極端溫度作業(yè)的管理要求

極端溫度作業(yè)的管理要求Thisproceduredescribestheminimumrequirementsforthemanagementofworkinextremehotorcoldenvironmentswhichmaycreateasignificantrisktohealthandcauseharm.本規(guī)程描述了關(guān)于在極端高溫或低溫環(huán)境中作業(yè)（可能造成嚴(yán)重健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并且導(dǎo)致傷害）的最低管理要求。T本文適用于化工企業(yè)對(duì)在極端高溫或低溫環(huán)境中作業(yè)承擔(dān)管理責(zé)任的場(chǎng)所。本文件的目標(biāo)讀者包括對(duì)在極端高溫或低溫環(huán)境中作業(yè)承擔(dān)責(zé)任的管理人員、主管人員、作業(yè)許可證簽發(fā)人員和安健環(huán)質(zhì)工作人員。Workplaceconditionswiththepotentialtocauseaperson'snormaldeepbodycoretemperatureof37°C（98.6°F）toincreaseby1°C.Extremehotenvironmentscanleadtoheatstressillnesses,suchasheatrash,heatsyncope（fainting）,heatcramps,heatexhaustionorheatstroke.Extremehotenvironmentsarecharacterisedbyfactorssuchasespeciallyhightemperaturesand/orhumidity,radiantheatorlowairvelocity.可能導(dǎo)致個(gè)人正常深度核心體溫37°C（98.6°F）增加1°C的作業(yè)場(chǎng)所條件極端高溫環(huán)境可能導(dǎo)致熱應(yīng)力疾病，例如痱瘡、熱暈厥（昏厥）、熱痙攣、熱衰竭或中暑。極端高溫環(huán)境的特征因素包括極高溫度和/或濕度、輻射熱或低空氣流速。Workplaceconditionswiththepotentialtocausetheseveresteffectsofcoldstressillnesses,possiblyinvolvingaperson'sdeepcorebodytemperaturefallingbelow36°C（96.8°F）.Coldstressillnessesincludechilblains,trenchfoot,frostbiteandhypothermia.Extremecoldenvironmentsarecharacterisedbyfactorssuchasespeciallylowairtemperature,coldsurfaces,highwindsorlowtemperaturewater.可能導(dǎo)致冷應(yīng)力疾病的最嚴(yán)重影響（個(gè)人深度核心體溫可能低于36°C（96.8°F））的作業(yè)場(chǎng)所條件。冷應(yīng)力疾病包括凍瘡、戰(zhàn)壕足、凍傷和低體溫。極端低溫環(huán)境的特征因素包括極低空氣溫度、低溫表面、大風(fēng)或低溫水。Occupationalhealthandsafetyriskassessmentsmustbeusedtoidentifythoseactivitieswherethereisapotentialrisktohealthfromworkinginextremetemperatureenvironments.IfitbecomesevidentduringageneralOH&Sriskassessmentthatfurtherin-depthassessmentofspecificextremetemperaturehazardsisnecessary,thenamorefocusedthermalstressriskassessmentmustbeconducted.Thefocusedthermalriskassessmentmustmakeuseofappropriatethermalstressevaluationtoolsandincludeconsiderationof:DryairtemperatureHumidityRadiantheatAirvelocity/movementMetabolicactivity/workrateExposuretimesandperiodsofrestPersonalProtectiveEquipment（PPE）andamountofclothingwornIndedicalconditions.ifanappropriatethermalstress（extremetemperature）evaluationtoolisnotavailablelocally,itisrecommendedthattheAmericanConferenceofGovernmentalIndustrialHygienists（ACGIH）ThresholdLimitValueThermalStressriskassessmenttoolsforextremetemperatureenvironmentsareused.必須進(jìn)行職業(yè)健康和安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估來確定可能造成健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的在極端溫度環(huán)境中進(jìn)行的作業(yè)活動(dòng)。如果全面職業(yè)健康和安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估表明有必要對(duì)具體的極端溫度危險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行更加深入的評(píng)估，必須進(jìn)行更有針對(duì)性的熱應(yīng)力風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估。