改革后六級真題講義

TheUsesofThebrainlikesachallenge—andputtingafewobstaclesinitswaymaywellboostitscreativity.A）JackWhite,theformerfrontmanoftheWhiteStripesandaninfluentialfigureamongfellowmusicians,likestomakethingsdifficultforhimself.Heusescheapguitarsthatwon’tstayinshapeorintune.Whenperforming,hepositionshisinstrumentsinawaythatisdelibera yinconvenient,sothatswitchingfromguitartoorganmid-songinvolvesamaddashacrossthestage.Why?Becausehe’sontherunfromwhathedescribesasadiseasethatpreysonevery :“easeofuse”.Whenmakingmusicgetstooeasy,saysWhite,it eshardertomakeitsing.It’sanoddthought.Whywouldanyonemadetheirworkmoredifficultthanitalreadyis?weknowthatdifficultycanpayunexpecteddividends.In1966,soonaftertheBeatleshadfinishedworkon“RubberSoul”PaulMcCartneylookedintothepossibilityofgoingtoAmericatorecordtheirnextalbumTheequipmentinAmericanstudioswasmoreadvancedthananythinginBritain,expensivetofollowsuit,andtheBeatleshadtomakedowiththeprimitivetechnologyofAbbeyLuckyforus.Overthenexttwoyearstheymadetheirmostgroundbreakingwork,turningtherecordingstudiointoamagicalinstrumentofitsown.Preciselybecausetheywereworkingwithold-fashionedmachines,GeorgeMartinandhisteamofengineersweredtoapplyeveryounceoftheircreativitytosolvetheproblemsposedtothembyLennonandMcCartney.Songslike“TomorrowNeverKnows”,“StrawberryFieldsForever”,and“ADayintheLife”featuredrevolutionarysoundeffectsthatdazzledandmystifiedMartin’sAmericancounterparts.Sometimesit’sonlywhenadifficultyisremovedthatwerealisewhatitwasngforus.morethantwodecades,startinginthe1960s,thepoetTedHughessatonthejudgingpanelofanannualpoetrycompetitionforBritishschoolchildren.Duringthe1980shenoticedanincreasingnumberoflongpoemsamongthesubmissions,withsomerunningto70or80pages.Thesepoemswereverballyinventiveandfluent,butalso“strangelyboring”.AftermakinginquiriesHughesdiscoveredthattheywerebeingcomposedoncomputers,thenjustfindingtheirwayintoBritishYoumighthavethoughtanytoolwhichenablesawritertogetwordsontothepagewouldanadvantage.Buttheremaybeacosttosuchfacility.InaninterviewwiththeParisReviewHughesspeculatedthatwhena putspentopaper,“youmeettheterrible ofwhathappenedyourfirstyearatit,whenyoucouldn’twriteatall”.Asthebrainattemptsto theunsteadyhandtodoitsbidding,thetensionbetweenthetworesultsinamorecompressed,psychologicallydenserexpression.Removethatandyouaremorelikelytoproducea70rambleOurbrainsrespondbettertodifficultythanweimagine.Inschools,teachersandpupilsalikeoftenassumethatifaconcepthasbeeneasytolearn,thenthelessonhasbeensuccessful.Butnumerousstudieshavenowfoundthatwhenclassroommaterialismadehardertoabsorb,pupilsretainmoreofitoverthelongterm,andunderstanditonadeeperlevel.Asapoet,TedHugheshadanacutesensitivitytothewayinwhichconstraintsonexpression,likethedisciplinesofmetreandrhyme（韻律）spurcreativethoughtWhatappliestopoetsandmusiciansalsoappliestoourdailylivesWetendtoequate（等同）happinessdom,but,asthepsychotheandwriterAdamPhillipshasobserved,withoutobstaclestoourdesiresit’shardertoknowwhatwewant,orwherewe’reheading.Helsthestoryofapatient,afirst-timemotherwhocominedthatheryoungsonwasalwaysclingingtoher,wraphimselfaroundherlegswherevershewent.Sheneverhadamomenttoherself,shesaid,becausehersonwas“alwaysintheway”.WhenPhillipsaskedherwhereshewouldgoifhewasn’tintheway,sherepliedcheerfully,“Oh,Iwouldn’tknowwhereIwas!”Takeanothercommonobstacle:lackofmoney.Peopleoftenassumethatmoremoneymakethemhappier.Buteconomistswhostudytherelationshipbetweenmoneyandhappinesshaveconsistentlyfoundthat,aboveacertain