGo?雨水會流到哪里？NottoaTreatmentPlant,directlyintoourstreams,rivers,lakes,bays,andreservoirs不是到處理廠，直接進(jìn)入到河流、湖泊、港灣和容器中Infrastructure:基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施Blue/Black/Gray/Green藍(lán)色/黑色/灰色/綠色StormwaterQuantity:ImpactsonVirginiaHydrologicCycle

雨水量：對弗吉尼亞水循環(huán)的影響Source:StateoftheNation’sRiver2008,PotomacStormwaterRunoff,PotomacConservancy.StormwaterQuantity:StreamMorphology

雨水量:河貌Source:MetropolitanNorthGeorgiaWaterPlanningDistrict(2003)District-WideWatershedManagementPlanChesapeakeBayIssues切薩皮克灣問題Source:ChesapeakeBayReportCard,2008,IntegrationandApplicationNetwork,UniversityofMarylandCenterforEnvironmentalScience(UMCES)andEcoCheck,apartnershipofNationalOceanographicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA)andUMCES.ChesapeakeBayTMDL切薩皮克灣最大日負(fù)荷量EPAsetspollutiondietandoverseesitsachievement環(huán)境保護(hù)局制定污染節(jié)量、預(yù)測其成果Restrictionsonnitrogen,phosphorusandsediment限制氮、磷和沉積物L(fēng)imitssufficienttomeetstates’Baycleanwaterstandards限制條件足以達(dá)到該州海灣凈水標(biāo)準(zhǔn)TMDL=WLA+LA+MOSWasteLoadAllocation(pointsources)污染負(fù)荷分配（點源）+LoadAllocation(non-pointsources)+負(fù)荷分配（非點源）+MarginofSafety(toaccountfordifferencebetweenmodelandinstreamconditions)+安全系數(shù)（解釋模型和流入條件的不同）________________________________________=TotalMaximumDailyLoad

=最大日負(fù)荷量TMDL最大日負(fù)荷量TakingResponsibilityforLoadReductions

負(fù)責(zé)減負(fù)

IdentifybasinwidetargetloadsEPA,States,DC確定全流域目標(biāo)負(fù)荷IdentifymajorbasinbyjurisdictiontargetloadsEPA,States,DC根據(jù)管轄范圍內(nèi)的目標(biāo)負(fù)荷確定主要的流域Identifytidalsegmentwatershed,countyandsourcesectortargetloadsStates,DC,localgovernments&localpartners確定潮汐段流域、鄉(xiāng)村和源頭區(qū)域的目標(biāo)負(fù)荷FailingtomeettheGoals?

沒有達(dá)到目標(biāo)？EPAactionsmayinclude:環(huán)境保護(hù)局舉措包括：Assigningmorestringentpollutionreductionstopointsources進(jìn)一步減少點源污染Objectingtostate-issuedNPDESpermits反對國家頒發(fā)國家污染排放消減系統(tǒng)許可Limitingorprohibitingneworexpandeddischargesofnutrientsandsediment限制或禁止?fàn)I養(yǎng)物和沉積物新的排放或增加Withholding,conditioningorreallocatingfederalgrantfunds限制、調(diào)節(jié)或再分配聯(lián)邦撥款ChesapeakeBayModel5.3

切薩皮克灣模型5.3Familyoflinkedmodels:相關(guān)模型：Watershed-

HSPF流域——流域水文水質(zhì)模擬軟件Estuary河口

CE-Qual-W2CE-QUAL-W2模型Airshed空氣域LandCover地表覆蓋>2000segmentlinkedtowatersheds大于2000個與水域相關(guān)的地塊MainSourcesofPollution主要污染源Agriculture–animalmanure,commercialfertilizer農(nóng)業(yè)——畜肥、化學(xué)肥料Urban/suburbanrunoff–agrowingproblem城市/郊區(qū)徑流——一個日益嚴(yán)重的問題Airpollution–tailpipes,powerplants空氣污染——排氣管、電站W(wǎng)astewater–sewagetreatmentplants廢水——污水處理廠MunicipalStormwaterPrograms

