2009職稱英語理工類abc級歷年真題

工2009 英語等級考工A試（注：BC1(1—15115分11個意義最為Whycan’tyoustopyoureternalcomA HundredsofbuildingswerewreckedbytheA ThesepaintingsareconsideredbymanytobeA ManyeconomistshavegivenintothefatallureofA Tenyearsaftertheevent,herdeathstillremainsaA JohnwasirritatedbythenecessityforpoliteA AcademicrecordscannotbeA Theemphasisontheimportanceofeducationhasspurredscientificresearch．Afastened WehaveamplemoneyfortheA Thedoctor’spillsworkedmarvelsforA Mary’sperpetualmoaningnearlydrovemeA ItwashardtosaywhythemandeservedsuchshabbyA Youdidn’tadheretotheseA ThefarmersalsowanttousethewatertoirrigatethebarrenA B Anyonewhowantstoapplyforaloanneedreadthefollowing，specifications．Aexpressions Bwarnings 有提及，請選擇C。-Water—theIssueofThisTheworldisrunningshodoffreshwater．Populationsaregrowingbiggerandthirstier(渴的)．withtheresultthatfreshwateris ingincreasinglyscarce(缺乏)-Halftheworld’swetlandshavedisappearedduringthelastcentury，whileestimatessuggestthatwaterusewillriseby50％inthenext30years．TheWorldBankreportestimatesthatasmuchashalfoftheworld’spopulation，concentratedsandthelossoffreshwaterecosystemsappearlargeInsomeAsimilarpictureemergesfromtheglobe’ssaltwaterregions．Three-quartersoftheworld’speoplemaylivewithin100kmoftheseain2025，puttingevenmorepressureonstretchedcoastalecosystems．Twothirdsoffisheries(漁業(yè))areexploitedatorbeyondtheirsustainablelimits。andhalftheworld’scoralreefs(珊瑚礁)mayperishin100years-Almost60％ofcoralreefsand34％offishspeciesareatriskfromhumanactivities,theBanksays.Thereportconcludesthatthereisampleevidencetojustifyimmediateandcoordinatedactiontosafeguardsandusewatermoreefficiently．Freshwaterconsumptionisrisingquickly，andtheavailabilityofwaterinsomeregionslikely eoneofthemostpressingissuesofthe21stAthirdoftheworld’spopulation——aroundtwobillionpeople——liveincountriesthatareexperiencingmoderatetohighwatershortagesThatproportioncould[currentpopulationforecasts]risetohalformoreinthenext30yearsunlessinstitutions(制度)changetoensurebetterconservationandandallocationofwater．isonecountrywheretheportents(征兆)aregloomy．Themostwater-stressedcountryinEastAsiaisexploiting44％ofitsusablewaterafigureprojectedtoriseto60％by2020．Primarywithdrawalofwaterofmorethan60％iswidelyconsideredbywaterexpertstoexceedtheenvironmentalcarryingcapacityofariverbasinsystem.Although’stotaluseappearsstilltobereasonable，ithasseveralbasinsthatareseverelystressedenvironmentally．WithdrawalsexceedenvironmentallimitsinAfghanistanandPakistan，andwillexceedtheminby2020．IntheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica，onlyMoroccohasunexploitedwaterresources．Theresthaveexceededenvironmentallimitsandmanyareminingaquifers蓄水層)一bodiesofwater—bearingrock—thereportsays.Itisestimatedthatwaterusewillriseby50％inthenext30years NotmentionedMostdevelopedcountrieswillfacewatershortagesIn20years. NotmentionedMostoftheworld’spopulationmaylivewithin100kmoftheseain2025 NotmentionedAlmostallcoralreefsmaydisappearin100 NotSomespeciesoffishintheAtlanticareatdangerouslylowlevels- NotmentionedTheWorldBankreportimpliesthaturgentactionshouldbetakentoprotectwater Not exceedsenvironmentallimitsforwateruse． NotmentionedChimpanzees(黑猩猩)willsoonbeextinct()．