e,thetwodonotreliablycorrelate.Despitetheeasewithwhichtherichcanacquirealmostanythingtheydesire,theyarejustaslikelytobeunhappyasthemiddleclasses.Inthisregardatleast,F.ScottFitzgeraldwaswrong.,bores,relentless（持續(xù)不斷的）andwhimsical（反覆無常的）atthesametime.”WhenBostonCollegeaprivateresearchuniversity,wantedabetterfeelforitspotentialdonors,itaskedthepsychologistRobertKennytoinvestigatethemindsetofthesuper-rich.Hesurveyed165households,mostofwhichhadanetworthof$25mormore.Hefoundthatmanyofhissubjectswereconfusedbytheinfiniteoptionstheirmoneypresentedthemwith.Theyfoundithardtoknowwhattowant,creatingakindofexistentialbafflement.Oneofthemputitlikethis:“Youknow,Bob,youcanjustbuysomuchstuff,andwhenyougettothepointwhereyoucanjustbuysomuchstuff,nowwhatareyougoingtodo?”Theinternetmakesinformationbillionairesoutofallofus,andthearchitectsofourexperiencesarecatchingontotheneedtomakethingscreativelydifficult.’shugesuccessisrootedinthesimplebutprofoundinsightthatinamediumwithinfinitespaceforself-expression,themostinterestingthingwecandoisrestrictourselvesto140charactersThemusicserviceThisIsMyJamhelpspeoplenavigatethetensofmillionsoftracksnowavailableinstantlyviaSpotifyandiTunesUserspicktheirfavouritesongoftheweektosharewithothersTheyonlygettochooseoneTheservicewasonlylaunchedthisyear,butbytheendofSeptember650,000jamshadbeenchosen.Itsco-founderMattOgleexinsitsraisond’être（存在的理由）likethis:“Inanageofendlesschoice,weweremissingawaytosay:‘This.ThisistheoneyoushouldlistenToday’sworldoffersmoreopportunitythanevertofollowtheadviceoftheWalkerBrothersandmakeiteasyonourselves.Comparedwithahundredyearsago,ourlivesarelesstightlyboundbysocialnormsandphysicalconstraints.Technologyhascutoutmuchoflife’sdonkeywork,andwehavemoredomsthanever:wecanwearwhatwelikeandcommunicatewithhundredsoffriendsatonceattheclickofamouse.Obstaclesareeverywheredisappearing.Fewofuswishtoturntheclockback,butperhapsweneedtoremindourselveshowusefultherightobstaclescanbe.Sometimes,thebestroutetofulfillmentisthepathofmore.Therigorousrequirementscedonthewritingofpoetrystimulatethepoet’sWithcreativity,evenold-fashionedinstrumentsmayproducespectacularsoundMoremoneydoesnotnecessarilybringgreaterItisafalseassumptionthatlessonsshouldbemadeeasiertoObstaclesdeliberaycedinthecreationofmusiccontributetoitsThosewhoenjoy dommaynotfindthemselvesTedHughesdiscoveredmanylongpoemssubmittedforpoetrycompetitionwerecomposedonMaybeweneedtobearinmindthattherightobstacleshelpleadustogreaterAninvestigationfoundthatmanyofthesuper-richwerebaffledbytheinfinitechoicestheirmoneymadeavailable. socialnetworkingwebsiteturnedouttobesuccessfulbecauseitlimitedeachpostingtoonehundredandfortycharacters.SectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA）,B）,C）andD）.