一階語(yǔ)法講解

基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法基本句型：簡(jiǎn)單句&并列句1．簡(jiǎn)單句的構(gòu)成Myfatherislisteningtothepopularmusicinthegarden.Thehandsomeboyismybrother.主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單句的五種形式：1）主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(不及物動(dòng)詞）；2）主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)（及物動(dòng)詞）+賓語(yǔ)；（3）主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+補(bǔ)語(yǔ)；（4）主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)；（5）主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)。謂語(yǔ)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞①及物動(dòng)詞watch,see②不及物動(dòng)詞sit系動(dòng)詞①be動(dòng)詞；②一些實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用作系動(dòng)詞：feel,taste,smell等；Heiscrying.ParentswatchTVeverynight.Myfathergavemesomeadvice.Wecanmakeourcountrybeautiful.Theboyisthetallestintheclass.2．并列句兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句并列在一起，中間用一些連接詞連接起來(lái)的句子。并列句不能只用逗號(hào)隔開，而要用連接詞連接。連接詞：1）并列關(guān)系句型：連接詞有and,eitheror，neithernor,notonlybutalsoeg:LastyearImetKateandwebecamefriends.Eithermyunclecandoit,ormyauntcandoit.2）轉(zhuǎn)折概念并列句型：轉(zhuǎn)折詞有buteg:Ithasnomouth,butitcantalk.3）對(duì)比關(guān)系的并列句型：eg:Helikedsports,whileIwouldrathercollectstamps.簡(jiǎn)單句和并列句是復(fù)合句的基礎(chǔ)。主語(yǔ)——施動(dòng)者或動(dòng)作的主體賓語(yǔ)——受動(dòng)者通常主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)由名詞或代詞構(gòu)成 Iloveyou.（一）名詞1.可數(shù)名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)之分，若名詞為單數(shù)，通常前面要加冠詞a/an、the進(jìn)行限定；若名詞為復(fù)數(shù)，可以加上the，或者直接用復(fù)數(shù)名詞，或者加上數(shù)詞來(lái)進(jìn)行限定。①不定冠詞：a/an，通常表示一，但是不強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)目，翻譯時(shí)注意；eg：GermanyisaEuropeancountry.②定冠詞：表示特定或特指eg：Isthisthebookthatyouarelookingfor?定冠詞還可以使用于一些比較獨(dú)特的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象：如指代地球或宇宙這種獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物the+名詞：表示全部或者整體eg：Doyouknowwhoinventedthecomputer？用于樂(lè)器或?qū)Ｓ忻~前，如playthepiano、theThames2．不可數(shù)名詞：通常是物質(zhì)名詞或者抽象名詞 ,其前可以不加任何東西，若有特指，可以加 the.前面可以加單位詞，進(jìn)行分類：常見(jiàn)單位詞：apieceof+advice/bread/cloth/fortune/information/music/muse②abitof、anitemof、anarticleof名詞在翻譯中遇到的問(wèn)題：（ 1）不可數(shù)名詞和可數(shù)名詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換形式：eg：water＆waters（水域、海洋），sand＆sands（沙灘），wood＆woods（樹林），goods（商品），ash和ashes（廢墟）(2)名詞的格：’s以及of邏輯語(yǔ)義：Rachel：I’mCarol’sex-husband'ssister'sroommate.Doctor：I’myourroommate'sbrother'sex-wife'sobstetrician.產(chǎn)(科醫(yī)生)——老友記of:理清邏輯語(yǔ)義，翻譯方法： “AofB翻”譯成“B的A”Thecomingofageofpost-warbabyboombroughtremarkableinfluenceuponAmericansociety.特殊：Chinaisproudofitsfivethousandyearsofthehistoryandculture.（二）代詞1．人稱代詞第一、二、三人稱，主格、賓格、所有格I,you,he,she,it,me,you,him,her,it,my,your,his,her,its.物主代詞①形容詞性物主代詞：my,your,his,her,our,their，后面加名詞；②名詞性物主代詞：mine,yours,his,hers,ours,theirs，后面不能加名詞。eg:MayIborrowyourpen?Mineismissing.3.反身代詞：通過(guò)反身代詞指代主語(yǔ)，使動(dòng)作發(fā)出者把動(dòng)作在形式上反射到發(fā)出者本人。強(qiáng)調(diào)人稱問(wèn)題。eg：ImyselftookMarytotheairport. Icookeditmyself.指示代詞：this,that,these,those不定代詞：some，someone，something，any，anyone，anything，no，noone，nothing，all，both，neither，either，each，every，everybody，everyone，everything.一些比較重要的不定代詞之間的區(qū)別（1）all,each,every：①all和every可以指代三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或物；