Ifthepresentrateofhuntingandhabitat(棲息地)destructioncontinues，thenwithin20years，therewillbenochimpanzeeslivinginthewild．Butthisismorethananenvironmentalormoraltragedy(悲劇)．Chimpanzeeextinctionmayalsohaveprofoundimplications(含意)forthesurvivaloftheirdistantrelatives——humanIn1975thebiologistMarie-ClaireKingandAllanWilsondiscoveredthatthehumanandchimpanzeegenomes(組)matchbyover98％．Comparethistothemouse，usedasmodelforhumandiseaseinlabtests．whichsharesonly60％ofitsDNAwithUS．Infactchimpanzeesarefarmoresimilartohumansthantheyaretoanyotherspeciesofmonkey．AswellasresemblingUSgenetically，chimpsarehighlyinligentandabletousetools．Thesefactsaloneshouldbeenoughtomakeprotectionofchimpsanurgentpriority(優(yōu)先)．Butthereisanother，moreselfishreasontopreservethechimp．Thechimpanzeestrumpcard(王牌)comesinthefieldofmedicalresearch．Chimpanzeesaresosimilartohumansthatveterinarians(獸醫(yī))oftenrefertohumanmedicaltextbookswhentreatingthem．Yetchimpanzeesdoshowdifferencesinseveralkeyareas．Inparticular，chimpsaremuchmoreresistanttoanumberofmajordiseases．Itisthisabilitythatissointeresting．Forexample，chimpsseemtoshowamuchhigherthanhumanstoHIV，thethatcausesAids．Indeed，theiruseasexperimentalanimalsinAidsresearchhasdeclinedbecausetheyaresoresistant．ReasonsforHImplicationsofchimpanzeeextinctionforEffectiveAlDsGeneticsimilaritiesbetweenchimpsand toHIV GeneticdifferencesbetweenchimpsandBysequencingthechimpgenomeandpinpointing(找到)thecewherethechimpanzeeDNAsequencediffersfromthatofhumans．scientistshopetobeabletodiscoverwhichpartoftheReasonsforHImplicationsofchimpanzeeextinctionforEffectiveAlDsGeneticsimilaritiesbetweenchimpsand toHIV GeneticdifferencesbetweenchimpsandParagraphParagraphParagraphParagraphChimpanzeeextinctionmayThereisadifferenceoflessthan2％betweenthechimpScientiststhatgenesyasignificantroleinprotectingchimpsfromgettingThediscoveryofthegeneticcodeofchimpswillbehelpfulsomesomehumandiseasesomehumanhumankeyhealthier第4(第31-45題，每題3分，共45分 YouthEmancipationinSpainTheSpanishernmentissoworriedaboutthenumberofyoungadultsstilllivingwiththeirparentsthatithasdecidedtohelpthemleavethenest.Around55percentofpeopleaged18-34inSpainstillsleepintheirparents'homes,saysthelatestreportfromthecountry'sstate-runInstituteofYouth.Tocoax(勸誘youngpeoplefromtheirhomes,theInstitutestarteda"Youth(解放programmethismonth.TheprogrammeoffersguidanceinfindingroomsandEconomistsblameyoungpeople'sfamilydependenceontheprecarious(不穩(wěn)定的)labourmarketandincreasinghousingprices.Housingpriceshaverisen17percentayearsince2000.Culturalreasonsalsocontributetotheproblem,saysociologists(社會學(xué)家).FamilytiesinsouthEuropeItaly,PortugalandGreecearestrongerthanthoseinmiddleandnorthEuropesaidSpanishsociologistAlmudenaMorenoMinguezinherreport"TheLateEmancipationofSpanishYouth:KeyforUnderstanding"."Ingeneral,youngpeopleinSpainfirmlybelieveinthefamilyasthemainbodyaroundwhichtheirprivatelifeisorganized,"saidMinguez.InSpain-especiallyinthecountryside,itisnot