歷年職稱英語A衛(wèi)生類(08-11年)

2011年職稱英語等級考試真題（衛(wèi)生類A級）

第1部分：詞匯選項（第1?15題，每題1分，共15分）

下面每個句子中均有1個詞或短語劃有底橫線，請為每處劃線部分確定1個意義最為接近的選項。

1.1wantedtoaskheroutbutwasscaredthatshemightrefuse.

A.afraidB.anxiousC.sureD.sad

2.Shealwaysfindsfaultwitheverything

A.simplifiesB.criticizesC.evaluatesD.examines

3.Atthattime,wedidnotfullygraspthesignificanceofwhathadhappened.

A.giveB.attachC.loseD.understand

4.IgotanotefromMoiraurgingmetogetintouch.

A.instructingB.pushingC.notifyingD.inviting

5.Janesaidthatshecouldn'ttoleratethelonghours.

A.standB.spendC.takeD.last

6.Theseaturtle'snaturalhabitathasbeenconsiderablyreduced.

A.suddenlyB.greatlyC.generallyD.slightly

7.Andersonleftthetable,remarkingthathehadsomeworktodo.

A.sayingB.doubtingC.thinkingD.knowing

8.At80,PeckwasstillvigorousandlivinginParis.

A.happyB.energeticC.aloneD.busv

9.Ayoungmanisbeinghailedaherotonightafterrescuingtwochildren.

A.reportedB.provedC.caughtD.praised

10.Heassertedthatnuclearpowerwasasafeandnon-pollutingenergysource.

A.maintainedB.recommendedC.consideredD.acknowledged

11.Itispossibletoapproachtheprobleminadifferentway.

A.handleB.raiseC.poseD.experience

12.Thestudyalsonotesasteadydeclineinthenumberofcollegestudentstakingsciencecourses.

A.relativeB.generalC.continuousD.shard

13.Forsomeobscurereason,thesimplegameisbecomingverypopular.

A.obviousB.majorC.unclearD.minor

14.Thedecisiontoinvadeprovokedstormsofprotest.

A.ignoredB.organizedC.causedD.received

15.Foresterstaredathiscar,tremblingwithrage.

A.turningB.jumpingC.shoutingD.shaking

<h?l$andLarks(SI頭II與云雀)

I.Inthi5artidc?wrlookattheimportanceofsleepforlearning.Monthealthyadultsneedeightof

morehoursofsleep.ButwhydoweneedsleepinthefirMplace?Weneedsleepforthebraintogela

rhanccIDrebuildmemoriesstoredduringthedayanda55Ociatethc^cwithpreviouslylearnedthingsIf

tht5processisinterruptedby.say.thesoundofanalarmclock?itmaynotbea-effective.Soifyour

sleepixcutshonbythealarmclock,howdamagingisit?Thetruthi*vh^tii'，difficulttopredict.”

somuchdepend、onhowmuch*lrcpyourbodyactuallyneedsonthatparticularoccasioru

2.Thepopularbeliefthatpeoplearcnaiurallyeitherhrkn(earlyn*er?)orowlnisfalse.Therca

M)nwhypeopletendtobeoneortheotherhasmoretodowithlifestyle*age*andpersonality.Many

peoplewhoappeartobeearlybird、mayhavejuMbecomeM>throughhxbit.forexample,parentswith

veryyoungchildren.Teenager;?canhavedifficultyfullingasleepuntillaicalnightandthentheynatu

r^llyhaveproblemsgctlinKupthefollowingmorning.

3.ThemainreasonwhyowkarcowlsIMthattheytendtospendtheirlimeover?book,movie,or

rumputcrgametilltheearlyhuur>ofthemorning.Theyenjoythequietofthenightwhentheycan

pursueihrirpasMion.()ntheotherhand*larkscanmakebetteruseofearlymorninghour?wherethry

enn、tudyinquietalthetimewhentheirbruin、arcmostrefreshed.SowhichisbelterforharninKan

owl,5oraInrkSlifestyle?Thesimpletruthi*thntitismorecomplexthan'implybeingoneorthe

oihvr.lAadingawell-balancedlifeinicrm*ofworkandplayandsleepingenoughtobringmaximum

rrfrohmrniisprobablythesecret.