all

可以表示所有東西的總和，是一個(gè)不可分割的整體；each只能表示兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人，側(cè)重個(gè)體；（2）everyone＆everyoneeveryone等同于everybody，allpeople，指的是所有的人；eg：Everyonethinkstheyhavetherighttobehere.everyone既可以指人，也可以指物，強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)個(gè)體，通常用everyoneof；eg：Everyoneofushasfaultsandshortcomings.Everyoneofthefilmswehaveshownthisyearhasbeenasucces（.3）noone＆nonenoone只能指人，none既可以指人，也可以指物， none后面還可以接of；eg：Noonefailedtheexamination.Noneofthestudentsfailedtheexamination.it的用法（1）指代人，通常用于口語(yǔ)中；（ 2）書面語(yǔ)：①it用來(lái)指代時(shí)間、距離、溫度、天氣等 eg：It'sthreeyearssinceIsawhim.it用來(lái)前指或者后指eg：I'velostmybook.Whereisit？Thereisnodoubtaboutitthathewasafineteacher.it做形式主語(yǔ)eg：Isitpossibletolearntypewritingveryquickly？it做形式賓語(yǔ)，通常放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（形容詞）之間，真正的賓語(yǔ)放在賓補(bǔ)之后常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞有：feel,consider,find,believe,make,take,imagine,think,suppose,regardeg：Shethinksitnousetellingme.Hehasmadeitclearthathewouldn'tagreetotheplan.it用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句，構(gòu)成句型It'sthat/who如何區(qū)分強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的it和形式主語(yǔ)中的it？eg：It'sclearthattheyhavewon.如果It's和that去掉后，剩下的部分依然能構(gòu)成完整的句子，就是強(qiáng)調(diào)句；否則，即為形式主語(yǔ)。（三）數(shù)詞數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞表示大約的詞匯：about，approximately，around，roughly，some，moreorless,orso;eg：About200peoplewerekilledinthecrash.Thetownis5Milesorsofromhere.表示多于的詞匯：above，morethan,over表示少于，不到的詞匯：almost，below，lessthan,undereg：It's2:57,andit'salmost3o'clock一些可以直接表示數(shù)字的單詞：dozen、score、decade、hundred、thousand、million這些詞前面出現(xiàn)基數(shù)詞，表示確切的數(shù)時(shí)，不能加復(fù)數(shù)；若不能表明確切數(shù)字，只是說(shuō)大約有多少的時(shí)候，以上這些詞不可以加確切的基數(shù)詞，但是可以將其變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，后加of；eg：Therearemillionsofkindsofmatterintheworld.（四）形容詞和副詞形容詞還可以做表語(yǔ)，放在 be動(dòng)詞之后；英語(yǔ)中有一些詞語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)和作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，含義會(huì)有所不同：（ 1）certain：作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示特定的:eg: AcertainMr.Wangjustcameheretolookforyou.作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示當(dāng)然的，一定，相當(dāng)于 besure；2）complete：作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示完全的:作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示完成的或完美的；3）ill：作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示壞的；作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示有病的；4）late:作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示已故的；作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示晚的、遲到的；5）ready：作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示現(xiàn)成的；作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示準(zhǔn)備好的、愿意做；6）present：作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示目前的，相當(dāng)于 current；作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示出席，參加；the+形容詞：表示一類人；eg:theold,thepoor,theblind,therich,theyoung,thewounded通常由副詞構(gòu)成，副詞可以修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，乃至整個(gè)句子；副詞通常是褒義的，有部分是有否定含義的，常見(jiàn)否定含義副詞有seldom，hardly，rarely，scarcely；其它副詞通常是表示肯定的概念；形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)：（1）一些沒(méi)有比較級(jí)的形容詞和副詞：①單詞本身的含義是表示比年長(zhǎng)、比優(yōu)秀、比優(yōu)等時(shí)，沒(méi)有比較級(jí)概念；如supreme，inferior，junior，senior，prior，后面搭配的介詞一般是 to，而不用than.②有些單詞本身的含義即是最，獨(dú)一無(wú)二，沒(méi)有比較級(jí)概念；如absolute，entire，excellent，favorite，final.（2）同級(jí)比較和異級(jí)比較：①同級(jí)比較：as as / times as②異級(jí)比較：（倍數(shù)或修飾詞，表示多或少） +比較級(jí)+than常見(jiàn)的修飾比較級(jí)的詞有： much、still，even，byfar，abit，alittle,agooddeal或者倍數(shù)；eg：ThephotographyofMarstakenbysatellitearemuchclearerthanthosetakenfromearth.③比較級(jí)特殊用法詞匯：more than： eg：Heismorecleverthanhonest.the+比較級(jí)：越來(lái)越 eg：Theharderyouwork,themoreyouwilllearn.謂語(yǔ)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞①及物動(dòng)詞watch,see②不及物動(dòng)詞sit系動(dòng)詞①be動(dòng)詞；②一些實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用作系動(dòng)詞： feel,taste,smell等；簡(jiǎn)單句的五種形式：（1）主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(不及物動(dòng)詞）；2）主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)（及物動(dòng)詞）+賓語(yǔ)；（3）主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+補(bǔ)語(yǔ)；（4）主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)；（5）主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式一:英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（1）表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作；eg：Igetupat7o'clockinthemorning.Ileaveschoolforhomeat6everyevening.（2）客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)；eg：Theteachertoldus:theearthmovesaroundthesun.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.一般過(guò)去時(shí)兩種變化形式：在動(dòng)詞后加ed或不規(guī)則變化的動(dòng)詞；在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)：常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等；eg：DidyougotoShanghailastweek?補(bǔ)充：usedto/beusedto一般過(guò)去式和過(guò)去完成時(shí)的對(duì)比：（ 1）過(guò)去完成時(shí)：過(guò)去的過(guò)去；eg：BeforeIcametoBeijing,IhadstayedinShanghai.①一個(gè)句子里有兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，一個(gè)發(fā)生在前，一個(gè)發(fā)生在后，發(fā)生在前的用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，發(fā)生在后的用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；eg：Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.②表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本，卻未能"eg：Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn't.Wehadthoughtthathewouldtakepartinthecompetition，buthedidn't.一般將來(lái)時(shí)（1）shall/will, shall用于第一人稱，常被 will所代替;eg：WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst？2）begoingto+不定式，表示將來(lái)；表示要發(fā)生的事情有了預(yù)先的計(jì)劃、準(zhǔn)備或有跡象表明要發(fā)生；eg：Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?Whatwillyoudothisafternoon?will表示純粹的將來(lái)；（3）be+不定式：表將來(lái)，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事；eg：Weareto/willdiscussthereportnextSaturday.（4）beaboutto+不定式：意為馬上做某事，后面不可以接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)；isabouttoleaveforBeijing.