montofindentiregroupsofaunts,uncles,cousins,niecesandnephews(外甥∕侄子)alllivingonthesamestreet.TheyregularlygettogetherforSundaydinner.Parents'toleranceisanotherfactor.Spanishparentsacceptlate-nightpartyingandarewaryofsettingbedtimerules."Achildcanarrivehomeatwhatevertimehewants.Ifparentscominhe'llputupafightandcallthefatherafascist,"saidJos6AntonioG6mezYanez,asociologistatCarlosIIIUniversityinMadrid.Mothers'willingnesstodochildren'shouseholdchores家務(wù)worsenstheproblemMasso,a60-year-oldinMadrid,hasthreechildrenintheir20s.Theeldest,28,hasagirlfriendandajob.Butlifewithmumisgood."Hismumdoesthewashandcooksforhim;intheend,heliveswell,"Masso31The“YouthEmancipation”programmeaimsathelyoungpeopleAfightfor BliveinanindependentCfightagainstsocialinjustice．DgetridoffamilyItcanbeinferredfromparagraph5thatfamilytiesarestrongerinPortugalthaninAFinland． BGreece．C DYoungpeople’sfamilydependencecanbeattributedtoallthefollowingfactorsEXCEPTAparents’tolerance． Bhousingproblems．Ccultural DunwillingnesstogetWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueofDionisioASheis60yearsold． BShehasaboyfriend．CShehasthree DShelivesinThephrase‘‘waryof’inparagraph8couldbebestrecedbyAtiredof． Bafraidof．Ccautious Dworried第二 ListeningtoAmalezebrafinchchirpsawaytohimself.Suddenlyhenoticesafemalebird,nearby:Herealizeshehasanaudienceandimmediaychangeshissong.Canthefemalelthedifferenceinhisperformance?Accordingtoanewstudy,thefemalezebrafinchknows.Andsheprefersthespecialtrillshecreateswhenhesingstoher.Amalezebrafinchchangeshissongwhensingingtoafemaleinwaysthatpeoplecanbarelydetect.Butthefemalefinchcanlthedifference.Scientistshadnoticedslightvariationsinthesongsofmalezebrafinchesbasedonwhethertheyweresingingaloneorwhethertherewasafemale(andpotentialmate)nearby.Withanaudience,themalesspedupthepaceoftheirsongsandcontrolledthenotestheyused.ForthisStudy,researchersSarahC.WoolleyandAllisonDoupeattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFranciscodecidedtofocusattentiononthelisteningfemales,whichhavenotbeenwellstudiedinthepast.Inthestudy,WoolleyandDoupesetupalongcagewithasoundspeakerateachend.Onebroadcastthesoundofamalezebrafinchsingingtohimself,likesomeonesingingintheshower.Theotherspeakerbroadcastamaleperformingforafemaleaudience,asifhewasgivingaconcert.Femalebirdswerecedbetweenthetwospeakers.Someofthebirdshadmates,othersdidn't.Thefemalesshiftedaroundabit,andthenmostofthemhoppedovertositbesidejustonespeaker.Allthebirdsthatmadeaclearchoicelikedsongsmeantforafemaleaudience,eventhey'dnevermettheMatedfemalesalsohadachancetolistentotwodifferentperformancesongs,onefromanunknownmale,andonefromtheirmate.Theyspentmoretimelistening,totheconcertversionoftheirmates'songs.Thissuggeststhatafterawhile,femaleslearntorecognize--andprefer—thesongsoftheirmates.Scientiststhenstudiedthebrainsofthefemales.Theyfoundcertainareasofthebrainperkedupwhenthebirdslistenedtotheconcertsongs.Thesebrainareasmaybeinvolvedinrecognizingandevaluatingthesongs,andstoringthememoriesofthem.Thisresearchdealswithwhat'scalleddirectedcommunication,whenthecommunicator,orsender,focusesthemessageforaspecificaudience.Oneexampleisthewaymomsspeaktotheirbabies.Mothersaroundtheworldusethesamesortofhigh-pitchedsing-songchatter,andthebabiesrespondbesttothosesounds.Songbirdsareoneoftheonlyotherspeciesknowntolearntheircommunication,inthiscasetheirsongs.36.