考博英語(yǔ)閱讀20篇講義理解

1muting—substitutingthecomputerforthetriptothejob—hasbeenhailedasasolutiontoallkindsofproblemsrelatedtoofficework.Forworkersitpromisesdomfromtheoffice,lesstimewastedintraffic,andhelpwithchild-s.Formanagement, mutinghelpskeephighperformersonboard,minimizeslatenessandabsenteeismbyeliminatingcommuters,allowsperiodsofsolitudeforhigh-concentrationtasks,andprovidesschedulingflexibility.Insomeareas,suchasSouthernCaliforniaandSeattle,Washington,localernmentsareencouragingcompaniestostart mutingprogramsinordertoreducerush-hourtrafficandimproveairquality.Butthesebenefitsdonotcomeeasily.Makinga mutingprogramworkrequirescarefulnningandanunderstandingofthedifferencesbetweenmutingrealitiesandpopularimages.Manyworkersareseducedbyrosyillusionsoflifeasa muter.AcomputerprogrammerfromNewYorkCitymovestothequietAdirondackMountainsandstaysincontactwithherofficeviacomputer.Amanagercomesintohisofficethreedaysaweekandworksathometheothertwo.AnaccountantstayshometocareforhersickchildshehooksupephonemodernconnectionsanddoesofficeworkbetweencallstotheThesearepowerfulimages,buttheyarealimitedreflectionofreality.mutingworkerssoonlearnthatitisalmostimpossibletoconcentrateonandcareforayoungchildatthesametime.Beforeacertainage,youngchildrencannotrecognizemuchlessrespect,thenecessaryboundariesbetweenworkandfamily.Additionalchildsupportisnecessaryiftheparentistogetanyworkdone.Management,too,mustseparatethemythfromthereality.Althoughthemediahaspaidagreatdealofattentionto muting,inmostcasesitistheemployee’ssituation,nottheavailabilityoftechnology,thatprecipitatesa mutingarrangement.Thatispartlywhy,despitethewidespreadpresscoverage,thenumberofcompanieswithwork-at-homeprogramsofguidelinesremainssmall.WhatisthemainsubjectoftheBusinessmanagementDrivingtoExtendingtheworkcebymeansofComputersforchild-careWhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasaproblemforemployersthatispotentiallysolvedby Employees’latenessforEmployees’absencefromEmployees’needfortimealonetoworkEmployees’swithsecondWhichofthefollowingdoestheauthormentionasapossibledisadvantageofSmallchildrencannotunderstandtheboundariesofworkandComputertechnologyisneveradvancedenoughto modatetheneedsofeverysituation.ElectricalmalfunctionscandestroyaTheworkeroftendoesnothavealltheneededresourcesatWhichofthefollowingisanexampleof mutingasdescribedintheAscientistinalaboratory nsforaspaceAtechnicalwritersendingvia screatedatAcomputertechnicianrepairinganofficecomputerAteacherdirectingcomputer-assistedlearninginaprivate muting—substitutingthecomputerforthetriptothejob—hasbeenhailedasasolutiontoallkindsofproblemsrelatedtoofficework. muting...hasbeenhailedasasolution...”。破折號(hào)中間的部分“—substitutingthecomputerforthetriptothejob—”是一個(gè)動(dòng)名 muting的同位語(yǔ)?！皌o...work”是個(gè)介賓短語(yǔ)修飾asolution，“relatedto...work”是problems的后置定語(yǔ)?！緟⒖甲g文辦公——用電腦代替上班——已經(jīng)被譽(yù)為一種能解決所有 ernmentsareencouragingcompaniestostart mutingprogramsinordertoreducerush-hourtrafficandimproveairquality.【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句中，主干是“l(fā)ocalernmentsareencouragingcompaniesto...”?！癷nsomeareas，suchas...”做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，“tostart...”做companies的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)成分?！