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingTherewasatimenotlongagowhennewsciencePh.D.sintheUnitedStateswereexpectedtopursueacareerpathinacademia（學術界）.Buttoday,mostgraduatesendupworkingoutsideacademia,notonlyinindustrybutalsoincareerssuchasscience,communications,andpatentlawPartlythisisaresultofhowbleaktheacademicjobmarketisbutthere’salsoarisingawarenessofcareeroptionsthatPh.D.scientistshaven’ttrainedfordirectly—butforwhichtheyhaveusefulknowledge,skills,andexperience.Still,there’sahugedisconnectbetweenthewaywecurrentlytrainscientistsandtheactualemploymentopportunitiesavailableforthemandanurgentneedfordramaticimprovementsintrainingprogramstohelpclosethegap.OnecriticalstepthatcouldhelptodrivechangewouldbetorequirePh.D.studentsandpostdoctoralscientiststofollowanindividualdevelopmentn（IDP）.In2002,theU.S.FederationofAmericanSocietiesforExperimentalBiology thateverypostdoctoralresearcherputtogetheranIDPinconsultationwithanadviser.Sincethen,severalacademicinstitutionshavebeguntorequireIDPsforpostdocs.AndinJune,theU.S.NationalInstitutesofHealth（NIH）BiomedicalResearchWorkWorkingGroupmendedthattheNIHrequireIDPsfortheapproximay32,000postdoctoralresearcherstheysupport.Otherfundingagencies,publicandprivate,aremovinginasimilarIDPshavelongbeenusedbyernmentagenciesandtheprivatesectortoachievespecificgoalsfortheemployeeandtheorganization.Theaimistoensurethatemployeeshaveanexplicittooltohelpthemunderstandtheirownabilitiesandaspirations,determinecareerpossibilities,andset（usuallyshort-term）goals.Inscience,graduatestudentsandnewPh.D.scientistscanuseanIDPtoidentifyandnavigateaneffectivecareerpath.AWebapplicationforthispurpose,calledmyIDP,has eavailablethisweek.It’sdesignedtoguideearly-careerscientiststhrougha,rigorousprocessof（內(nèi)?。﹖ocreateacustomizedcareern.Guidedbyexpertknowledgefromapaneloffocusedcareeradviserseachtrainee’sself-assessmentisusedtorankasetofcareertrajectories（軌跡）.Aftertheuserhasidentifiedalong-termcareergoal,myIDPwalksherorhimthroughtheprocessofsettingshort-termgoalsdirectedtowardaccumulatingnewskillsandexperiencesimportantforthatcareerchoice.AlthoughsurveysrevealtheIDPprocesstobeuseful,traineesreportaneedforadditionalresourcestohelpthemidentifyalong-termcareerpathandcompleteanIDP.Thus,myIDPwillbemosteffectivewhenit’sembeddedinlargercareer-developmentefforts.Forexample,universitiescouldincorporateIDPsintotheirgraduatecurriculatohelpstudentsdiscuss,n,preparefor,andachievetheirlong-termcareergoals.WhatdowelearnaboutnewsciencePh.D.sintheUnitedStatestoday?A）Theylacktheskillsandexpertiseneededfortheirjobs.B）Theycanchoosefromawiderrangeofwell-payingjobs.C）Theyoftenhavetoseekjobsoutsidetheacademiccircle.D）Theyareregardedasthenation’sdrivingofWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutAmerica’sPh.D.training?A）Itshouldbeimprovedtobettersuitthejobmarket.B）Itiscloselylinkedtofuturecareerrequirements.C）Itshouldbere-orientedtocareersoutsideacademia.D）Itincludesagreatvarietyofpracticalcourses.Whatwas mendedforPh.D.sandpostdoctoralresearchers?A）Theymeettheurgentneedsofthecorporateworld.B）Along-termcareergoalbesetasearlyaspossible.C）AnIDPbemadeinconsultationwithanadviser.D）Theyacquireanexplicittooltohelpobtainjobs.ernmentagenciesandtheprivatesectoroftenuseIDPsto A）bringintofullytheskillsandexpertiseoftheirpostdoctoralresearchersB）helpemployeesmakethebestuseoftheirabilitiestoachievetheircareergoalsC）ceemployeesinthemostappropriatepositionsD）hirethemostsuitablecandidatestoworkforWhatdoweknowaboutA）Itisaneffectivetoolofself-assessmentandintrospectionforbettercareerns.B）Itenablespeopletolookintovariouspossibilitiesandchoosethecareertheylove.C）Itpromisesalong-termcareerpath.D）ItispartofthegraduatePassageQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingJustoveradecadeintothe21stcentury,women’sprogresscanbecelebratedacrossarangeoffields.TheyholdthehighestpoliticalofficesfromThailandtoBrazil,CostaRicatoAustralia.AwomanholdsthetopspotattheInternationalMonetaryFund;anotherwontheNobelPrizeineconomics.Self-madebillionairesinBeijing,techinnovatorsinSiliconValley,pioneeringjusticesinGhana—intheseandcountlessotherareas,womenareleavingtheirmark.Butholdtheapuse.InSaudiArabia,womenaren’tallowedtodrive.InPakistan,1,000womendieinhonorkillingseveryyear.Inthedevelopedworld,womenlagbehindmeninpayandpoliticalpower.ThepovertyrateamongwomenintheU.S.roseto14.5%lastyear.Tomeasurethestateofwomen’sprogress,Newsweekranked165countries,lookingatfiveareasthataffectwomen’slives:treatmentunderthelaw,workparticipation,politicalpower,andaccesstoeducationandhealthcare.yzingdatafromtheUnitedNationsandtheWorldEconomicForum,amongothers,andconsultingwithexpertsandacademics,wemeasured28factorstocomeupwithourrankings.CountrieswiththehighestscorestendtobeclusteredintheWestwheregenderdiscriminationisagainstthelawandequalrightsareconstitutionallyenshrined（神圣化）Butthereweresomesurprises.Someotherwisehigh-rankingcountrieshadrelativelylowscoresforpoliticalrepresentation.Canadarankedthirdoverallbut26thinpower,behindcountriessuchasCubaandBurundiDoesthissuggestthatawomaninanation’stopofficetranslatestobetterlivesforwomeningeneral?Notexactly.“Tryingtofyormeasuretheimpactofwomeninpoliticsishardbecauseinveryfewcountrieshavetherebeenenoughwomeninpoliticstomakeadifference,”saysAnne-MarieGoetz,peaceandsecurityadviserforU.N.Women.Ofcourse,noindexcanaccountforeverything.Declaringthatonecountryisbetterthananotherinthewaythatittreatsmorethanhalfitscitizensmeansrelyingonbroadstrokesandgeneralities.Somethingssimplycan’tbemeasured.Andcross-culturalcomparisonscan’taccountfordifferencesofopinion.Certainconclusionsarenonethelessclear.Foronething,ourindexbacksupasimplebutprofoundstatementmadebyHillaryClintonattherecentAsia-PacificEconomicCooperationsummit.“Whenweliberatetheeconomicpotentialofwomen,weelevatetheeconomicperformanceofcommunities,nationsandtheworld,”shesaid.“There’sastimulativeeffectthatkicksinwhenwomenhavegreateraccesstojobsandtheeconomiclivesofourcountries:Greaterpoliticalstability.Fewermilitary s.Morefood.Moreeducationalopportunityforchildren.Byharnessingtheeconomicpotentialofallwomen,weboostopportunityforallpeople.”Whatdoestheauthorthinkaboutwomen’sprogresssoA）Itstillleavesmuchtobedesired. C）Ithasgreatlychangedwomen’sfate.B）Itistooremarkabletobe D）ItisachievedthroughhardInwhatcountrieshavewomenmadethegreatestprogress?A）Wherewomenholdkeypostsinernment.Wherewomen’srightsareprotectedbyWherewomen’sparticipationinmanagementishigh.D）Wherewomenenjoybettereducationandhealthcare.WhatdoNewsweekrankingsrevealaboutwomeninCanada?A）Theycarelittleaboutpoliticalparticipation.TheyaregenerallytreatedasequalsbyTheyhaveasurprisinglylowsocialstatus.D）Theyareunderrepresentedinpolitics.WhatdoesAnne-MarieGoetzthinkofawomanbeinginanation’stopoffice?A）Itdoesnotnecessarilyraisewomen’spoliticalawareness.Itdoesnotguaranteeabetterlifeforthenation’swomen.C）Itenhanceswomen’sstatus.D）Itboostswomen’sWhatdoesHillaryClintonsuggestwedotomaketheworldabetterGivewomenmorepoliticalpower. C）Allowwomenaccesstoeducation.B）Stimulatewomen’screativity. D）Tapwomen’seconomicpotential.36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45.46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55.57. 