4.Asfornap>.expertsoninsomnia(失RC)arguejigainMttakingnaps,awmaykeeppeople

upalnight.I{yournaplastsonlyfiveminute*lohalfcnhouranddoc”notuffcciyourabilitytofulla-

*lvcpinthenighi.itwillprobablyhelpyoukmorealertineveninghours.However,ifyouarc,having

problemsgettingtosleepatnight?if5notonlynap?thatyoushouldavoid.Trynotlodrinkalotofal

cohol.lakenicotine(尼#I').domentallyinicnjw?activitieslikepreparingforexamsordoingexcrcihc

intheevening.Somepeopleswearthatdrinkingcoffeeneverstop*themfromsleepinglikeak)x，

whrrrnsotherswillnevergonearthestuffforfearofbeingawakeallmghi.However,thebestndvicc

formostisionvoiditintheevening,andifyoudrinkcoffeebeforeanap.rememberyouarclikelyto

HwnkcnAS%oonnnIhrcaffeinestartskickingin.

16.Totreatpain,patientsshouldstopmovingaround.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

17.Headachesarepartlycausedbylackofexercise.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

18.Exercisehelpstotakethepressureoffthesiteofpain.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

19.Doctorsoftenusedrugssuchasendorphinstotreatpatients.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

20.Backachesufferersoftenenduptakingmorethanonedrugtokillpain.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

21.Exercisehelpspainsuffererstorecovermorequicklythantraditionaltreatment.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

22.Newpainclinicsaskpatientstogiveupdrugscompletely.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

RelievingthePain

*Exercisemaybethebc、〔treatmentofchronicpain.*saydoctorsat■newclinic（ordealingwith

pain."Peoplewithchronicpjunneedtostoplyingaround.gooutmorc?and5t?rtexercising."Thein

itinciivcreactiontoacutepainisloHtopmovingnndtoirytoprotectihesourceofpain.Butitseem、

thatthisisoftennotproductive.vMpcciallyinthecaseofbackpain.Backpaintafterheadachesand

tiredness.ha，becomethethirdmostcommonreasonforpeopletovisittheirdoctors.Painfulbacks

nowaccountformillionsofday5offwork.

Lumbar（腰部的）painsarcpartlythepricehumanepayfortakingtheirforclimbsofftheground*

buttheyaremadeworsebyascden<ary（久坐不動的）lifestyle.I4ickofexerciseslowlydecreasesthe

flexibilityandstrengthofmuscles.sothatitismoredifficulttotakepressureoffthe生iteofpain.Excr

riseisMsential.Itreleaseendorphins（內啡肽）.thebody*s*feelgood*chemicals,whicharenatural

painkillers.In（act*theseareM>importantthatresearchersarcnowlookingfordrugsthatcanmaintain

acomfortablelevelofendorphin、inthebody.

MostpeoplewhogotoAfamilydoctorcomplainingofpainarcprescribedpain'killingdrugsrather

thanexercise.SincefindinRthecatwcofbuckacheIMnotsoeasy.doctorsfrequentlydonotknowthe

precisecauseofthediscomfort.anda?thepaincontinues*sufferersenduptakingstrongerdosesora

senesofdifferentdrugs."It'9crazy.w$aysDr.Brasseur*atherapistattheInternationalAMOciationfor

theStudyofPain.*Somcofthemarctakingdifferentdrug9prescribedbydifferentdoctorsIrvejust

xenapatientwhowa5takingtwodrugswhichturnedouttobethesamethingunderdifferent

names."

Agenerationofnewpainclinicsnowoperatesonthebasisthatdrug5arebestavoided.Oncepa

tientshaveundergonetheinitialphysicalandpsychologicalcheckup.theirmedicationiscutdownas

muchaspossible.TakingpatientsoffdrugMalsopreparesthem（orphysicalactivity.

Insomepainreliefclinics?patientsbeginthedaywithmusclecontractionandrelaxationexercises,

followedbyanhouronexercisebike5.luiterintheday.theypracticet'aichi<ieffi）?^Ifdefense.and

deepthought.Thiscompareswithanaverageoftwo-and-ahalfhour，'physiotherapy（理療）aweekina

traditionalhospitalprogram.*Theid?aistostrengthenandtoincreaselong-lastingenergy.flexibility*

indconfidence?wcxplainsBillWiles.aconsultantpaindoctorinLiverpool."PatienuundcrROinRthis

therapygetback（oworkandresumehealthyactivelifestylesmuchsoonerthantho*esubjectedtc

moreconscrvaiivetreatment."

A.WhichMbetter,beinganowloralark?

23.Paragraph1.B.Whalshouldweavoid?