癷norderto...quality是主句的目的狀語(yǔ)。交通，改善空氣質(zhì)量，地方正在鼓勵(lì)公司開(kāi)展辦公項(xiàng)目。【文章難句】Althoughthemediahaspaidagreatdealofattentiontomuting，inmostcasesitistheemployee’ssituation，nottheavailabilitytechnology，thatprecipitates(加速…來(lái)臨 muting【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，主句“itis...that...”是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句。在處境，而不是技術(shù)的可用性加速辦排的來(lái)臨?！敬鸢浮俊敬鸢浮俊敬鸢浮俊敬鸢浮縄nasense,thenewprotectionismisnotprotectionismatall,atleastnotinthetraditionalsenseoftheterm.Theoldprotectionismreferredonlytotraderestrictingandtradeexpandingdevices,suchasthetarifforexportsubsidy.Thenewprotectionismismuchbroaderthanthisitincludesinterventionsintoforeigntradebutisnotlimitedtothem.Thenewprotectionism,infact,referstohowthewholeofernmentinterventionintotheprivateeconomyaffectsinternationaltrade.Theemphasisontradeisstillthere,thuscametheterm“protection.”Butwhatisnewistherealizationthatvirtuallyallernmentactivitiescanaffectinternationaleconomicrelations.TheemergenceofthenewprotectionismintheWesternworldreflectsthevictoryoftheinterventionist,orwelfareeconomyoverthemarketeconomy.JabTurwrites,“Theoldprotectionism…coexisted,withoutanyapparentinlectualdifficultywiththeacceptanceofthemarketasanationalaswellasaninternationaleconomicdistributionmechanism.Indeed,protectionistsaswellas(ifnotmorethan)tradersstoodforlaissezfaire.Now,asinthe1930s,protectionismisanexpressionofaprofoundskepticismastotheabilityofthemarkettodistributeresourcesand tosocietiessatisfaction.”Itispreciselythisprofoundskepticismofthemarketeconomythatisresponsiblefortheprotectionism.Inamarketeconomy,economicchangeofvariouscolorsimpliesredistributionofresourcesand es.Thesameopinioninmanycommunitiesapparentlyisthatsuchredistributionsoftenarenotproper.Therefore,theernmentintervenestobringaboutamoredesiredresult.ThevictoryofthewelfarestateisalmostcompleteinnorthernEurope.InSweden,Norway,Finland,Denmark,andtheNetherlands,ernmentinterventioninalmostallaspectsofeconomicandsociallifeisconsiderednormal.InGreatBritainthisisonlysomewhatlesstrue.ernmenttraditionallyhasyedaveryactiveroleineconomiclifeinFranceandtodoso.OnlyWestGermanydarestogoagainstthetidetowardsexcessiveinterventionisminWesternEurope.ItalsohappenstobethemostsuccessfulWesternEuropeaneconomy.ThewelfarestatehasmadesignificantprogressintheUnitedStatesaswellasinWesternEurope.Socialsecurity,unemploymentinsurance,minimumwagelaws,andrentcontrolarebynowtraditionalwelfarestateelementsontheAmericanscene.Thispassageisprimarilyconcernedwith thedefinitionofthenewthedifferencebetweennewandoldtheemergenceofthenewprotectionismintheWesternthesignificanceofthewelfareWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTacharacteristicofawelfarestatementionedinthispassage?educationisavailabletoaLawsaremadetofixtheminimumA canbeThereareregulationsforWhichofthefollowinginferencesistrue,accordingtothisTheeconomydevelopedfasterinwelfarestatesthaninnon-welfareInthe1930s,protectionismbegantoThenewprotectionismissocalledmainlybecauseitistheernmentysamoreactiveroleineconomiclifeinNorthernEuropethaninGreatBritain.ThepassagesinformationforansweringwhichofthefollowingWhendidthenewprotectionismWhyisthenewprotectionismsopopularinnorthernEuropeanDoestheAmerican ernmentyamoreactiveroleineconomiclifethantheBritish Whydoes ernmentinterveneineconomic【文章難句】Butwhatisnewistherealizationthatvirtuallyallernmentactivitiescanaffectinternationaleconomicrelations.句作主語(yǔ)。表語(yǔ)是realization；that引導(dǎo)的從句是realization的同位語(yǔ)成分?！緟⒖甲g文但是所有的行為都能影響國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系卻是最近的Theoldprotectionism...coexisted，withoutanyapparentinlectualdifficultywiththeacceptanceofthemarketasanationalaswellasaninternationaleconomicdistributionmechanism.【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句中，主干是“Theoldprotectionismcoexisted，…withtheacceptance…”。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的方式狀語(yǔ)是“Without…difficulty”，asanationalaswellas…mechanism是作為market的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)成分。skepticismastotheabilityofthemarkettodistributeresourcesand estosocieties【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句的一開(kāi)始是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)部分，主干是“protectionismisanexpression…”asto…satisfaction短語(yǔ)是句子的條件狀語(yǔ)。30年代一樣，保護(hù)主義表達(dá)了一種深刻的懷疑，它懷【答案】【答案】【答案】【答案】Ithasbeenarguedthatwhereschools ebureaucratized,they eboundupwiththetechniquesandimplementationofthemanagerialprocess,andmayconcentrateonconcernwithpositionandself-advancement.Insong,theymayneglectthepurposeforwhichtheyweresetup.Thus,theydonotfacilitatethedevelopmentofthosewhoarepartoftheschoolcommunity,andtendtoneglectthedesiresofchildren,parentsandsocietyatlarge.Itisbecauseofsuchcriticismsthattherehasbeenanincreasinginfluenceinpoliticalrhetoricandlegislationof-markettheoriesoforganizationandsociety.Suchtheoriessuggestthatamuchmoremarket-oriented,competitiveapproachisrequiredsothatschoolsreorientthemselvestowardstheir“s”.Bysong,itisclaimed,notonlydotheyonceagainaddresstheneedsofthosewithwhomtheyshouldbeprimarilyconcerned,butsuchanapproachalsounleashesthebenefitsofindividualresponsibility,domofchoice,andreward.Thoughmuchofthissoundsattractive,ithasitsrootsasmuchinaneconomicbodyofthoughtasinsocialandpoliticaltheory,andthismustraisethequestionofwhetheritcanbeviablytransferredtoaneducationalcontext.Indeed,ifby“educational”wemeanthedevelopmentofallwithintheschoolcommunity,then -markettheorymaymissthemarkbyconcentratingononlyonesection,“theconsumers”.Ifteachersareseenaspartofthiscommunity,thentheirdevelopmentisjustasimportant.Ifbureaucraticformsofmanagementfacetheproblemofexininghowtheirvaluescanbeobjectivewhentheyareinfacttheproductofaparticularvalueorientation,theformsofmanagementderivedfrom-markettheories,suggestinganopennesstotheadoptionofdifferentsetsofvalues,aresubjecttothechargeofrelativism.Inotherwords,-markettheories,grantedthattheyarearguingthatindividualsshouldbeallowedtopursuetheirownends,mustexinwhyanysetofvalues,includingtheirown,ispreferabletoanother.Accordingtotheauthor,criticismofschoolsarises concernsthatschools yneglectthehighcostofeducationduetoaperceptionofthemasself-servingandamisunderstandingofschoolsThe“schoolcommunity”(Line4Para.4)theauthorreferstowouldprobably B.studentsandC.students,parentsand D.teachersandThetransferofmarketideastotheschoolsmayfail schoolshavenorealtheyconcentrateonlyontheconsumeranddonotincludeschoolsaretotallydifferentfromthetheyhavenosolidpurposeintheirAccordingtothetext,criticismofmarketsolutionsineducationarisefromthefactthat