針對(duì)性的熱應(yīng)力風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估必須采用適當(dāng)?shù)臒釕?yīng)力評(píng)估工具并且考慮到以下因素：干空氣溫度濕度輻射熱空氣流速代謝活動(dòng)/工作速率暴露時(shí)間和工間休息期個(gè)人防護(hù)裝備（PPE）和著裝量個(gè)人和作業(yè)場(chǎng)所因素（其中包括年齡、體重、健康狀況、適應(yīng)能力和基礎(chǔ)疾病）注： 如果當(dāng)?shù)厝狈m當(dāng)?shù)臒釕?yīng)力（極端溫度）評(píng)估工具，建議采用美國(guó)政府工業(yè)衛(wèi)生學(xué)家會(huì)議（ACGIH）熱應(yīng)力閾限值風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估工具，對(duì)極端溫度環(huán)境進(jìn)行評(píng)估。Theriskstohealthmustbecontrolledtoanacceptablelevelusingthehierarchyofriskmanagementandincludecontrolmeasuressuchas:日iminatethehazard:avoidworkingintheconditionsremovethesourceofcoldorheatReduceexposuretothehazard:maximiseworkinareasoflowerextremetemperaturerisk(e.g.designforpre-fabrication)alsoseebelowforsome'engineering'and'administrative'controlswhichreduceexposureImplementengineeringcontrols.Examplesinclude:temperatureandcoolingcontrol,e.g.fans/airconditioning/heatersbarriers/shieldingtoreduceradiantheatbarrierstoreducewindchillinsulationand/orsurfaceprotectionforhot/coldsurfacesmaintenancetoeliminateunnecessarysourcesofextremetemperatureImplementadministrative(procedural)controls.Examplesinclude:jobrotationscheduleworkduringcoolest/warmesthoursofthedaywork/restregimesprovisionofsuitablerestareasor shelterappropriateworkratesmakingavailablewarming/cooling/rehydrationdrinksandfoodmonitoringofworkers(byself,co-workersandsupervisors)workplacemonitoringfortemperature,airvelocity,humidityetcindividualmonitoringusingthermalmeasuringinstrumentsclearworkinstructions/proceduresrevisethephysicaldemandsoftheworkactivity-introducealternativeworkpracticesacclimatisationperiods（forhotworkareas）withgradualbuild-upfornewstartersorafteraprolongedperiodofabsencepre-placementhealthassessmentandperiodichealthchecksApplyPersonalProtectiveEquipment（PPE）andclothingwithconsiderationforhowthismayimpacttheabilitytoworkintemperatureextremes.Applydisciplinemeasuresandsupervision.Includinginformationandtrainingforpersonnelonhealthhazards,earlysignsandsymptomsofheatillnessandinjuryandprecautionstobetaken.必須采用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理層次并且采取以下控制措施從而將健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制在可接受的水平上：消除危險(xiǎn)：避免在極端溫度環(huán)境中作業(yè)消除冷源或熱源減少危險(xiǎn)暴露：盡量在涉及較低極端溫度風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的區(qū)域中作業(yè)（例如預(yù)制設(shè)計(jì)）另請(qǐng)參見以下某些關(guān)于減少暴露的工程〃和“管理〃控制實(shí)施工程控制，例如：溫度和減溫控制（例如風(fēng)扇/空調(diào)/取暖器）用于減少輻射熱的熱障/熱屏用于降低風(fēng)寒的風(fēng)障保溫和高溫/低溫表面防護(hù)進(jìn)行維護(hù)以消除沒有必要的極端溫度源實(shí)施管理（規(guī)程）控制，例如：崗位輪換安排在一天中最涼快/暖和的時(shí)間段進(jìn)行作業(yè)工作/工間休息制度提供適當(dāng)?shù)墓らg休息區(qū)或掩蔽處適當(dāng)?shù)墓ぷ魉俾侍峁┘訙?