58. 59. 60. 62. 63. 64. 65.2014年6月大六級考PartIII ReadingComprehension （40minutes）SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions36to45arebasedonthefollowingForinvestorswhodesirelowriskandguaranteed e,U.S. ernmentbondsareasecureinvestmentbecausethesebondshavethefinancialbackingandfullfaithandcreditofthefederalernment.Municipalbonds,alsosecure,areofferedbylocalernmentsandoftenhave36suchastax-interest.Somemayevenbe37.CorporatebondsareabitmoreTwoquestionsoften38first-timecorporatebondinvestors.Thefirstis“IfIacorporatebond,doIhavetoholdituntilthematuritydate?Theanswerisno.Bondsareboughtandsolddailyon39securitiesexchanges.However,ifyoudecidetosellyourbondbeforeitsmaturitydateyou’renotguaranteedtogetthefacevalueofthebond.Forexampleifyourbonddoesnothave40thatmakeitattractivetootherinvestors,youmaybedtosellyourbondata41,i.e.,apricelessthanthebond’sfacevalue.Butifyourbondishighlyvaluedbyotherinvestors,youmaybeabletosellitatapremium,i.e.,apriceaboveitsfacevalue.Bondpricesgenerally42inversely（相反地）withcurrentmarketinterestratesAsinterestratesofrisk.Thesecondquestionis“HowcanI theinvestmentriskofaparticularbondissue?”Standard&Poor’sandMoody’sInvestorsServiceratethelevelofriskofmanycorporateandernmentbonds.And ,thehigherthemarketriskofabond,thehighertheinterestrate.Investorswillinvestinabondconsideredriskyonlyifthe45returnishigh I） J） K） L） M） N） O）simultaneouslyH）featuresSectionDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.LessonsfromaFeministOnthesurface,Swedenappearstobeafeministparadise.LookatanyglobalsurveyofgenderequalityandSwedenwillbenearthetop.Family-friendlypoliciesareitsnorm—with16monthsofpaidparentalleave,specialprotectionsforpart-timeworkersandstate-subsidizedpreschoolswhere,accordingtoaernmentwebsite,“gender-awarenesseducationisincreasinglycommon.”Duetoanunofficialquotasystem,womenhold45percentofpositionsintheSwedishparliament.TheyhaveenjoyedtheprotectionofernmentagencieswithtitlesliketheMinistryofIntegrationandGenderEqualityandtheSecretariatofGenderResearch.SowhyareAmericanwomensofaraheadoftheirSwedishcounterpartsinbreakingthroughtheglassceiling?Ina2012report,theWorldEconomicForumfoundthatwhenitcomestoclosingthegendergapin“economicparticipationandopportunity,theUnitedStatesisaheadofnotonlySwedenbutalsoFinland,Denmark,theNetherlands,Iceland,GermanyandtheUnitedKingdomSweden’srankinthereportcanlargelybeexinedbyitspoliticalquotasystem.ThoughtheUnitedStateshasfewerwomeninthework（68percentcomparedtoSweden’s77percent）,Americanwomenwhochoosetobeemployedarefarmorelikelytoworkfull-timeandtoholdhigh-leveljobsasmanagersorprofessionalsTheyalsoownmorebusinesseslaunchmorestart-ups（新創(chuàng)辦的企業(yè)）andmoreoftenworkintraditionallymalefields.Asforbreakingthroughtheglassceilinginbusiness,Americanwomenarewellinthelead.WhatexinstheAmericanadvantage?HowcanitbethatsocietieslikeSweden,wheregenderequalityisvigorouslypursuedandend,havefewerfemalemanagers,executives,professionals,andbusinessownersthanthelaissez-faire（自由放任的）UnitedStatesAnewstudybyCornelleconomistsFrancineBlauandLawrenceKahngivesanexnation.Generousparentalleavepoliciesandreadilyavailablepart-timeoptionshaveunintendedconsequences:insteadofstrengtheningwomen’sattaenttotheworkce,theyappeartoweakenit.Inadditiontoa16-monthleave,aSwedishparenthastherighttoworksixhoursaday（forareducedsalary）untilhisorherchildiseightyearsold.Mothersarefarmorelikelythanfatherstotakeadvantageofthislaw.Butextendedleavesandpart-timeemploymentareknowntobeharmfultocareers—forbothgenders.Andwithwomenasecondfactorcomesintoy:mostseemtoenjoytheflexible-timearrangement（onceknownasthe“mommytrack）andneverfindtheirwaybacktofull-timeorhigh-levelemployment.Insum:generousfamily-friendlypoliciesdokeepmorewomeninthelabormarket,buttheyalsotendtodiminishtheircareers.AccordingtoBlauandKahn,Swedish-stylepaternal（父親的）leavepoliciesandflexible-timearrangementsposeasecondthreattowomen’sprogresstheymakeemployerscautiousabouthiringwomenforfull-timepositionsatall.Offeringajobtoamanisthesaferbet.HeisfarlesslikelytotakeayearofparentalleaveandthenreturnonareducedworkscheduleforthenexteightIbecameawareofthetrialsofcareer-focusedEuropeanwomenafewyearsagowhenImetpost-doctoralstudentfromGermanywhowasthenavisitingfellowatJohnsHopkins.ShewasastonishedbytheprofessionalpossibilitiesaffordedtoyoungAmericanwomen.HerbesthopeinGermanywasaernmentjob—prospectsforwomenintheprivatesectorweredim.“InGermany,”shetoldme,“wehaveallthebenefits,butemployersdon’twanttohireus.”intheir2009study:whyaretheresofewfemaletopexecutivesintheEuropeanegalitarian（主義的）welfarestates?Theiranswer:“Broad-basedwelfare-statepolicieshinderwomen’srepresentationinelitecompetitivepositions.”ItistemptingtodeclaretheSwedishpoliciesregressive（退步的）andhailtheAmericansystemassuperiorButthatwouldbeshortsighted.TheSwedescancertainlytakealessonfromtheUnitedStatesandlookforwaystoclearapathfortheirambitiousfemalecareerists.Butmostwomenarenotcommittedcareerists.WhenthePewResearchCenterrecentlyaskedAmericanparentstoidentifytheir“ideal”lifearrangement,47percentofmotherssaidtheywouldprefertoworkpart-timeand20percentsaidtheywouldprefernottoworkatall.Fathersanswereddifferently:75percentpreferredfull-timework.SomeversionoftheSwedishsystemmightworkwellforamajorityofAmericanparents,buttheUnitedStatesisunlikelytofullyembracetheSwedishmodel.Still,wecanlearnfromtheirexperience.Despiteitsfailuretoshattertheglassceiling,Swedenhasoneofthemostpowerfulinnovativeeconomiesintheworld.Inits2011-2012survey,theWorldEconomicForumrankedSwedenastheworld’sthirdmostcompetitiveeconomy;theUnitedStatescameinfifth.Sweden,dubbedthe“rockstaroftherecovery”intheWashingtonPost,alsoleadstheworldinlifesatisfactionandhappiness.Itisasocietywellworthstudying,anditseffortstoconquerthegendergapimpartavitallesson—thoughnotthelessontheSwedeshadinmind.Swedenhasgonefartherthananyothernationonearthtointegratetheesandtowomenthesameopportunitiesanddomsasmen.Fordecades,thesedescendantsoftheVikingshavebeentryingtoshowtheworldthattherightmixofenlightened,consciousnessraising,andnon-istchildrearingwouldclosethegenderdivideonceandforall.Yetthedividepersists.K）A2012pressreleasefromStatisticsSwedenbearsthetitle“GenderEqualityinSwedenTreadingWater”andnotes:The