theydonotexinwhytheirsetofvaluesarebetterthantheirvaluesaretootheirvaluesaretoodifferentfromthosewithinaneducationaltheeducationalcontextisnotaThe“chargeofrelativism”mentionedinthelastparagraphismeantto thevaluesaretoonarrow- B.thevaluesarenotspecificC.thevaluesaretooself- D.thevaluesarenotstrongly【文章難句】Thoughmuchofthissoundsattractive,ithasitsrootsasmuchinaneconomicbodyofthoughtasinsocialandpoliticaltheory.【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句為主從復(fù)合句，主干是ithasitsrootsasmuch.as。thoughB表示同等程度，可以理解為“BA”。【文章難句】Theformsofmanagementderivedfrom-markettheories,suggestinganopennesstotheadoptionofdifferentsetsofvalues,aresubjecttothechargeofrelativism.thechargeofrelativism。derived…和suggesting…為兩個(gè)分詞短語(yǔ)，修飾主語(yǔ)theformsofmanagement。式往往會(huì)指責(zé)為相對(duì)主義?！疚恼码y句】Inotherwords,-markettheories,grantedthattheyarearguingthatindividualsshouldbeallowedtopursuetheirownends,mustexinwhyanysetofvalues,includingtheirown,ispreferabletoanother.【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句為主從復(fù)合句，主干是-markettheories…mustexin【答案】【答案】【答案】【答案】【答案】Shopperswhohaveflockedtoonlinestoresfortheirholidayshoparelosingprivacywitheverymouseclick,accordingtoanewreport.ThestudybytheWashington-basedElectronicPrivacyInformationCenterscrutinizedprivacypolicieson100ofthemostpopularonlineshopsitesandcomparedthosepolicieswithasetofbasicprivacyprinciplesthathavecometobeknownas“fairinformationpractices.”Thegroupfoundthatnoneofthe100sitesmetallofthebasiccriteriaforprivacyprotection,whichincludegivingnoticeofwhatinformationiscollectedandhowitisused,offeringconsumersachoiceoverwhethertheinformationwillbeusedincertainways,allowingaccesstodatathatgiveconsumersachancetoseeandcorrecttheinformationcollected,andinstitutingthekindofsecuritymeasuresthatensurethatinformationwon’tfallintothewronghands.“Thisstudyshowsthatsomebodyelse,otherthanSanta,isreadingyourChristmaslist,”saidJeffChester,executivedirectoroftheCenterforMediaEducation,whichalsoworkedonthesurvey.TheonlineprivacyofchildrenisprotectedbyFederalTradeCommissionrules,butadultsdonotsharethesamedegreeofprivacyprotection.Themovement,liketheonlineshopindustry,favorsself-regulationoverimpositionoffurthermovementrestrictionsonelectroniccommerce.MarcRosenberg,executivedirectoroftheprivacygroup,saidthestudyshowsthatselfregulationshavefailed,“Weneedlegislationtoenfairinformationpretences,”hesaid.“Consumersareatgreeterriskthantheywerein1997,”whenthegroupreleaseditsfirstreport.Thesurveyalsoaskedwhetherthe100sitesused“profile-based.advertising,andwhetherthesitesincorporate“s”technology,whichgivesWebsitesbasicinformationonvisitors.ProfilingisthepracticeofgatheringinthenusedtocreatetargetedadvertisingonWebsites.Allbut18ofthetopshopsitesdiddisyaprivacy,amajorimprovementovertheearlydaysofelectroniccommerce,whensuchpolicieswerescarce.Butthatdidnotsatisfytheprivacygroup.