市政雨水規(guī)劃ManyMS4permitsareupforrenewal許多MS4許可要更新NewconditionsincludeTMDLallocations新條件如最大日負(fù)荷分配Virginia’sNewStormwaterManagementProgram弗吉尼亞的雨水管理新規(guī)劃Shiftsfocusfromcontrollingpeakflowstoreducingrunoffvolume關(guān)注點從控制最大流量到減少雨水徑流Waterqualitycontrol(P)requiredforalllandsinproposeddevelopment規(guī)劃中提議的所有區(qū)域都要進(jìn)行水質(zhì)控制InstitutesnewBMPs,RunoffReductionMethod(RRM)新最佳管理措施（BMPs）、減水方案（RRM）VSMPprogramauthorityshiftedfromDCRtoDEQ(focusuponregulatorycompliance)弗吉尼亞雨水管理規(guī)劃（VSMP）局從DCR轉(zhuǎn)到DEQ（遵循法規(guī)）Source:PrinceGeorgesCounty,MDAdaptedfromDavidJ.Hirschman,CityofWinchester–WatershedManagementWorkshop,April27,2005ConventionalDevelopmentCollect,Convey,Concentrate,CentralizedTreatmentSource:PrinceGeorgesCounty,MDAdaptedfromDavidJ.Hirschman,CityofWinchester–WatershedManagementWorkshop,April27,2005LowImpactDevelopment/EnvironmentalSiteDesignDistributed,Disconnected,DecentralizedSource:PrinceGeorgesCounty,MDAdaptedfromDavidJ.Hirschman,CityofWinchester–WatershedManagementWorkshop,April27,2005EvaluatingStormwaterTreatmentTechnologies評估雨水治理技術(shù)StormwaterQualityhighlyvariable雨水質(zhì)量可變性高Spatial空間Temporal時間Functionof:功能Landuse/imperviousness土地利用/不滲透性Slope,vegetation坡度/植被Soils土壤StormwaterQuality-Variability雨水質(zhì)量-可變性Sample,D.J.,Grizzard,T.J.,Sansalone,J.,Davis,A.P.,Roseen,R.M.,Walker,J.,2012.Assessingperformanceofmanufacturedtreatmentdevicesfortheremovalofphosphorusfromurbanstormwater.JournalofEnvironmentalManagement,113,pp.279-291,doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.039.RRM,literaturereview,expertpanelassessmentRRM、文獻(xiàn)綜述、專家組評估Level1-medianremovalefficiency第一階段-中等移除率Level2-3rdquartile(75%)removalefficiency第二階段-75%的移除率BMPEfficiencyVaries

BMP有效性變化Weiss,P.T.,Gulliver,J.S.,&Erickson,A.J.(2007).CostandPollutantRemovalofStorm-WaterTreatmentPractices.JournalofWaterResourcesPlanningandManagement,133(3),218-229.doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2007)133:3(218)Koch,B.J.;Febria,C.M.;Gevrey,M.;Wainger,L.A.;Palmer,M.A.(2014)NitrogenRemovalbyStormwaterManagementStructures:ADataSynthesis.J.Am.WaterResour.As.,50,1594-1607.HydraulicMonitoring(mass-in,mass-out)水利監(jiān)測（大進(jìn)、大出）Pairedwatershedmonitoring成對流域監(jiān)測Spatial空間Temporal時間Models模型Computational計算Physical實體BMPMonitoringandAssessment

BMP監(jiān)測和評估Appliedinbioretention,floatingwetlands應(yīng)用在生物滯留、漂浮濕地上Advantage:replication,controlledconditions優(yōu)勢：重復(fù)、可控條件PhysicalModels/Mesocosms實體模型StormwaterTreatmentTechnologies雨水治理技術(shù)Sources:Minton,G.R.(2005)StormwaterTreatment:Biological,Chemical,andEngineeringPrinciples.CenterforWatershedProtection(2008),TheRunoffReductionMethod.Sample,D.J.,Grizzard,T.J.,Sansalone,J.,Davis,A.P.,Roseen,R.M.,andWalker,J.(2012)."Assessingperformanceofmanufacturedtreatmentdevicesfortheremovalofphosphorusfromurbanstormwater."J.Environ.Manage.,113(0),279-291.StormwaterTreatmentTechnologies,cont’d

