整車NVH控制技術

Jian(James)Pang,Ph.D.2009年7月16日July16,2009ChanganAutomobileCo.Ltd.整車NVH控制技術AutomotiveNVHControlTechnology1汽車NVH問題NVHProblems汽車NVH控制方法

NVHControlMethods汽車NVH技術的發(fā)展DevelopmentofNVHTechnology中國汽車NVH狀態(tài)StatusofChinaAutomotiveNVH2NVH的重要性ImportanceofNVHNVH對顧客非常重要NVHisveryimportanttocustomersNVH的好壞是顧客購買汽車的一個非常重要的因素.

NVH影響顧客的滿意度NVHinfluencescustomers’satisfaction在所有顧客不滿意的問題中,約有1/3是與NVH有關.NVH影響到售后服務NVHinfluencesafter-saleservices約1/5的售后服務與NVH有關3動態(tài)性能Attributes噪聲與振動（NVH）碰撞安全性能Safety行駛操縱性能Dynamics燃油經濟性能Performance/FuelEconomy環(huán)境溫度性能ClimateControl乘坐的舒適性能RideComfort排放性能Emission剎車性能Breaking防盜安全性能Security電子系統(tǒng)性能Electricity可靠性能Durability。。。。。。在所有動態(tài)性能領域（NVH，安全碰撞、操控、燃油經濟性、等）中，NVH是涉及面最廣的領域。NVH涉及面非常廣NVHInvolvesAlmostAllSystemsofaVehicle車身Body發(fā)動機、變速器及動力系統(tǒng)Powertrian底盤及懸架Suspension環(huán)境控制系統(tǒng)ClimateControl電子系統(tǒng)Electricity

……4目標設定與分解噪聲振動源的控制噪聲振動傳遞通道的控制NVH的評價NVH的試驗與分析手段TargetSettingandcascadingSourceControlPathControlNVHEvaluationNVHTestandAnalysis汽車NVH問題NVHProblems汽車NVH控制方法

NVHControlMethods汽車NVH技術的發(fā)展DevelopmentofNVHTechnology中國汽車NVH狀態(tài)StatusofChinaAutomotiveNVH5整車系統(tǒng)子系統(tǒng)零部件戰(zhàn)略決策開發(fā)開始項目確認試生產出廠目標分解性能驗證NVH開發(fā)是一個目標制定-分解-驗證的過程NVHdevelopmentisaprocessof“TargetSetting–Cascading–Verification”BenchmarkingCompetitionVehicleandsystemleveldatabaseQuickcontributionanalysis–Competitivevehicles目標設定SetTargetsFuturewithrespecttocompetitiveactionsBalancewithrespecttootherattributes,cost,weight目標分解CascadeRequirementtoSubsystems設計論證DesignVerification目標制定-分解-驗證

TargetSetting–Cascading-Verification6決定NVH的因素

HowtoDetermineNVH顧客的要求CustomersWant政府法規(guī)GovernmentRegulation公司的需要和技術能力CorporateWantsandTechnologyAvailable競爭車BenchmarkVehicles7leaderAmongtheleaderCompetitor車1,2,3是市場上最好的三款車Car1,car2andcar3arethebestcarsinthemarkets這三款車作為benchmark的汽車The3carsareusedforbenchmarkvehicles根據(jù)benchmark的結果,設定目標Basedonthebenchmarktestresults,newtargetwillbesetup目標的分類TargetClassification:領導者Leadership:aboveBest-In-Class領導群體之中AmongtheLeaders(Best-in-Class)競爭者Competitor目標設定TargetSetting目標的級別TargetLevels整車(顧客)級目標,例如車內噪聲Vehiclelevel(Customerlevel),suchasinteriorsound系統(tǒng)級目標,如動力系統(tǒng)的噪聲Systemlevel,suchaspowertrainnoise子系統(tǒng)級目標,如排氣口的噪聲Subsystemlevel,suchasexhausttailpipenoise部件級目標,如消聲器的傳遞損失Componentlevel,suchasMufflerTL8整車級目標VehicleLevelTarget系統(tǒng)級目標SystemLevelTarget子系統(tǒng)級目標SubsystemLevelTarget部件級目標ComponentLevelTarget目標分解TargetCascading目標分解是從上至下Targetsettingisfromupperleveltolowerlevel目標設定也是雙向的Targetsettingisatwo-wayprocessing目標分解也是雙向的Targetcascadingisatwo-wayprocessing開發(fā)一款車，需要設置幾百個NVH目標9怠速頻率模態(tài)分離策略ModalSeparation