“Companiesarepostingprivacypolicies,butthesepoliciesarenotthesamethingasfairinformationpractices,”Rosenbergsaid.Thesitesalsodidnotperformwellbyothermeasures,thegroupsaiditfoundthat35ofthesitesfeatureprofile-basedadvertising,and87percentuses.Thegroupconcludedthatthephoniesthatwereposted“aretypicallyconfusing, plete,andinconsistent”,Thereport,“SurferBewareIII:PrivacyPoliciesWithoutPrivacyProtection,”isthethirdsuchsurveybythegroup.Itcalledforfurtherdevelopmentofthathelpconsumersprotecttheirprivacyandevenanonymitywhenexploringtheinternet.Whatdoesthesentence“Thisstudyshowsthatsomebodyelse,otherthanSanta,isreadingyourChristmaslist”mean?ThestudyshowsthatsomeoneelsewouldbuyconsumersagiftforThestudyshowsthatconsumers’privacyisbeingThestudyshowsthatcompanieswanttomakeaChristmaslistforThestudyshowsthatSantawouldnotbringtheChristmasgiftsthisWhichofthefollowingisnotinthelistofthebasiccriteriaofprivacyprotectionmentionedinparagraph3?GivenoticeofwhatinformationiscollectedandhowitisusedtoAllowaccesstodatathatgiveconsumersachancetoseeandcorrecttheinformationcollected.MakeconsumersbelievethattheinformationprovidedbythesitesissurelyInstitutethekindofsecuritymeasuresthatensurethattheinformationwon’tfallintothewronghands.Itcouldbedrawnfromthepassage theWashington-basedElectronicPrivacyInformationCenterhasreleasedatleast3reportsconcerningtheonlineprivacyadultscannotgetanyonlineprivacyboththeonlineprivacyofchildrenandthatofadultsarenotprotectedby

only18ofthetopshopsitesdisyedaprivacyWhatdoesthepassagemainlytalkMarcRosenberg’sstudyonself-Someonlineproblemsfoundbyaprivacygroup’sAdultsandchildrenareOnlinesecurityCenterscrutinizedprivacypolicieson100ofthemostpopularonlineshopsitesandcomparedthosepolicieswithasetofbasicprivacyprinciplesthathavecometobeknownas“fairinformationpractices”.【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主干是Thestudy…scrutinizedprivacypolicies…andcomparedthosepolicieswith。by引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)修飾主語(yǔ)study；on…sites是一個(gè)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)；asetofbasicprivacyprinciples后面是that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句?！緟⒖甲g文位于的電子隱私信息中心所開(kāi)展的研究仔細(xì)了100個(gè)最受歡迎的購(gòu)物站點(diǎn)上的隱私條款并將這些條款和名為“公平信息準(zhǔn)則”的一套基本隱私保護(hù)條例進(jìn)行了比較。Thegroupfoundthatnoneofthe100sitesmetallofthebasiccriteriaforprivacyprotectionwhichincludegivingnoticeofwhatinformationiscollectedandhowitisused,offeringconsumersachoiceoverwhethertheinformationwillbeusedincertainwaysallowingaccesstodatathatgiveconsumersachancetoseeandcorrecttheinformationcollected,andinstitutingthekindofsecuritymeasuresthatensurethatinformationwon’tfallintothewronghands.【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主干是Thegroupfoundthatnone…metallofthebasiccriteria…whichinclude。which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句修飾thebasiccriteria，在giving…used,offering…ways,allowing…collected和instituting…h(huán)ands。息，并使用能夠保證信息不會(huì)被的安全措施?！疚恼码y句】Allbut18ofthetopshopsitesdiddisyaprivacy,amajorimprovementovertheearlydaysofelectroniccommerce,whensuchpolicieswerescarce.【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主干是Allbut18ofthetopshopsitesdiddisyaprivacy。主句后面的部分實(shí)際上是前面整個(gè)句子的同位語(yǔ)，theearlydaysofelectroniccommerce后是when引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。