普通心理學第七講演示文稿

普通心理學第七講演示文稿1目前一頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點（優(yōu)選）普通心理學第七講2目前二頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點ThoughtThinking,meansrepresentingthingsmentallyandoperatingontheserepresentations.3目前三頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點OutlineUnitsofThought:Images,Concepts,andPropositionsReasoning,ProblemSolving,andDecisionMakingLanguage4目前四頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點1.UnitsofThought:Images,Concepts,andPropositionsMentalImages&MentalModelsConceptsandCategoriesPropositions5目前五頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點1.1MentalImagesandMentalModelsMentalImageAvisualrepresentationofastimulus.MentalModelsRepresentationsofsystemsthatenablepeopletodescribe,explain,andpredictthewaythingswork.6目前六頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點1.2ConceptsandCategoriesConceptsMentalrepresentationofaclassofobjects,ideas,oreventsthatsharecommonproperties.CategorizationTheprocessofgroupingobjectsconsideredequivalentandexcludingthosethatarenot.Visualized&morethanvisualimage(car)Well-defined&FuzzyConcepts(good)7目前七頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點8目前八頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點ConceptsanditsOrganizationSetTheorySetofDefining(core)FeaturesFeatureIntegrationModelPrototypes原型Bird----robin&penguin9目前九頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點概念與歸類狗樣例定義特征德國牧羊犬獵狗長毛卷耳狗玩具獅子狗四足、有尾動物吠聲、氣喘、淌口水通常受馴養(yǎng)、友好能捉跳蚤10目前十頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點水果樣例的典型性11目前十一頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點概念的形成Hypothesis-testingTheory整體策略部分策略同時性掃描連續(xù)性掃描保守性聚焦博弈性聚焦12目前十二頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點1.3PropositionsThesmallestunitsof

meaning

thatcanstandaloneasanassertionandbejudgedtrueorfalse.13目前十三頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點2.Reasoning,ProblemSolving,andDecisionMakingReasoningProblemSolvingDecisionMakingFactorsThatInterferewithRationalThinkingParallelDistributedProcessingUsingComputerstoSimulateThoughtADifferentPerspective:psychodynamic/behavioralview14目前十四頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點2.1ReasoningReasoningtheprocessbywhichpeoplegenerateandevaluatelogicalargumentsInductiveReasoning----observationreasoningfromspecificobservationstogeneratepropositionsthatareprobablytrue.DeductiveReasoning----ideaDrawingconclusionsfromassumptionsorpremises. 15目前十五頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點三段論(Syllogism)AllA(s)areBCisanACisaB16目前十六頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點三段論推理未婚者都不戴結婚戒指。小李未戴結婚戒指。所以，小李未婚?？ㄆ幻媸菙?shù)字，一面是字母。如果卡片一面是字母A，另一面就是數(shù)字3。要驗證第二個命題，必須翻什么卡片？AB3217目前十七頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點2.2ProblemSolvingTheprocessoftransformingonesituationintoanotherthatmeetsagoal.18目前十八頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點2.2.1TheProblem-solvingProcess Theproblemspace NoproblemInitialStateOperatorsGoalState19目前十九頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點2.2.2ThreeComponentsInitialstateExistingofproblemOperatorsmentalandbehavioralprocessesaimedattransformingtheinitialstateuntiliteventuallyapproximatesthegoalstate.GoalstateProblemissolved20目前二十頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點2.2.3StepsinProblemSolvingHollandetal.(1986):four-stepprocessDifferencesbetweenthetwostatesIdentifyandselectpossibleoperatorsApplytheoperators(Subgoals)ContinueusingoperatorsuntildifferencesareeliminatedWellorIll-definedproblemScience/Sociallife(信息和標準)21目前二十一頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點Problem-SolvingStrategiesAlgorithmsSystematicproblem-solvingproceduresthatinevitablyproduceasolution.HeuristicsCognitiveshortcutsorRulesofThumbHypothesistestingExperience/Expectation/Motivation/Personality如何解決：半夜時分隔壁宿舍太鬧/過得不開心22目前二十二頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點2.3DecisionMakingDecisionmakingTheprocessbywhichanindividualweighstheprosandconsofdifferentalternativesinordertomakeachoice.Information-processingmodelsUtility/ProbabilityUtilityValueWeightedUtilityValueExpectedUtility23目前二十三頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點24目前二十四頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點RiskStrategies

(nonstatisticalriskestimate)Whichisyourchoice?85%chancetowin$100Suregainof$80Whichisyourchoice?85%chancetolose$100Surelossof$80Risk-averse/Risk-seekingstrategyOptimisticbias(whenestimateownrisks)25目前二十五頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點2.4FactorsThatInterferewithRationalThinkingRepresentativeness&AvailabilityHeuristicDecidingwhetheranobjectorincidentbelongsinaparticularclass.Judgingthelikelihoodofsomethinghappeningonthebasisofitsavailabilityinmemory.ConfirmationBias2,4,6,MentalSetFunctionalFixedness26目前二十六頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點2.5ParallelDistributedProcessingRuelhartetal.,1986:PDPmodelofcognitionTwopropositionsofPDPmodelParallelLetter-recognition/word-recognitionDistributed27目前二十七頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點2.6UsingComputerstoStimulateThoughtArtificialIntelligenceGPS,GeneralProblemSolverELIZAExpertSystems28目前二十八頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點2.7ADifferentPerspective:PsychodynamicandBehavioralViewofDecisionMakingRationaldecisionmakerofinformation-processingtheory.Decisionsinvolvemotivationandemotion,whichcanbetoomanyandirrationalandnotberepresentedinconsciousawareness.SyllogismaboutChairmanMaoWilson&Schooler(1991):草莓醬Wilsonetal.(1993)：藝術畫29目前二十九頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點AssignmentNo.4人類思維過程容易出現(xiàn)失誤。為什么？ 請展開思路，從多個角度加以說明。30目前三十頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點3.LanguageThesystemofsymbols,sounds,meanings,andrulesfortheircombinationthatconstitutestheprimarymodeofcommunicationamonghumans.31目前三十一頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點MaintopicsonlanguageLanguageandThoughtTransformingSoundsandSymbolsintoMeaningFromBabblingtoBanteringNonverbalCommunicationIsLanguageDistincttoHumans?32目前三十二頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點3.1LanguageandThoughtHununoo(Philippines):92namesforriceGender/timephraseinEnglishB.Whorf(1956):WhorfianHypothesis

LanguageshapesthoughtThoughtshapeslanguageRosch(1973):Danipeopleforcolor(onlytwo)TheUnitedStates/TheseUnitedStates33目前三十三頁\總數(shù)三十七頁\編于十四點3.2TransformingSoundsandSymbolsintoMeaningElementsofLanguagephoneme,morpheme,sentence(phrase),grammarSlipsoftheTongue:Misplaci