Strategy在產品開發(fā)的初期,對所有系統(tǒng)和部件建立模態(tài)頻率表Setupmodalfrequencychartforallsystemsandcomponentsatthebeginningofproductiondevelopment為設計和目標制定提供模態(tài)分析的策略

Provideastandardmodalanalysisstrategyforvehicleprogramdesignandtargetsetting10多通道分析Multi-PathAnalysis源-通道-接受體Source–Path–Response源Sources動力系統(tǒng)Powertrain風Wind路面Road其他Other通道Paths

(Structure-borneandairborne)

底盤Chassis車身Body內飾Interior其他Other接受體Reception耳朵Driver’sandpassenger'sears手Driver’sandpassenger'shands(steeringwheel)腳Driver’sandpassenger'sfeet(pedal,toeboard)座椅Driver’sandpassenger'sbut(seats)11發(fā)動機噪聲振動源EngineNoiseandVibrationSources燃燒噪聲CombustionNoise機械振動與噪聲MechanicalVibration&Noise流動噪聲FlowNoise變速器噪聲振動源TransmissionNoiseSources變速器嘯叫TransmissionWhine變速器敲擊TransmissionRattle源12進氣系統(tǒng)和排氣系統(tǒng)的NVHIntakeandExhaustNVH排氣系統(tǒng)Exhaustsystem進氣系統(tǒng)InductionsystemTailpipeOrifice進氣系統(tǒng)的噪聲源進氣口噪聲Intakeorificenoise

殼體的輻射噪聲Shellradiationnoise排氣系統(tǒng)的噪聲振動源掛鉤傳遞到車體的力Hangerforcetransferredtobody排氣尾管噪聲Tailpipenoise殼體輻射噪聲Shellradiationnoise源13傳遞軸系的NVHDrivelineNVH變速箱分動器后傳遞軸后驅動橋后半軸前傳遞軸前驅動橋前半軸支撐軸承萬向節(jié)BalancePlane第一階傳遞軸激勵Firstorderdrivelineexcitation(dynamicimbalance)傳遞齒輪嘯叫Transmissiongearwhine(Geardynamicmeshingforce)2階激勵2ndorderexcitationbyCardonJoint源14路面-懸掛-底盤的NVHRoad/Suspension/ChassisNVH激勵源ExcitationSources路面表面的形狀Roadsurfaceprofile輪胎的剛度和壓力Tirestiffness&pressure輪胎塊的長度和形狀Tirepatchlengthandshape輪胎的寬度和尺寸Tirewidth&size汽車的速度Vehiclespeed源15風激勵噪聲WindNoise風激勵噪聲Windnoise:由于氣流繞著汽車運動而產生的噪聲thenoisecausedbyairmovementaroundthevehicle激勵源Excitation:空氣動力湍流Aerodynamicturbulence其他:天線的渦流,擋風玻璃的湍流產Other:antennavortex,windshieldturbulenceCavityresonance>90km/h源16結構通道控制:車身控制

StructuralPathControl:BodyControl車身的結構模態(tài)應該與其他相鄰結構模態(tài)分開BodyModesshouldbeseparatedfromothersystems車身結構模態(tài)應該與車身聲腔模態(tài)分開Bodystructuralmodesshouldbeseparatedwithbodycavitymodes白車身和裝飾車身模態(tài)的剛度要足夠大,以避免產生奇異噪聲Whitebodyandtrimmedbodymodesshouldstiffenoughtoavoidcausingsqueakandrattle局部模態(tài)應該足夠高,以避免引起NVH問題,如轟鳴聲,等.LocalmodesshouldbestiffnessenoughtoavoidNVHproblems,suchboom,resonance,etc.車身要實現(xiàn)風噪最小設計Bodydesignshouldletwindnoiseminimized