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutAFemalezebrafinchesaretooshytostagbeforeBMalezebrafinchessinglouderthanCFemalezebrafinchesliketolistentounknownmalesDMalezebrafincheschangetheirsongstoattract37WhatdidtheresearchersfindintheirstudyoffemalezebraAFemalefinchesonlylikedsongsmalefinchessangfortheirBFemalefincheslikedsongsmalefinchessangforCFemalefincheslikedtolistentosongsfromboth Femalefincheschosethebestmalestagersastheirmates38Whatismeantby“concertsongs”intheseventhparagraph?ASongssungbyzebrafinchesataBSongssungbyfemalefinchesformaleCSongssungbymalefinchesforfemaleDSongssungbymalefinchestomanyfemaleTheexpression“directedcommunication”inthelastparagraphmeanscommunicationinwhichAthemessagesenderhasaspecificBthecommunicatorsendsmessagestoCtwocommunicatorssendmessagestoeachDmotherstalktotheirbabiesintheirmotherWhichofthefollowingcanbestreflectthethemeoftheAChirBZebrafinchesandtheirCBirdsongsasDFrequenciesof第三 TheRobotAccordingtoHansMoravec,universalrobotswilltakeoverallthephysicalactivitiesthatweengagein，leavingUSwithlittletodo．Moravecseesfourgenerationsontheroadtotrueuniversalrobots．Thefirstgenerationwillbehereby2010andwillconsistof-rangingrobotsthatcannavigatebybuildinganinternalmentalmapoftheirsurroundings．Innewsituationsthey’llbeabletoadapt．unliketoday’sindustrialrobots．TheserobotswillhavethecomputingpowertoThesecondgenerationwillarrivearound2020andwillbedistinguishedbytheabilitytolearn．Secondgenerationrobotsareprogrammedwithsetsofprimitivetasksandwithfeedbackthatprovide“pleasure’’and“pain”stimuli．Forexample．a(chǎn)collisionprovokesanegativeresponse,completedtaskwouldbeMoveforwardanothertenyearsto2030andyoucjettogenerationthree．Thisrobotcanuildinordertopredictproblems．Ifithasamoment,itcanreypastexperiencesandtryvariationsinordertofindabetterwayofngthingsnexttimeItcouldevenobservea oranotherrobotperformingataskandlearnbyimitation．Forthefirsttime，wehaveherearobotthatcanBythetimewegettogenerationfourin2040．Moravecpredictsthatrobotswillbeableto：matchhumanreasoningandbehaviour；generalise ideasfromspecificexperience；and，conversely，compiledetailednsofactionfromgeneralcommandssuchas“earnalivingor“makemorerobots”．TheMoravecmanifesto()runssomethinglikethis．Asrobotsstarttobecomeusefulingenerationone．they’llbegintotakeonmanytasksinindustry．DrivenbytheavailabilityOfthischeapandtirelessIabour．theeconomywillboomandthedemandforrobotswillgrowsorapidlythattheywillsoon elow-costcommodityitems．Somuchsothatthey’llmoveintothehome．wherethedomesticrobotwillrelieveusofmanyWithincreasingautomationingenerationstwoandthree，thelength、oftheaverageworkingdaywillplummet，eventuallytonearzero．