24.Paragraph2.C.Whnlhelpsusfallasleep?

25.Paragraph3.I）.Whatmakespeopleowlsorlurks

26.Paragraph4.E.Whydowcneedsleep?

F?Howmuch5Iccpdoweneed?

A.stayuptilltheearlyhourstofthemorning

27.Sleephelpsbrainto.B.sleepenoughtnbringmostrefreshment

28.Parentswithveryyoungchildrentendto.U.rebuildincmoricsstoredduringtheday

29.Agoodlifestylemeansonecan.D,storememoriesinthebrain

30.Itisgoodadviceformostpeopleto.E.getupquiteearly

F,keepawayfromcoffeeiniheevening

第一HImmuneFunctions

Theimmune5yMemi>cqiuilincomplexitytothecombinedintrtcacicAofthebrainandnervous

system.Thesuccessofihcimmune*y、icmindefendingthebodyrelicsonadynamicregulatorycom-

municationnrlwurkcon5iMiingofmillionsandmillkinsofcells.Organizedintoandsubsets,these

cellspassinformationbfteknndforthlikecloudsofbeenflyingaroundahive（經(jīng)娛）.Theresultisa

、fnxilivcHyMrmo（check，nndbalancesihmproducesanimmuneresponsethftti*prompt,appropriate

effective,and5rlflimiting.

AttheheartofIheimmunenyMcmktheabilitytodi>（ingutMhbetweenselfandnonsclf.Whenim-

munedefendersencountercclhororguniMnscarrying（orciRnornonM；i（molecule、.theimmunetroops

movequicklyioeliminatetheintruder，（入侵衣）?Virtuallyeverybodycellcurriesdistinctivemolecules

thatidentifyitasself.Thebody'simmunedefencesdonotnormallyattackli^uenthatcarryaself

marker.Rather,immunecelhxndotherbodyevilscoexistpcaccublyinssuit*knownasscll-toler

anec.WhenBnormally（unciioningimmune>yMcmMiack*?nonsclfmoleculetthehastheabil-

ityto-remember"thespecificsoftheforeignbody.Uponsubsequentencounterswiththesamespecie、

ofmolecules?theimmunesy?4cmreactsaccordingly.Withthepo、、ibleexceptionofantibodies（杭體）

pamdduringlactation（哺乳期）?thi、nocalledimmunenysicmmemoryi*notinherited.Despitethe

occurrenceofavirusinyourfamily.yourimmunesystemrnuKl**learn*fromexperiencewiththemany

millionsofdi?ninctivenonsclfmoleculesinthenrnofmicrobe（微生物）inwhichwrlive.Learningen-

tailsprcxiucingtheappropriatemoleculesandcclktomalchupwithandcounirracteachnon?elfinvad-

er.?

Anysubstancecapableoftriggeringanimmuneresponseincalledanantigen（抗原）.Antigcnnare

nottobeconfutedwithallergen、《過敏原〉?whicharemostoftenharmless5ub^iancesthatprovoke

theimmunesystemtosetofftheinappropriateandharmfulresponseknownasallergy.Anantigencan

beaviruM*abacteriumorevenaportionorproductofoneoftheseorganisms.Tissuesorcellsfrom

anotherindividualalsonetasantigens（becausetheimmunesystemrccognizextransplantedtissuesas.

foreign?iirejectsthem.Thebodywillevenrejectnourishingproteinsunlesstheyarefirsibrokendown

bythedigestivesystemintotheirprimary.nonamiRcmebuildingblocks.Anantigenannouncesi15for-

cignnrs5bymom*ofintricateandcharacteriscicshapescalledepitope“抗原衣位）.whichprotrude（突

Hi）fromitssurface.Mostantigens*eventhesimplestmicrobes,carryseveraldifferentkindsof

epitopesontheirsurfacessomemayevencarryseveralhundreds.Someepitopeswillbemoreeffective

thanothersatstimulatinganimmuneresponse.OnlyinabnormalsituationdoctheimmunesyMem

wronglyidentifyselfHRnonselfandexecuteamisdirectedimmuneattack.

31.Whatisusedtodescribethecommunicationnetworkconsistingofcellsintheimmunesystem?

A.Theimmunesystem'smemory.B.Immunetroopseliminatingintruders.

C.Beesflyingaroundahive.D.Aseaofmicrobes.