18家顯示了隱私保護(hù)條款，【答案】【答案】【答案】【答案】Supposeyougointoafruiterer’sshop,wantinganapple—youtakeupone,andonbitingityoufinditissouryoulookatit,andseethatitishardandgreen.Youtakeupanotherone,andthat,too,ishard,green,andsour.Theshopmanoffersyouathirdbut,beforebitingit,youexamineit,andfindthatitishardandgreen,andyouimmediaysaythatyouwillnothaveit,asitmustbesour,likethosethatyouhavealreadytried.Nothingcanbemoresimplethanthat,youthinkbutifyouwilltakethetroubletoyzeandtraceoutintoitslogicalelementswhathasbeendonebythemind,youbegreatlysurprised.Inthefirstceyouhaveperformedtheoperationofinduction.Youfindthat,intwoexperiences,hardnessandgreennessinappleswenttogetherwithsourness.Itwassointhefirstcase,anditwasconfirmedbythesecond.True,itisaverysmallbasis,butstillitisenoughfromwhichtomakeaninductionyougeneralizethefacts,andyouexpecttofindspumesinappleswhereyougethardnessandgreenness.Youfounduponthatagenerallaw,thatallhardandgreenapplesaresourandthat,sofarasitgoes,isaperfectinduction.Well,havinggotyournaturallawinthisway,whenyouareofferedanotherapplewhichyoufindithardandgreen,yousay,“AIIhardandgreenapplesaresourthisappleishardandgreentherefore,thisappleissour.”Thattrainofreasoningiswhatlogicianscallasyllogism,andhasallitsvariouspartsandterms—itsmajorpremises,itsminorpremises,anditsconclusion.Andbythehelpoffurtherreasoning,which,ifdrawnout,wouldhavetobeexhibitedintwoorthreeothersyllogisms,youarriveatyourfinaldetermination,“Iwillnothavethatapple.”Sothat,yousee,youhave,inthefirstce,establishedalawbyinduction,anduponthatyouhavefoundedadeduction,andreasonedoutthespecialparticularcase.Wellnow,suppose,havinggotyourconclusionofthelaw,thatatsometimesafterwards,youarediscussingthequalitiesofapplewithafriendyouwillsaytohim,“Itisaverycuriousthing,butIfindthatallhardandgreenapplesaresour!”Yourfriendsaystoyou,“Buthowdoyouknowthat?”Youatoncereply,“On,becauseIhavetriedthemoverandoveragain,andhavealwaysfoundthemtobeso.”Well,ifweweretalkingscienceinsteadofcommonsense,weshouldcallthatanexperimentalverification.And,ifstillopposed,yougofurther,andsay,“Ihaveheardfrompeople,inSomersetshireandDevonshire,wherealargenumberofapplesaregrown,andinLondon,wheremanyapplesaresoldandeaten,thattheyhaveobservedthesamething.”ItisalsofoundtobethecaseinNormandy,andinNorthAmerica.Inshort,Ifindittobetheuniversalexperienceofmankindwhereverattentionhasbeendirectedtothesubject.”Whereupon,yourfriend,unlessheisaveryunreasonableman,agreeswithyou,andisconvincedthatyouarequiterightintheconclusionyouhavedrawn.Hebelieves,althoughperhapshedoesnotknowhebelievesit,thatthemoreextensiveverificationshavebeenmade,andresultsofthesamekindarrivedat—thatthemorevariedtheconditionsunderwhichthesameresultsareattained,themorecertainistheultimateconclusion,andhedisputesthequestionnofurther.Heseesthattheexperimenthasbeentriedunderallsortsofconditions,astotime,ce,andpeople,withthesameresultandhesayswithyou,therefore,thatthelawyouhavelaiddownmustbeagoodone,andhemustbelieveit.Applesare inordertoconvincethereaderthatfruithasnointoillustratethesubjectofthetogivecolortothetoshowhowfoolishlogicTheterm“naturallaw”asitappearsinthetextrefers common B.theresultofanC.theorderof D.ascientificIfyoufindahardandgreenapplethatisnotsour,you trymoreapplestoseeifthenaturallawhaseattherestoftheappleatrejectthelawstatingthathardandgreenapplesareusuallyconductfurtherinvestigationsandmakeadjustmentstothelawofapplesasThewriteris A. B. C. D.Noneofthe【文章難句】Well,havinggotyournaturallawinthisway,whenyouareofferedanotherapplewhichyoufindithardandgreen,yousay,“Allhardandgreenapplesaresour；thisappleishardandgreen；therefore,thisappleissour.”yousaysay是由which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句?！