雨水治理技術(shù)（續(xù)）Sources:Minton,G.R.(2005)StormwaterTreatment:Biological,Chemical,andEngineeringPrinciples.CenterforWatershedProtection(2008),TheRunoffReductionMethod.Sample,D.J.,Grizzard,T.J.,Sansalone,J.,Davis,A.P.,Roseen,R.M.,andWalker,J.(2012)."Assessingperformanceofmanufacturedtreatmentdevicesfortheremovalofphosphorusfromurbanstormwater."J.Environ.Manage.,113(0),279-291.Stateprograms州規(guī)劃TAPENJDEPGTEP,St.LouisVTAPRegionalprograms區(qū)域規(guī)劃TARPChTAPNationalprograms國家規(guī)劃ETVSTEPP/WEFOngoingPrograms持續(xù)進(jìn)行的規(guī)劃COVSource:Sample,D.J.;Grizzard,T.J.;Sansalone,J.;Davis,A.P.;Roseen,R.M.;Walker,J.(2012)Assessingperformanceofmanufacturedtreatmentdevicesfortheremovalofphosphorusfromurbanstormwater.JournalofEnvironmentalManagement,113,279-291.PredictingPerformanceofBMPsinCoastalVirginia弗吉尼亞沿海區(qū)BMPs的性能預(yù)測Virginia’sNewStormwaterRegulations弗吉尼亞新雨水管理法規(guī)2014,VAupdatedthestormwatermanagementprogramtoutilizetheRunoffReductionMethod(RRM)2014年，弗吉尼亞州更新雨水管理規(guī)劃利用減水方法（RRM）RRMchangedthefocusfrompollutantconcentrationtorunoffquantityRRM將關(guān)注點從污染濃度改為雨水量Emphasizesenvironmentalsitedesignandgreeninfrastructure強(qiáng)調(diào)環(huán)境區(qū)域設(shè)計和綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施Bestmanagementpractices(BMPs)becameessentialtomeetingwaterqualitygoalsBMPs成為達(dá)到水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的必需措施PhysiographicDifferences地形差異RRMCompliance-OverallSite

RRM驗證——整個區(qū)域RRMCompliance-DrainageArea

RRM驗證——排水區(qū)Minimumdistancetogroundwater距離地下水最近Limitedcreditforwetponds(deduct)ininterceptinggroundwatertable攔截地下水位濕滯留池的有限額度FlatterrainlimitsBMPuse限制BMP使用的平地Impermeablesoils,w/exceptions不滲透土壤VSMP/RRMLimitationsinCoastalVirginia

弗吉尼亞沿海區(qū)實施VSMP/RRM實施的限制條件AnObjectiveBMPSitingTool目標(biāo)性的BMP定位工具EvidencesuggeststhatBMPsitingintheVACoastalPlainisgreatlylimitedbygeophysicalcharacteristics有證據(jù)顯示弗吉尼亞沿海區(qū)BMP定位明顯受地理特征的限制NeedforatoolthatlooksprimarilyatphysicalconstraintsincoastalVA需要主要能夠看到弗吉尼亞沿海區(qū)實際限制條件的工具DesignerscanfocuseffortsonchoosingfromallowableBMPs設(shè)計師將注意力集中在選擇可用的BMPCompatiblewithRRM與RRM共融BMPtypesBMP類型BMPdesignspecificationsBMP設(shè)計規(guī)則Crediting評分SpatialScale空間尺度Semi-distributed半分布式Cell-by-cellassessmentpronetoindividualerrorsininputs單元評估傾向于人為輸入錯誤BMPdrainagearea(DA)issmallestunitforcalculationsBMP排水區(qū)是計算中最小的單元OutputgivesresultsfordifferentsoiltypesineachDA輸出給每個排水區(qū)不同的土壤類型帶來影響LargerDAsobscuremeaningfuloutput較大型排水區(qū)掩蓋了有意義的輸出CanuselargesitewithmanysmallerDas能使用有一些小排水區(qū)的大型區(qū)域DevelopedusingdatafromVirginiaBeach,VA使用弗吉尼亞灘的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行發(fā)展MostpopulousVAcity人口眾多的弗吉尼亞市Subjecttolimitingcoastalattributes受沿海條件限制BMPChecker–UserInterfaceBMP檢測器——用戶界面BMPChecker–SpatialInputs

BMP檢測器——空間輸入WTDepth(ft)Elevation(ft)HSGDABoundaryShapefileRasterBMPChecker–Output