32.Theimmunecellsandothercellsinthebodycoexistpeaceablyinastateknownas

A.self-toleranceB.balanceC.harmonyD.tolerance

33.Howdotheimmunecellsrecognizeanantigenas4tforeign,,or4<nonself,?

A.Throughanallergicresponse.B.Throughbloodtype.

C.Throughcharacteristicshapesontheantigensurface.

D.Throughfinehairsprotrudingfromtheantigensurface.

34.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

A.Allergensareusuallyharmfulsubstances.B.Antigenscantriggeranimmuneresponse.

C.Peoplewithantigensdonotsufferfromobviousresponses.

D.Thereisnodifferencebetweenanantigenandanallergen.

35.Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofthispassage?

A.Anantigenisanysubstancethattriggersanimmuneresponse.

B.Oneoftheimmunesystem'sprimaryfunctionsistheallergicresponse.

C.Thehumanbodyisanappropriatehabitatformicrobes.

D.Thebasicfunctionoftheimmunesystemistodistinguishbetweenselfandnonself

第二■CellPhones：HangUporKeepTalking?

Millionsofpeopleareuninxcellphonestoday.Inmunyphcc*itisaciunllyconsideredunusualnot

touseone.Inmanycountries*cellphonesareverypopularwithyoungpeople.Theyfindthatthe

phonesaremorethanameansofcommunication-havingamobilephoneshowsthattheyarecooland

connected.

Theexplosionsaroundtheworldinmobilephoneusemakesomehealthprofessionalsworried.

Somedoctorsareconcernedthatinthefuturemanypeoplemaysufferhealthproblemsfromtheu?eof

mobilephcnc*、?InEnRlnnd.thereha5beenaseriousdebateaboutthisisxuc.Mobilephonecorn|>anies

arcwornedaboutthenegativepublicityofsuchideas.Theysaythatthereisnoproofthatmobile

phonesarebadforyourhealth.

Ontheotherhand,whydowmemedicalstudie5showchangesinrhebraincellsof5omepeople

whousemobilephones?Signsofchangeinthetissuesofthebrainandheadcanbedetectedwithmod

ernscanning(歸描)equipment.InonecmatravelingxjilesmanhadtoretireatayoungAgebecauseof

seriousmemoryloss.Hecouldn'trememberevensimpletasks.Hewouldoften(orxetthenameofhis

ownson.Thismanusedtotulkonhismobilephoneforaboutsixhoursaday.everydayofhisworking

week*(orAcoupleofyears.HisfamilydoctorblamedhismobilephoneU5e.bu<hisemployer'sdoctor

didn'tagree.

Whaigitihaxmakesmobilephonespotentiallyharmful?Theanswerisradiation.High-techma-

chinescandetectvery5m?llamountsofradiationfrommobilephones.Mobilephonecompaniesagree

thatthereiswmeradiationtbuttheysaytheamountistoosmalltoworryabout.

Asthediscussionabouttheirsafetycontinucs.itappearnthatifsbesttousemobilephoneless

often.Useyourregularphoneifyouwanttotalkforalongtime.Useyourmobilephoneonlywhen

yourtttllyneedit.Mobilephonescanbeveryusefulandconvenient?especiallyinemergencies.Inthe

future,mobilephonesmnyhaveawarninglabelthatsaystheyarebadforyourhealth.Sofornow?it's

wisenottouseyourmobilephonetoooften.

36.PeoplebuycellphonesforthefollowingreasonsEXCEPTthat

A.they'repopular.B.they5reuseful.C.they5recheap.D.they'reconvenient.

37oTheword^detected^inparagraph3couldbebestreplacedby

A.cured.B.removed.C.discoveredD.caused

38.Thesalesmanretiredyoungbecause

A.hedislikedusingmobilephones.B.hewastiredoftalkingonhismobilephone.

C.hisemployer'sdoctorpersuadedhimto.D.hecouldn'tremembersimpletasks.

39.Onthesafetyissueofmobilephones,themanufacturingcompanies

A.denytheexistenceofmobilephoneradiation.

B.developnewtechnologytoreducemobilephoneradiation.

C.trytoprovethatmobilephonesarenotharmfultohealth.

D.holdthattheamountofradiationistoosmalltoworryabout.

40.Thewriter'spurposeofwritingthisarticleistoadvisepeople

A.tobuymobilephones.B.tousemobilephoneslessoften.