efromemploymentforallagesislowerforwomenthanforOneinthreeemployedwomenandoneintenemployedmenworkpart-Women’sworkingtimeisinfluencedbythenumberandageoftheirchildren,butmen’sworkingtimeisnotaffectedbythesefactors.Ofallemployees,only13percentofthewomenand12percentofthemenhaveoccupationswithanevendistributionofthees.Confrontedwithsuchfacts,someSwedishactivistsandlegislatorsaredemandingmoreextremeandfar-reachingmeasures,suchasrecingmaleandfemalepronounswithaneutralalternativeandmonitoringchildrenmorecloselytocorrectthemwhentheygravitate（被吸引）towardgenderedy.Whenitcametolightlastyearthatmothers,farmorethanfathers,chosetostayhomefromworktocarefortheirsickkids,UlfKristersson,ministerofsocialsecurityquicklycommissionedastudytodeterminethecausesofandpossiblecuresforthisdisturbingstateof numberofwomeninelitecompetitivepositions.TheSwedeswillfindthisparadoxicalandtrytofindsolutions.Letushopethesedonotincludebanninggenderpronouns,policingchildren’sy,implementingmoregenderquotas,ortreatingwomen’sspecialattaenttohomeandfamilyassocialinjusticeMostmothersdonotaspireto（向往）elitecompetitivefull-timepositions:theSwedishpolicieshavegiventhemthedomandopportunitytolivethelivestheyprefer.AmericansshouldlookpastthegenderrhetoricandconsiderwhattheseScandinavianshaveachieved.Ontheirwaytocreatingafeministparadise,theSwedeshaveunintentionallycreatedahaven（）fornormalmortals.Swedenhasdonemorethanothernationstoclosethegendergap,butitcontinuestoSwedenisoneofthemostcompetitiveeconomiesintheworldanditspeopleenjoythegreatestlifesatisfaction.MoreAmericanwomenholdelitejobpositionsinbusinessthanSwedishSwedishfamily-friendlypoliciestendtoexertanegativeinfluenceonwomen’sThequotasysteminSwedenensureswomen’sbetterrepresentationinThoughtheSwedishmodelappearsworkableformostAmericanparents,itmaynotbeacceptedbytheminitsentirety.Swedishwomenareallowed domandopportunitytochoosetheirownwayofSwedishemployersarehesitantabouthiringwomenforfull-timepositionsbecauseofthefamily-friendlypolicies.Gender-awarenesseducationis ingmoreandmorepopularinstate-subsidizedpreschoolsinSweden.SomelawmakersinSwedenproposethatgenderlesspronounsbeusedintheSwedishSectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA）,B）,C）andD）.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingTextinghaslongbeenbemoaned（哀嘆）asthedownfallofthewrittenword,“penmanshipforillites,asonecriticcalleditTowhichtheproperresponseisLOL.Textingproperlyisn’twritingatall.It’sa“spoken”languagethatisgettingricherandmorecomplexbytheyear.First,somehistorical.Writingwasonlyinvented5,500yearsago,whereaslanguageprobablytracesbackatleast80,000years.Thustalkingcamefirst;writingisjustacraftthatcamealonglater.Assuch,thefirstwritingwasbasedonthewaypeopletalk,withshortsentences.However,whiletalkingislargelysubconsciousandrapid,writingisdeliberateandslow.Overtime,writerstookadvantageofthisandstartedcraftinglong-windedsentencessuchasthisone:“Thewholeengagementlastedabove12hours,tillthegradualretreatofthePersianswaschangedintoadisorderlyflight,ofwhichtheshamefulexamplewasgivenbytheprincipalleadersNoonetalkslikethatcasually—orshould.Butitisnaturaltodesiretodosoforspecialoccasions.Intheolddays,wedidn’tmuchwriteliketalkingbecausetherewasnomechanismtoreproducethespeedofconversation.Buttextingandinstantmessagingdo—andarevolutionhastextingisactuallyanewkindoftalking,withitsownkindofgrrandconventions.TakeLOL.Itdoesn’tactuallymean“l(fā)aughingoutloud”inalilsenseanymore.hasevolvedintosomethingmuchsubtlerandsophisticatedandisusedevenwhennothingisremoyamusing.Jocelyntexts“Wherehaveyoubeen?andAnnabelletextsback“LOLatthelibrarystudyingfortwohours.LOLsignalsbasicempathy（同感）betweentexterseasingtensionandcreatingasenseofequality.Insteadofhavingalilmeaning,it