Mostpeoplewillbeunemployedasrobotstakeovernotjustprimaryindustry，buttheserviceeconomytoo．MoravecseestheThesefuturemachineswillbeour“mindchildren”．Likebiologicalchildrenofpreviousgenerations，theywillembodyhumanity’sbesthopeforalong-termfuture．WhatwillbethedistinctivefeatureofthesecondgenerationATheywillbeabletorecognizespeechesandBTheywillbeabletolearnbyCTheywillbeabletopredictDTheywillbeabletomatchhumanreasoningandbehaviour.42Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofthefuturerobots?ATheywillrelieveUSofmanyBTheywilltakeovertheinformationCTheywillneversurpassDTheywill ehigh。costcommodityitems．43Theauthor’smainpurposeistoAdescribethelifeofHansBsupporttheviewthatrobotswillyamajorroleinourCmakefunoftheviewsofHansDgetpeoplepreparedforthethreatoffuturerobots．44Theword“plummet'’inparagraph6meansABCD45WhatdoesMoravecthinkofthesefutureATheywilllooklikepreviousbiologicalBTheywillbehumans’mind‘CTheywillcreateadangerousDTheywillrulethe下面的短文有5處空白，短文后有6個句子，其中5個取自短文，請根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容將其分別放回原有位置，以恢復(fù)文章原貌。MyLifeatIlearnedveryquicklythatbeingateachingassistant(TA)attheUniversityofIowawouldbedifferentfrombeingateacheratRenminUniversity．(46)Eyesstaring，mouthsopen，studentsexaminedmybignose，whilelwaswritingmynameontheblackboard．Atlowa，whenmyfirstclassesbegan，halfofmystudentsstillhadn’tarrived．Wheneveryonefinallyfoundaseat．ringingsandloudyawns(哈欠)interruptedmyopeningremarksItisnotthatAmericanstudentsweredisrespectful．(47)TheyfortheirskepticismUndergraduatesatlargeusuniversities—especiallyfreshmenandsophomores--oftenhaveseveralclassesasemesterhandledbyTAs．InsomecasestheTAsetsthecoursecontent．(48)Mosthavegoodintentionsbutveryfewareaseffectiveasprofessors．Everyteacherhastoconfrontobstaclestolearning—nomatterwhattheculture．Studentswhotalkduringlectures，studentswhocheat，studentswhoquestionthegradetheygetforapaperorproject—dealingwiththeseisallpartofthejob．(49)Thedifference．Ithink，isthatintheUSIhadtoswallowmoreofmypride．Ihadaresponsibilitytoteachthem，ofcourse，butIhadtodosoindirectly—asaguidewhohimselfhadafewthingstolearnfromthestudents．themexceptmid-termexam．Inothers．theTAworksasagraderanddiscussionIencounteredthese ．a(chǎn)ndlfacedthemintheOntheotherhand，beingtaughtbyagraduatestudentisnotnecessarilyMostwerepolite，oratBackatRenda．IhadwalkedintomyfirstclassesfeelinglikeaSharksPerformaServiceforEarth’sItishardtogetpeopletothinkofsharksasanythingbutadeadlyenemy．Theyarethoughtto——(51)peoplefrequently．Althoughthesefishperformavaluable(52)forearth’swatersandforhumanbeings，businessandsportfishingarethreateningtheir——(53)．Asaresult，somesharksareatriskofdisappearingfromEarth．Warmweathermayinfluencebothfishandshark——(54)．Manyfishswimnearcoastalareasbecauseoftheir——(55)waters．Expertssaysharksmayfollowthefishintothesameareas，——(56)peoplealsoswim．Infact，mostsharksdonotpurposelychargeatorbitehumans．Theyarethoughttomistakea ——(57)aseaanimal，suchasaseal(海豹)orsealion．Thatiswhypeopleshouldnotswimintheoceanwhenthesungoesdownorcomesup，becausethosearethetimeswhensharksarelookingfor，——(58)Expertsalsosaythatbrightcolorsandshinyjewelry(珠寶)maycausesharkstoattack．