通道17結構通道控制:底盤/懸掛的控制Chassis/SuspensionNVH輪胎的控制:tirecontrol聲腔模態(tài)acousticcavity結構模態(tài)structuralmode輪胎的平衡typebalance懸架系統(tǒng)的控制

Suspensioncontrol懸架的模態(tài)頻率suspensionmode懸架的剛度與阻尼stiffnessanddamping懸架跳動的頻率hopfrequency懸架部件的頻率partsfrequency隔振墊

Isolator隔振墊的控制isolatorcontrol隔振墊的剛度isolatorstiffness隔振墊的剛度與車架剛度的比值isolatorstiffnessandframestiffness通道18振動通道的控制VibrationPathControl振動通道控制的方法有:Vibrationpathiscontrolledby:隔振器Vibrationisolators

吸振器Vibrationabsorption,e.g.,dampers阻尼材料Dampingmaterials

提高結構和支架的剛度,阻止振動的傳遞Highstructureandbracketstiffness車身連接點靈敏度的控制Bodyconnectedpointsensitivitycontrol通道19聲學通道控制:聲學包裝

AcousticPathControl:SoundPackage噪聲通道是由聲學包裝來完成的Noisepathiscontrolledbysoundpackage,including:車身的密封Sealingofvehiclebody

孔洞的控制Controlofopenholesandopenings隔聲材料的應用Soundisolationmaterial吸聲材料的應用Soundabsorptionmaterial通道20汽車NVH的兩方面的評估

TwoEvaluationsofVehicleNVH車外通過噪聲的評估

Pass-byNoiseEvaluation

車內NVH的評估

InteriorNVHEvaluation車內NVH評估的兩個方面InteriorNVH

Evaluation主觀駕評

Subjectivedrivingevaluation客觀測試評估

Objectivetestingevaluation主觀駕評打分

SubjectiveEvaluationRating評估21客觀評估ObjectiveEvaluation整車級客觀評估的內容:ItemsofVehicleLevelObjectiveEvaluations:駕駛員和乘客耳朵的聲音:Driverandpassengerearssound:soundlevelandsoundquality地板或座椅軌道的振動Floororseattrackvibration方向盤的振動Steeringwheelvibration椅子和人體的振動SeatvibrationandhumanbodyvibrationMicrophoneAccelerometer駕車狀況DrivingCondition:IdleWideOpenThrottle(WOT)PartialOpenThrottle(POT)CruiseReverseCoastdownTip-in,tip-out評估22不同級別的客觀評估

Vehicle,

SystemandComponentObjectiveEvaluationsVehicleNVHtargetExhaustTailpipeNoiseTargetMufflerTLExhaustVibrationHangerForce例子Example:整車級評估

Vehiclelevelevaluation系統(tǒng)級評估

Systemlevelevaluation部件級評估

Componentlevelevaluation評估23試驗道路:TestRoad環(huán)道circleroad直道straightroad平整的瀝青路面asphaltroad平整的水泥路面smoothroad粗糙的水泥路面coarseroad磚做的路面brickroad鵝石路面cobblestoneroad斜坡路面sloperoad試驗:道路試驗RoadTest駕車狀況DrivingCondition:IdleWideOpenThrottle(WOT)PartialOpenThrottle(POT)CruiseReverseCoastdownTip-in,tip-out試驗24試驗:實驗室試驗LabTest模態(tài)試驗Modaltest振動響應Vibrationresponse異響識別Squeal&rattle隔振器剛度Isolatorstiffness激光測量,等Lasermeasurement振動試驗VibrationTest車內噪聲Interiorsound進氣噪聲Intakenoise排氣噪聲Tailpipenoise動力總成輻射噪聲Powertrainradiationnoise