疚恼码y句】And,bythehelpoffurtherreasoning,which,ifdrawnout,wouldhavetobeexhibitedintwoorthreeothersyllogisms,youarriveatyourfinal【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主干是youarriveatyourfinaldetermination。介詞by引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)做方式狀語(yǔ)，furtherreasoningwhich引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，ifdrawnout做定語(yǔ)從句中的條件狀語(yǔ)，省略主語(yǔ)?？吹剿质莾?、三個(gè)推理），你做出了最終的決定。【文章難句】IhaveheardfrompeopleinSomersetshireandDevonshirewherealargenumberofapplesaregrown,andinLondon,wheremanyapplesaresoldandeaten,thattheyhaveobservedthesamething.【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主干是Ihaveheardfrompeople…,that…。in…shire…andinLondonwhere引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句修飾，另外上句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)是一個(gè)that從句?！緟⒖甲g文】我聽(tīng)別人，在蘋(píng)果廣泛種植的Somerset和Devon郡以及【答案】【答案】【答案】【答案】Thetermcorporateculturereferstoanorganization’svaluesystem.Managerialphilosophies,workcepractices,andorganizationalnetworkareincludedintheconceptofcorporateculture.TysonFood’scorporatecultureisreflectedinthefactthateveryone—evenCEODonTyson—wearstanworkclothesonthejob.Theleaderswhodevelopedthe andthecorporateculturetypicallyshapethecorporateculture.Onegenerationofemployeespassesonacorporateculturetoneweremployees.SometimesthisispartofformaltrainingnewmanagerswhoattendMcDonald’sHamburgerUniversitymaylearnskillsinmanagement,buttheyalsopickupthebasicsoftheorganization’scorporateculture.Employeescanabsorbcorporateculturethroughinformalcontactsaswell,bytalkingwithotherworkersandthroughtheirexperiencesonthejob.Corporateculturehasamajorimpactonthesuccessofanorganization.Inorganizationswithstrongcultures,everyoneknowsandsupportstheorganizations’objectives.Inthosewithweakcultures,noclearsenseofpurposeexists.Infact,theauthorsoftheclassicbookInSearchofExcellenceconcludedthepresenceofastrongcorporateculturewasthesinglecommonthreadamongmanydiversebuthighlysuccessfulcompaniessuchasGeneralElectricandMcDonald’s.Asyoucanimagine,changinga ’scorporateculturecanbeverydifficult.Butsomemanagerstrytodojustthatwhentheyfeelthecurrentcultureisweak,orwhentheorganization’sobjectiveschangeandtheoldculturenolongerfits.Sometimesthecompetitivesituationofa changeselectricutilities,whichoncehadtheirprofitsguaranteedbypublicregulation,nowfacecapitaliststylecompetition.FirmsthatwerecomfortablecompetingagainstotherAmericancompaniesnowfindthemselvesfightingcompetitorsfromoverseas,too.ManagementexpertPeterDuckersfeelsthat,ratherthantryingtochangeculture,managersshouldfocusonchangingemployees’habits,asfollows:*Definewhatresultsareneeded.Specifyinmeasurabletermswhattheorganization(ordepartment,oroffice)needstoachieve.*Determinewheretheseresultsarealreadybeingachievedwithinthecurrentorganization.yzethedepartmentsthatarealreadyeffectivefindoutwhattheyngdifferentlyfromthe*Determinewhattopmanagementcandotoencouragethesegoodresults.Duckerssuggeststhatexecutivesopenlyaskwhattheycandotohelp,andthendoit.habits.Whenemployeesrealizethattheorganizationreallydoesrewardthenewapproach,theywilladoptitmuchmorequickly.Whetheronewantstochangeanorganization’scultureornot,itisimportanttochoosemanagersandemployeeswhose alstylesfittheorganization’sgoals.