Asharkhasanextremelygoodsenseof——(59)，withwhichitcanfindsmallamountsofsubstancesinwater，suchasblood，bodyliquidsandchemicals—(60)byanimals．Thesepowerfulsenseshelpsharksfindtheirfood．Sharkseatfish，any——(61)sharks，andntsthatliveintheocean．Medicalresearcherswanttolearnmoreabouttheshark’sbodydefenseandimmune(免疫)——(62)againstdisease．Researchersknowthatsharks(63quicklyfrominjuriesTheystudythesharkinhopesoffindingawaytofighthumandisease．Sharksareimportantfortheworld’soceans，astheyeatinjuredanddiseasedfish．Their(64)activitiesmeanthatthenumbersofotherfishinoceanwatersdonot etoo——(65)．Thisprotectsthentsandotherformsoflifethatexistintheoceans． BCD BCD BCD BCD BCD BCD BCD BCD BCD BCD BCD BCD BCD BCD BCD理工類(B級)試第1(第1～15題，每題1分，共15分1WillyoupleasecallmyhusbandassoonasAvisit Bphone Cconsult Dinvite2Wehadalongconversationaboutherparents-Aspeech Bquestion Ctalk Ddebate3Thechairmanproposedthatwestopthemeeting．Astated Bannounced Cdemanded Dsuggested4Obviouslythesepeoplecanbereliedoninacrisis．AIived Bdepended Cbelieved DjoinedThereisalwaysexcitementattheOlympicGameswhenanathletebreaksarecordAbeats Bmaintains Cmatches DtriesAllthepupilsseemtobeveryAhappy Bhealthy Cnaughty Dbusy7Thetraditionalpaintingsareexhibitedonthesecondfloor.Alaid Bdisyed Ckept Dstored8Shestoodthere,shakingwithfury．Amisery Blaughter Canger Dcry9Maryevidentlyisthemostdiligentstudentamongus.Ainligent Bbeautiful Ctalkative Dhardworking10PersistentattemptstointerviewGarbowerefruitless．Aful BReasonable CContinuous DFirm11Whycan’tyoustopyoureternalcomining?AeverlastingBlong Ctemporary Dboring12Hundredsofbuildingswerewreckedbytheearthquake.Ashaken Bdamaged Cfallen Djumped13Thesepaintingsareconsideredbymanytobeauthentic.Afaithful Broyal Cgenuine Dsincere14Manyeconomistshavegivenintothefatallureofmathematics·Aattraction Bsimplicity Cpower Drigor15Tenyearsaftertheevent，herdeathstillremainsapuzzle.A B C DRadiocarbonNowadaysscientistscananswermanyquestionsaboutthepastthroughatechniquecalledhappenedistodiscoverwhenithappened．Radiocarbondatingwasdevelopedinthelate1940sbyphysicistWillardF．LibbyatUniversityofChicago．Anatomofordinarycarbon，calledcarbon-12，hassixprotons(質(zhì)子)andsixneutrons(中子)initsnucleus(原子核)．Carbon-14，orC-14，isaradioactive，unstableformofcarbonthathastwoextraneutrons．Itreturnstoamorestableformofcarbonthroughaprocessprocessarecountedbyinstrumentssuchasaradiationdetectorandcounter．ThedecayrateisusedtodeterminetheproportionofC-14atomsinthesamplebeingdated．Carbon-14isproducedintheEarth’satmospherewhennitrogen(氮)14，orN-14，inctsintheatmospherehasremainedconstant．Consequently．C-14formationisthoughttooccurataagreethatthisratioisusefulfordatingitemsbacktoatleast50，000years．AlllifeonEarthismadeoforganicmolecules(分子)thatcontaincarbonatomscomingfromtheatmosphere．SoalllivingthingshaveaboutthesameratioofC-14atomstoothercarbonatomsintheirtissues(組織)．0nceanorganism(有機(jī)體)diesitstopstakingincarboninanyform，andtheC一14alreadypresentbeginstodecay．