殼體輻射噪聲shellradiationnoise通過噪聲Passbynoise噪聲測試NoiseTest聲學靈敏度測量Acousticsensitivity振動靈敏度測量Vibrationsensitivity聲傳遞損失測量Soundtransferloss靈敏度測量SensitivityMeasurement風洞噪聲試驗WindNoiseTest試驗25NVH分析方法

NVHAnalysisMethods有限元分析FiniteElementAnalysis邊界元分析BoundaryElementAnalysis統(tǒng)計能量分析StatisticalEnergyAnalysis其它聲學分析OtherAcousticAnalysis模態(tài)綜合分析ModalSynthesisAnalysis傳遞路經分析TransferPathAnalysis26以聲品質主導的NVH開發(fā)NVH主動及半主動控制高里程NVH問題NVH穩(wěn)健性分析其他NVH技術發(fā)展領域汽車NVH問題NVHProblems汽車NVH控制方法

NVHControlMethods汽車NVH技術的發(fā)展DevelopmentofNVHTechnology中國汽車NVH狀態(tài)StatusofChinaAutomotiveNVHSoundQualityActive&Semi-activecontrolHighmileNVHNVHRobustnessAnalysisOtherNVHTechniques27傳統(tǒng)上,噪聲控制就是降低聲音的大小Historically,ApproachVehicleSoundasNoiseControl

僅考慮聲級的大小和頻率成分OnlysoundLevelandfrequencycontentareconsidered八十年代后,在汽車界開始使用聲品質SoundQualityinAutomotiveIndustryinlate1980s汽車的聲音與發(fā)動機轉速有關Soundisrelatedwithenginespeed汽車的聲音與發(fā)動機發(fā)火階次有關Soundisrelatedwithenginefiringorders聲音的成分影響聽覺Soundcontentsinfluencelistening聲音影響到顧客的滿意度Allvehiclesoundscaninfluencecustomersatisfaction部件的聲品質Componentsoundquality影響汽車的品牌AStrongIndicatorofVehicleBrand

品牌的象征BrandImage(Powertrain)

汽車的DNA

VehicleDNA以聲品質主導的NVH開發(fā)NVHDevelopmentBasedonSoundQuality28291.動力系統(tǒng)的聲品質控制技術SoundQualityControlofPowertrianSystem2.車身聲品質控制技術SoundQualityofVehicleBody3.電器系統(tǒng)聲品質控制技術SoundQualityforElectricalSystem三大聲品質問題SoundQualityinThreeFields好聽的聲音安靜 頻率低(結實)一次碰撞聲沒有額外的噪聲不好聽的聲音聲音大高頻率象鈴的聲音多次碰撞聲,嘁嘁喳喳.例子(example)：關門聲品質Close-DoorSoundQualityGoodSound

QuietLowFrequency(Solid)OneImpact NoExtraneousNoise

PoorSoundLoudHighFrequency(Tinny,Cheap)RingsOn(Bell)Rattles,Chirps,etc.29EngineFrameActuatorControllerExtraEnergySensor主動控制的元件ActiveControlComponents機械激勵器Mechanicalactuator傳感器Sensor電子控制器Electroniccontroller額外能量Extraenergysupplier動力總成主動振動控制

PowerplantActiveVibrationControl音響裝置與揚聲器麥克風揚聲器主動控制裝置與麥克風車內噪聲主動控制InternalNoiseActiveControlNVH主動及半主動控制NVHActiveControlandSemi-Activecontrol30傳統(tǒng)上Traditionally:汽車設計是要求0里程有良好的NVH性能VehicleshavebeendesignedintentionallytohavegoodNVHat0mile通常高里程的可靠性很重要,但是NVH不是關注的對象Highmileagedurabilityisimportant,buthighmileageNVHisnotaconcern高里程NVH問題HighMileageNVH現(xiàn)在Now:

高里程NVH性能對顧客長期的滿意度來說越來越重要VehiclehighmileageNVHperformanceisbecomingmorecrucialforlongtermcustomersatisfaction有必要識別引起高里程NVH惡化的原因Necessarytoidentifymajorreasonswhichcausehigh-mileNVHdegradation31穩(wěn)健性:

在使用的壽命內,當有外界干擾因素的情況下,系統(tǒng)仍然按照設計的功能工作.也就是說,產品的性能對輸入源的變化不敏感Robustness:

theconceptofaproducttoperformitsintendedfunctionconsistentlyinthepresenceofnoiseduringitsexpectedlife.Thatis,theperformanceoftheproductisinsensitivetosourcesofvariability.工程系統(tǒng)EngineeringSystem輸入信號InputSignal設計功能IntendedFunction控制因素ControlFactors干擾因素NoiseFactorsManufacturingvariationSysteminteractionsCustomerusage/dutycyclesExternalenvironmentTargetNVH穩(wěn)健性分析NVHRobustnessAnalysis32噪聲振動傳遞路徑的精確分析TransferPathAnalysis源及通道對車內貢獻量分析技術SourceandPathContributionAnalysis整車高速風噪控制與車身優(yōu)化技術WindNoiseandBodyDesign整車道路噪聲控制與懸架系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化技術RoadandSuspensionNVHControl輪胎噪聲的研究TireNoiseAnalysis發(fā)動機的燃燒噪聲EngineCombustionAnalysis動力總成輻射噪聲控制技術PowerplantRadiationNoiseControl變速器的嘯叫和敲擊TransmissionWhineandRattle

發(fā)動機-離合器-變速器傳動系統(tǒng)的振動控制PowerplantShaftVibrationControl由摩擦引起的噪聲與振動分析NVHCausedbyFriction新能源汽車的NVH控制NewEnergyVehicleNVHControl輕量化材料和結構的噪聲與振動研究NVHforLight-Material新型隔聲材料及結構的研究NewSoundIsolationMaterialandStructureAnalysis

異響的前期控制技術AdvancedControlforSquealandRattle測量技術的研究StudyofMeasurementTechnology。。。。。。其他NVH技術發(fā)展領域OtherNVHTechnologyDevelopmentFields33汽車NVH問題NVHProblems汽車NVH控制方法

NVHControlMethods汽車NVH技術的發(fā)展DevelopmentofNVHTechnology中國汽車NVH狀態(tài)StatusofChinaAutomotiveNVH各個方面越來越重視試驗室和CAE的大量投入人才隊伍迅速發(fā)展自主轎車NVH水平大大提升存在的問題長安NVH開發(fā)狀況MoreandmoreattentiononNVHHugemoneyonlabsandCAERapidgrowthofNVHengineersSignificantlyimprovementonCapacityExistedproblemsStatusofChanganNVHdevelopment34企業(yè)意識到NVH的重要ImportanceofNVHisrealizedbymanycompanies逐年增加投入MoneyspentonNVHisincreasedyearbyyear招聘一流人才ThebestNVHexpertsarehired行業(yè)關注NVHAttentionfromautoindustry例子：各種會議和培訓越來越多i.e.moreconferencesandtrainingsonNVH

政府把NVH作為自主汽車的一個重要技術領域NVHisconsideredoneofthemostimportanttechnologiesinautodevelopment例子：組建企業(yè)國家重點實驗室i.e.nationalkeylabisunderconstruction海外華裔學者對中國汽車NVH發(fā)展的推進Contributionfromoverseascholars講課、出書、交流等lectures,books,exchanges各個方面越來越重視MoreandMoreattentionisonNVH中國汽車NVH工作主要是從2000后才開始35實驗室與CAE的大量投入HugeMoneySpentonLabsandCAE

同濟大學空氣動力與低噪聲風洞試驗室各個公司紛紛興建試驗室，如：Manylabshadbeenconstructed,suchas大型整車消聲室Wholevehicleanechoicchambers發(fā)動機消聲室Engineanechoicchambers部件實驗室PartslabsCAE的使用在普及WideapplicationonCAE風洞試驗室WindTunnel36人才隊伍迅速發(fā)展RapidGrowthofNVHEngineers從事NVH的工程師迅速增加RapidGrowthofNVHEngineers以長安汽車公司為例：TakeChanganAuto