C.toupdateregularphones.D.tostopusingmobilephones

第三JRBeAlerttoAn1imicrobhil(抗微生物的)Resistance

Theabilityofmicro-organismstofindway5toavoidtheActionofthedrugsusedtocuretheinfec-

tionstheycauncinincreasinglyrecognizednsaglobalpublichealthissue.Somebacteriahavedevel-

opedmechnnimswhichmakethemresistanttomanyoftheantibiotics()normallyu5cdfor

theirtreatment.TheyarcknownASmuhi-drugresistantbacterifi.posingparticulardifficulties,as

theremaybefewornoalteniAtivcoptions(ortherapy.Theyconstituteagrowingandglobalpublic

htahhproblem.WHO5uggentsthatcountriesshouldbepreparedtoimplementhospitalinfectioncon-

trolmeasure*tolimitthespreadofmultidrugresistant5trains(tRfle>andtoreinforcenationalpolicy

onprudentuseofantibiotics*rcducinKtheKrncrationofantibioticrc5i5tantbacteria.

AnarticlepublishedinTheLane11Infei'tiouhDilateson11AuguM2010identifiedanewgene

thaienablessometype、olbactcriAtobehighlyresistantioMimostnilantibiotics.Thearticleha*

drawnAttentioniotheofnniimicrobiMlresistance*and?inparticular*hasraisedawarenessofin-

fectionscausedbymulti-drugresistantbacteria.

Whilemuhi-drugreMstantbacteriaarcnotnewandwillcontinuetoappear*thisdevelopmentre-

<|uircsmonitoringxndfurtherMudytounderstandtheextentandmodesoftransmission*andtodefine

themo5teffectivemeaxurt5forcontrol.

ThosecalledupontobeulcrttotheproblemofantimicrobialrcMluncoandtakeappropriateac-

tionincludeconsumer、,managersofhospitals,puticnistaswellnationalgovrmmcntji.thepharma

ccutical(制藥的〉industryandinternationalagencies.

WHOstronglyrecommendsthatgovernment!!(OCUHcontrolMndpreventioneffortsinthefollow-

ingarcAAlikesurveillancelorantimicrobialresistanceirationalantibiolicuse.includingeducationof

healthcareworkersandthepublicinIheappropriateu^eofantibiolicstiniroducinxorenforcinglegis

lationrelatedtostoppingthecellingofantibioticswithoutprescriptioniandstridndhcrenccioinfec-

tionpreventionandcontrolmcAMirc5.includingtheuseofhandwashingmeasures,particularlyin

healthcarefacilities.

Successfulcontrolofmultidrugrrsistiftntmicroorganismshasbeendocumentedinmanycountricn*

andthecxixtingandwellknowninfectionpreventionandcontrolmeasurescaneffectivelyreduce

transmissionofmuhi*drugresistantorganism、if^ystcmaiicallyimplemented.

WHOwillcontinuetosupportcountries(odeveloprelevantpolicies*andtocoordinateinterna

tionaleffortstocombatantimicrobialresistance.AntimicrobialresininncewillbethethemeofWHO'&

WorldHealthDay2011.

41.Antimicrobialresistancehasbecomeaglobalpublichealthissuebecause

A.newantibioticsaretooexpensiveforpoorcountries.

B.infectionscausedbymulti—drugresistantbacteriahavekilledalotofpeople.

C.scientistsknownothingaboutmulti-drugresistantbacteria.

D.theremaybefewornotreatmenttoinfectionscausedbymulti-drugresistantbacteria.

42.Theword^prudent^inparagraphIisclosestinmeaningto

A.unwiseB.carefulC.wastefulD.widespread

43.ThearticlepublishedinTheLancetInfectiousDiseasesfoundthat

A.anewmulti-drugresistantbacteriumhasappeared.

B.somebacteriahavedevelopedanewgenetoresistalmostallantibiotics.

C.someinfectionsarecausedbyantibiotics.

D.somecountriesaresuccessfulincontrollingmulti—trugresistantmicroorganisms.

44.WH()recommendsgovernmentstofocusonthefollowingareasEXCEPT

A.educationontheuseofantibiotics.

B.keepinghospitalsfromstoringmoreantibioticsthantheycanuse.

C.controlofantibioticuse.

D.introductionofnewregulationsonthesaleofantibiotics.

45.Welearnfromthepassagethat

A.antimicrobialresistancewasnotnoticeduntil2010.

B.withoutWHO,nocountrywillbesafeinthewaragainstantimicrobialresistance.

C.WHOwillfocusitspreventionandcontroleffortsinpoorcountries.

D.furtherstudyisneededtodealwiththetransmissionofmulti—drugresistantbacteria.

Mt.DesertIsland

ThecoastoftheStateofMainrisoneofIhemoMirrcgulnrintheworld.AstraiRhtlinerunning

fromthesouthernmostcoastalcitytothenorthernmostcoastalcitywouldmeasureabout223miles.If

youfollowedthecoastlinebetweenthesepoints,youwouldtravelmorethantentime、as(nr.Thisir-

regularityistheresultofwhatiscalled哀drownedcoastline___(46)Atthattime.thewholeareathat

isnowMainewa*partofamountainrangeihaitoweredaboverhe牌a.Astheglacier(冰川)deitcen

dcd?however,itexpendedenormousforceontho5cmountains,andtheysankintothesea.

AMthemountainsunk?ocean?waterchargedoverthelowcMpnrtqoftheremainingland,former

aseriesoftwistinginletsandlagoons(咸水湖》.Thehigher!partsoftheformermountaininrange,

nearesttheshore?remainedn*islands(47)Marinefossil*foundherewere225feetabovesealev-

el.indicatingtheleveloftheshorelinepriortotheglacier.

The500-mile*longrockycoastlineofMainekeepswatchovernearlytwothousandislands.

Manyoftheseislandsarctinynnduninhabited,butmanyarchometothrivingcommunities.MtDCM-

ertkhndoneofthelargest,mostbeautifuloftheMaineco?5tisland?.Measuring16mile5by12

miles.Mt.Desertwasessentiallyformedtwodhttnclislands___《48).

Foryearn.MLDesertIsland,particularlyitsmajorsettlement*BarHarbor*affordedsummer

homesforthewealthy.Recentlythough*BarHarborhasbecomearapidlygrowingartscommunityas

well.Bui?thebeatpartoftheinlandistheunspoiledforestlandknownasAcadiaNationalPark.Be-

causetileislandsitsontheboundarylinebetweenthe<cmpcratc(S)andsub-Arcticzones*theis-

landsupperstheplantsandanimalsofbothzoncsiiswellasbeachinland?andalpine(高山的)plants.

_(49)TheestAblishmcntofAcadiaNationalParkin1916meansthatthisnaturalreservewillbeper-

pvluallyavailabletoallpeople,notjustthewealthy.VisitorsioAcadiamayreceivenatureinstruction

fromtheparknaturalistsaswellnsenjoycamping*cyclingandboatingOrtheymaychoosetospend

timeatthearchco!ogic?lmuseum,learningAbouttheStoneAgeinhabitant寫of(heisland.

ThebestviewonMt.DesertIslandisfromthetopofCadillacMountain.___(50)Fromthesum

mit?youcangazebacktowardthemxtnlandoroutovertheAtlanticOceanandcontemplatethebeauty

createdbyaretreatingglacier.

A.Thismountainrises1,532feetmakingitthehighestmountainontheAtlanticseaboard.

B.ItissplitalmostinhalfbySomesSound,adeepandnarrowstretchofwater,sevenmileslong.

C.ThewealthyresidentsofMt.DesertsIslandselfishlykeptittothemselves.

D.Mt.Desertislandisoneofthemostfamousofalltheislandsleftbehindbytheglacier.

E.Thetermcomesfromtheactivityoftheiceage.

F.Italsoliesinamajorbirdmigrationlaneandisarestingspotformanybirds.

Pandemic(大面積流行的)H】N12009

ThemostactiveareasofpandemicinfluenzatransmissioncurrentlyarcincentralandeasternEu-

rope.Focal(集中的)increasesinratesduringrecentweekwere(51)inatleasttwoeasternEu-

ropeancountries.Ahighintensityofrespiratory《呼吸的)diseaseactivitywithconcurrent(同時存在

的)circuhtionofpandemicinfluenzastill(52)inpartsofsouthernandeasternEurope.

(53)inGreece.Poland*andUkraine.

InWesternEurope*influenzatransmissionremains(54)andwidespread.butoveralldis-

easeactivityhaspeaked.AllinfluenzavirusesinWesternEuropewerepandemicH1N12009.

(55)tverysmallnumbersofseasonalinfluenzaviruses.coveringlessthan1%ofallinfluenzaviruses

found*werereportedinRussia.In(56)?limitedavailabledataindicaiethatactive*highinten*

sitytransmissionisoccurringinNorthernAfric