OvertimetheamountofC一14inthematerialdecreases．a(chǎn)ndtheratioofC一14toothercarbonatomsgoesdown．Intermsofradiocarbondating．thefewerC一14atomsinasample，theolderthatsampleis.Nowadaysmanyscientistsdependonradiocarbonfordatingage-oldobjects． NotmentionedTheradiocarbondatingtechniqueisonlyabout40yearsold． NotmentionedAnatomofordinarycarbonhassixprotonsandeightneutrons． NotmentionedRadarisusedtodeterminethecharacteristicsofradiocarbon． NotmentionedRadiocarbonisreliableindatinganobjectbacktoatleast50，000years． NotmentionedTheC-14inanorganismbeginstodecaywhenitdies． NotmentionedThehalf-lifeofC-14isabout25．000 NotChimpanzees(黑猩猩)willsoonbeextinct()．Ifthepresentrateofhuntingandhabitat(棲息地)destructioncontinues，thenwithin20years，therewillbenochimpanzeeslivinginthewild．Butthisismorethananenvironmentalormoraltragedy(悲劇)．Chimpanzeeextinctionmayalsohaveprofoundimplications(含意)forthesurvivaloftheirdistantrelatives——humanIn1975thebiologistMarie-ClaireKingandAllanWilsondiscoveredthatthehumanandchimpanzeegenomes(組)matchbyover98％．Comparethistothemouse，usedasmodelforhumandiseaseinlabtests．whichsharesonly60％ofitsDNAwithUS．Infactchimpanzeesarefarmoresimilartohumansthantheyaretoanyotherspeciesofmonkey．AswellasresemblingUSgenetically，chimpsarehighlyinligentandabletousetools．Thesefactsaloneshouldbeenoughtomakeprotectionofchimpsanurgentpriority(優(yōu)先)．Butthereisanother，moreselfishreasontopreservethechimp．Thechimpanzeestrumpcard(王牌)comesinthefieldofmedicalresearch．Chimpanzeesaresosimilartohumansthatveterinarians(獸醫(yī))oftenrefertohumanmedicaltextbookswhentreatingthem．Yetchimpanzeesdoshowdifferencesinseveralkeyareas．Inparticular，chimpsaremuchmoreresistanttoanumberofmajordiseases．Itisthisabilitythatissointeresting．Forexample，chimpsseemtoshowamuchhigherthanhumanstoHIV，thethatcausesAids．Indeed，theiruseasexperimentalanimalsinAidsresearchhasdeclinedbecausetheyaresoresistant．FReasonsforHImplicationsofchimpanzeeextinctionforhumansEffectiveAlDstreatmentGeneticsimilaritiesbetweenchimpsandtoGeneticdifferencesbetweenchimpsandBysequencingthechimpgenomeandpinpointing(找到)thecewherethechimpanzeeDNAsequencediffersfromthatofhumans．scientistshopetobeabletodiscoverwhichpartofthethemtodevelopnewandmoreeffectivetreatmentsforthehumanformsofthesediseases．FReasonsforHImplicationsofchimpanzeeextinctionforhumansEffectiveAlDstreatmentGeneticsimilaritiesbetweenchimpsandtoGeneticdifferencesbetweenchimpsandParagraphParagraphParagraphParagraphChimpanzeeextinctionmayThereisadifferenceoflessthan2％betweenthechimpScientiststhatgenesyasignificantroleinprotectingchimpsfromgetting Thediscoveryofthegeneticcodeofchimpswillbehelpfulsomesomehumandiseasesomehumanhumankeyhealthier第4部分：閱讀理解(第31—45題，每題3分，共45分第一 Thesecondmostimportantconstituent構(gòu)成成份)ofthebiosphere生物圈)isliquidwater．Thiscanonlyexistinaverynarrowrangeoftemperatures，sincewaterzesat0℃andboilsat100℃．Lifeasweknowitwouldonlybepossibleonthesurfaceofanetwhichhadtemperaturessomewherewithinthisnarrowrange．Theearth’ssupplyofwaterprobablyremainsfairlyconstantinty．