減溫/再水合飲料和食品對(duì)作業(yè)人員進(jìn)行監(jiān)控(自我監(jiān)控、同事監(jiān)控和主管人員監(jiān)控)對(duì)作業(yè)場(chǎng)所的溫度、空氣流速和濕度進(jìn)行監(jiān)控采用熱測(cè)量?jī)x表進(jìn)行個(gè)人監(jiān)控明確的工作指示/規(guī)程對(duì)作業(yè)活動(dòng)的實(shí)際需求進(jìn)行調(diào)整一引入其它作業(yè)實(shí)踐在高溫作業(yè)區(qū)域，為剛接班的作業(yè)人員或長(zhǎng)時(shí)間離崗的作業(yè)人員提供一個(gè)循序漸進(jìn)的適應(yīng)期進(jìn)行職前健康評(píng)估和定期健康檢查應(yīng)用個(gè)人防護(hù)裝備和防護(hù)服，同時(shí)考慮到這可能對(duì)在極端溫度環(huán)境中的作業(yè)能力產(chǎn)生什么影響應(yīng)用紀(jì)律措施和監(jiān)督其中包括在健康危險(xiǎn)、熱病和損傷的早期體征和癥狀、應(yīng)采取的預(yù)防措施方面向工作人員進(jìn)行通知和培訓(xùn)AsaminimumManagersandSupervisorsmustundertakethefollowingrequirements:Ensureadequateoccupationalhealthandsafetyriskassessments,aswellasfocusedextremetemperature(thermalstress)riskassessments,areconductedwhereapplicable,andimplementcontrolmeasurestoprovideanacceptablelevelofriskforpersonnel(employeesandcontractors).Consideranylocalextremetemperatureworkregulationsandbusinessrequirementsandincorporatethemintoworkinstructions/procedures(asapplicable).Note:Ifnolocalrequirementsexist,itisrecommendedthattheapplicableACGIHThresholdLimitValueThermalStressguidanceisused(maybepurchasedfromtheACGIHwebsite-referencelatestversionof"ThresholdLimitValues(TLVs?)forChemicalSubstancesandPhysicalAgentsandBiologicalExposureIndices(BEIs?)").Ensurethatsafetycontrolsforextremesoftemperaturearedocumentedinworkinstructions/procedures/noticesandtrainingmaterials(asapplicable).IncludecontrolmeasuresforextremesoftemperatureinthepreparationofPermitstoWork.Ensurethroughongoingmonitoringthatcontrolmeasuresinplacearecompliedwithandeffective.Trainpersonnelaboutwherecoldorheatextremesmayexist,theriskstohealth,thesignsandsymptomsofheatorcoldinjuryorillness,andtheprecautionstheyneedtotake.Note：whereapplicableusetheExtremeTemperatureWorkAwarenessTrainingPack.Ensurethatthosepeopleinvolvedwiththemanagementofworkinextremetemperatureenvironments,includingriskassessors,arecompetent.Ensurepre-placementandperiodichealthassessmentisconductedbyqualifiedoccupationalhealthprofessionalsforworkers,especiallyforthosewhomaybeathigherriskduetoage,weight,fitnesslevelorunderlyingmedicalconditions.Note:Examplesofmedicalconditionsthatareofconcernforworkinextremetemperaturesincludes（i）respiratoryandrelatedconditions（ii）cardiovasculardiseases（iii）endocrinedisorders（iv）genito-urinarydisease（v）gastro-intestinaldisease（vi）neurological/mentaldisordersEnsurefirst-aidersunderstandthelocalextremetemperaturehazards（basedonriskassessments）andknowtheappropriateactionsforheatorcoldinjuryorillness.Conductprejobmeetings,toolboxtalksetctodiscusstheimportanceofmanagingextremetemperatureenvironmentsandtherelatedcontrolmeasures.管理人員至少必須執(zhí)行以下要求：確保進(jìn)行充分的職業(yè)健康和安全評(píng)估以及針對(duì)性的極端溫度（熱應(yīng)力）風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估（在適用的情況下），并且實(shí)施控制措施從而為工作人員提供可接受的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平考慮制訂當(dāng)?shù)貥O端溫度作業(yè)規(guī)定和業(yè)務(wù)