BMP檢測器——輸出ViableBMPsSiteSummaryRejectedBMPListBMPChecker–OutputTablesBMP檢測器——輸出表RRMTotalSiteSummaryHSGandLandCoverbyDABMPChecker–ValidationBMP檢測器——有效性ComparedBMPCheckerresultsto11as-builtsitesinVirginiaBeach將BMP檢測器的結(jié)果與弗吉尼亞灘11個已建區(qū)域進(jìn)行對比Whenaccountingforactualsiteconditions,BMPCheckerperformedvalidly當(dāng)考慮真實的區(qū)域條件時，BMP檢測器實施有效Underlyingprogramlogicissound潛在的規(guī)劃邏輯是合理的SiteBMPBMPCheckerResultCommentsSeatackRecCenterDrySwaleIncludedLittleNeckFireStationEDPondIncludedNimmoParkwayEDPondFailedWTproximityBowCreekGolfCourseWetPondIncludedCollegeParkInfiltrationIncludedBioretentionIncludedWilliamsFarmParkWetPondIncludedWithgroundwaterLynnhavenMallWetPondIncludedWithgroundwaterHarper'sRoadBusGarageBioretentionFailedWTproximityIndependenceBlvdEDPondIncludedWetPondIncludedJointUseLibraryConstructedWetlandIncludedNewKellamHighSchoolInfiltrationFailedSoiltypePermeablePavementFailed*WTproximityWetPondIncludedBioretentionFailed*WTproximity*FailurewascorrectedbyusingwatertableinformationgivenintheconstructionreportCity-wideApplication–MethodOverview

全市應(yīng)用——方法概覽Splitthecityinto10,000sq.ftgridsections將該城市劃分成1萬平方英尺的網(wǎng)格區(qū)域Didnotincludegridcellsthatwere100%water不包括百分百水域的網(wǎng)格UsedBMPChecker’scatchmentsummaryalgorithm使用BMP檢測器的流域結(jié)算法UsedamodifiedversionofBMPChecker’sBMPsittingalgorithm使用BMP檢測器BMP定位算法的修訂版Didnotaccountforlandcovertypesordrainageareasizeconstraints不能解釋土地覆蓋類型或排水區(qū)區(qū)域限制Usedamodifiedconstrainttable使用修訂后的限制表City-wideApplication–GraphicalResults

全市應(yīng)用——圖形結(jié)果City-wideApplication–Results

全市應(yīng)用——結(jié)果Wetponds(withgroundwater)andconstructedwetlandsaretiedforBMPwithwidestapplicability濕滯留池（帶有地下水）和人造濕地與BMP相連，會得到最廣泛的應(yīng)用75.16%ofalltestedcellscanuseawetpondorwetland75.16%的網(wǎng)格能使用濕滯留池或濕地SheetflowtoconservationareaisleastapplicableBMP保護(hù)區(qū)的坡面徑流最不能應(yīng)用BMPDuetolimitedamountofundisturbedareainthecity由于該城市分布式區(qū)域的數(shù)量限制Infiltrationissecondleastapplicableat22.10%22.10%的區(qū)域不能應(yīng)用滲透Coastalmodificationsimproveapplicabilityofbioretentionandfiltersthemost沿海修正改善生物滯留的應(yīng)用，滲透性最好Crediting/regulatorysystems評分和監(jiān)管系統(tǒng)NewBMPs-RunoffReductionMethod新BMPs-減水方法LegacyBMPs-Performance-basedstandards基于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的遺留性BMPs-性能Monitoring監(jiān)測Sitespecific定向Expensive,hardtogeneralize昂貴，很難大眾化WaterqualityModeling水質(zhì)模型HSPF(ChesBayModel)EPASWMMMethodsforPredictingPerformance/WQ

預(yù)測性能的方法Link/node/lumpedmodel連接/節(jié)點/塊狀模型Singleevent,continuous單獨(dú)事件，連續(xù)Subarearouting郊區(qū)路徑SWMMModel暴雨管理模型James,W.,Rossman,L.A.,Huber,W.C.,Dickinson,R.E.,James,R.C.,Roesner,L.A.,andAldrich,J.A.,2005,User’sGuidetoSWMM5,ComputationalHydraulicsInternational,Ltd,852pages.WaterQualitySubmodel

水質(zhì)子模型

Parameterk(ft/day)C*(mg/L)TSS9.020TN0.41.9TP4.50.23Sitemodeling區(qū)域模擬Assesswaterqualityloadingatdevelopedsites在發(fā)展區(qū)評估水質(zhì)負(fù)荷Selectvarietyofcomparisonsites選擇多個區(qū)域進(jìn)行對比DelineateDrainage

areastoBMPs在排水區(qū)應(yīng)用BMP技術(shù)Usecontinuous

modelingwithSWMM使用帶有暴雨管理模型的連續(xù)性模型Includesgroundwater,evapotranspiration包括地下水，蒸發(fā)蒸騰SiteSelected:BMPType

區(qū)域選擇：