Thetotaltyofwaterisnotknownveryaccuray,butitisaboutenoughtocoverthesurfaceoftheglobetoadepthofabouttwoandthree-quarterkilometers．Mostofitisintheformofthesaltwateroftheoceans—about97percent．Therestisfresh，butthree-quartersofthisisintheformoficeatthePolesandonmountains，andcannotbeusedbylivingsystemsuntilmelted．Oftheremainingfraction，whichissomewhatlessthanonepercentofthewhole，thereis10-20timesasmuchstoredundergroundwaterasthereisactuallyonthesurface．Thereisalsoatiny．butextremelyimportantfractionBofthewatersupplywhichispresentaswatervapourintheatmosphere．Watervapourintheatmosphereisthechannelthroughwhichthewholewatercirculation(循環(huán))ofthebiospherehastopass．Waterevaporated(蒸發(fā))fromthesurfaceoftheoceans．fromlakesandriversandfrommoist(潮濕的)eachisaddedtoit．Fromitthewatercomesoutagainasevaporationperunitareaovertheseaandoceansthanovertheland，butthereismorerainfalloverthelandthanovertheoceans，andthebalanceisrestoredbytherunofffromthelandintheformofrivers.LiquidwateronlyAinthecenteroftheBonthesurfaceofourCinaverynarrowrangeofDinthecostalareasoftheeach．32ThetotaltyofwateronEarthAremainsalmostBhasgreatlyincreasedinrecentCisdecreasingDisaffected，byglobalMostofthefreshwateronAisstoredBisintheformoficeatthePolesandonCisfoundinriversandDcomesfromtheTheword“fraction”inthesecondparagraphAaverysmallBalargeCanimportantDamajorsourceofinformation．35Thereismoredrainfalloverthemountainsthanovertheovertheriversthanovertheovertheoceansthanovertheoverthelandthanoverthe第二 Mind—readingAteamofresearchersinCaliforniahasdevelopedawaytopredictwhatkindsofobjectspeoplearelookingatbyscanningwhat'shappeningintheirbrains.Whenyoulookatsomething,youreyessendasignalaboutthatobjecttoyourbrain.Differentregionsofthebrainprocesstheinformationyoureyessend.Cellsinyourbraincalledneuronsareresponsibleforthisprocessing.ThefMRI(functionalMagneticResonanceImaging)brainscanscouldgenerallymatchelectricalactivityinthebraintothebasicshapeofapicturethatsomeonewaslookingat.Likecellsanywhereelseinyourbody,activeneuronsuseoxygen.Bloodbringsoxygentotheneurons,andthemoreactiveaneuronis,themoreoxygenitwillconsume.Themoreactivearegionofthebrain,themoreactiveitsneurons,andinturn,themorebloodwilltraveltothatregion.AndbyusingfMRI,scientistscanvisualizewhichpartsofthebrainreceivemoreoxygen-richblood--andtherefore,whichpartsareworkingtoprocessinformation.AnfMRImachineisadevicethatscansthebrainandmeasureschangesinbloodflowtothebrain.Thetechnologyshowsresearchershowbrainactivitychangeswhena thinks,looksatsomething,orcarriesoutanactivitylikespeakingorreading.Byhighlightingtheareasofthebrainatworkwhena looksatdifferentimages,fMRImayhelpscientistsdeterminespecificpatternsofbrainactivityassociatedwithdifferentkindsofimages.TheCaliforniaresearcherstestedbrainactivitybyhavingtwovolunteersviewhundredsofpicturesofeverydayobjects,likepeople,animals,andfruits.ThescientistsusedanfMRImachinetorecordthevolunteers'brainactivitywitheachphotographtheylookedat.Differentobjectscauseddifferentregionsofthevolunteers'brainstolightuponthescan,indicatingactivity.Thescienti