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingisThecorporatecultureofacorporationcanbehardtoThecorporatecultureofacorporationshouldneverbeStrongcorporateculturesshouldnotbeStrongcorporatecultureishardertobechangedthanweakAccordingtoPeterDuckers,whenchangingemployees’habits,amanager firstdeterminewhichpartsoftheorganizationbestmeetthecorporatefirstdeterminewhatistobeachievedbytherewardalltheemployeesthatbestknowtheorganizationscorporaterestructuretheAccordingtothepassage,inMcDonald’sHamburger newmanagerslearntheorganizationscorporatecultureatnewmanagershavethechancestoknowabouttheorganizationscorporatenewmanagersspendmoretimeinstudyingtheorganizationscorporatecultureratherthanmanagementskillsnewmanagersareusuallymoreinterestedinlearningthemanagement【文章難句】Infact,theauthorsoftheclassicbookInSearchofExcellenceconcludedthepresenceofastrongcorporateculturewasthesinglecommonthreadamongmanydiversebuthighlysuccessfulcompaniessuchasGeneralElectricand從句，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞concluded后面省略了that。在賓語(yǔ)從句中，主干是thepresence…wasthe…threadamong?！疚恼码y句】Butsomemanagerstrytodojustthatwhentheyfeelthecurrentcultureisweak,orwhentheorganization’sobjectiveschangeandtheoldculturenolongerfits.somemanagerstrytodojustthat。兩個(gè)并列的由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，中間用連詞or連接?！疚恼码y句】TysonFood’scorporatecultureisreflectedinthefactthat—evenCEODonTyson—wearstanworkclothesonthe【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主干是cultureisreflectedinthefact，fact后由that引導(dǎo)的】【參考譯文食品的企業(yè)文化體現(xiàn)在公司的每一個(gè)人身上，工作時(shí)包】CEO丹在內(nèi)都要穿著黃褐色的工作服【答案】【答案】【答案】Alittlemorethanacenturyago,MichaelFaraday,thenotedBritishphysicist,managedtogainaudiencewithagroupofhighernmentofficials,todemonstrateanelectro-chemicalprinciple,inthehopeofgainingsupportforhiswork.Afterobservingthedemonstrationsclosely,oneoftheofficialsremarkedbluntly,“It’safascinatingdemonstration,youngman,butjustwhatpracticalapplicationwillcomeofthis?”“Idon’tknow,”repliedFaraday,“butIdoknowthat100yearsfromnowyou’llbetaxingthem.”Fromthedemonstrationofaprincipletothemarketingofproductsderivedfromthatprincipleisoftenalong,involvedseriesofsteps.Thespeedandeffectivenesswithwhichthesestepsaretakenarecloselyrelatedtothehistoryofmanagement,theartofgettingthingsdone.JustasmanagementappliestothewondersthathaveevolvedfromFaradayandotherinventors,soitappliedsome4,000yearsagototheworkingofthegreatEgyptianandMesopotamianimportandexportfirms…toHannibal’sremarkablefeatofcrossingtheAlpsin218B.C.with90,000footsoldiers,12,000horsemenanda“conveyorbelt”of40elephants…ortotheearlyChristianChurch,withitsworld-shakingconceptsofindividualdomandequality.Theseancientinnovatorsweredeeplyinvolvedintheproblemsofauthority,divisionsoflabor,discipline,unityofcommand,clarityofdirectionandtheotherbasicfactorsthataresomeaningfultomanagementtoday.ButtherealimpetustomanagementasanemergingprofessionwastheIndustrialRevolution.Originatingin18-centuryEngland,itwastriggeredbyaseriesofclassicinventionsandnewprocessesamongthemJohn