eg：He注意：（1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)有時(shí)也可表將來(lái)；eg：Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.①趨向性動(dòng)詞come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)，主要用來(lái)表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。eg：Whendoesthebusstar?Itstartsintenminutes.②在時(shí)間或條件句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)；eg：I'llwritetoyouassoonasIarriveinBeijing.（2）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)也可表將來(lái)：通常用于口語(yǔ)，翻譯為打算 ；come,go,start,arrive,leave,stay等詞可以用進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)；Iamleavingforsomeimportantthing.OK,seeyou.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成影響。1）過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作發(fā)生到現(xiàn)在，剛剛完成；（2）從過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，發(fā)生到現(xiàn)在，剛剛告一段落，但是后面會(huì)繼續(xù)發(fā)生；eg：Ihavejustfinishedmyhomework.Ithasrainedfor3days.過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：1）過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。eg：IcametoBeijingin1995.IhavestayedinBeijingsince1995.2）過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)；一般過(guò)去時(shí)常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： yesterday,lastweek，ago,in1980,inOctober體時(shí)間）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： for,since,sofar （長(zhǎng)期的段時(shí)間）

（具eg：Hehaddinnerwithmeyesterday.Ihaveplayedbasketballfor3hours.（3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know；過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,getmarried等；eg：Hegotmarriedtwoyearsago.IhavelivedinBeijingfor10years.用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型（1）Itisthefirst/secondtime 結(jié)構(gòu).that中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.2）Thisisthethat結(jié)構(gòu)，that從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).ThisisthebestfilmthatI've(ever)seen.Thisisthefirsttime(that)I'veheardhimsing.典型例題---Haveyou____beentoourtownbefore?---No,it'sthefirsttimeI___here.A.even,comeB.even,havecomeC.ever,comeD.ever,havecome答案D.ever意為曾經(jīng)或無(wú)論何時(shí)，反意詞為 never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。ThisisthelargestfishIhaveeverseen.Itis/wasthefirsttime+that-clause的句型中，從句要用完成時(shí)。since和for的用法：since用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間， for用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度 ;eg：Ihavelivedhereformorethantwentyyears.IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn.for后面多接一段時(shí)間，而since后面則接一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)，若since后面也出現(xiàn)時(shí)間段，則在時(shí)間段后加ago；eg：Ihavelivedheresincetwentyyearsago.錯(cuò)句：Ihaveworkedheresincemanyyears.since句型：Itis+一段時(shí)間+since從句，since從句要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；eg：ItistwoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduatestudent.ItisthreeyearssinceIjoinedthearmy.進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)：一般進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)；現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：have/has+been+doing現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：eg：Ithasrainedfor3days.Ithasbeenrainingfor3days.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不強(qiáng)調(diào)某一動(dòng)作在某段時(shí)間內(nèi)持續(xù)發(fā)生，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某一時(shí)間段內(nèi)某動(dòng)作持續(xù)發(fā)生。eg：IhavebeenlearningEnglishfor5years.IhavebeenlearnedEnglishfor5years.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式二:被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)be+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞； egForestshavebeencleared.Theyweregivenawarmsendoff.Theirweddingwillbeheldinthechurch.不強(qiáng)調(diào)施動(dòng)者，而只強(qiáng)調(diào)受動(dòng)者；eg：Thebookwaswritten20yearsago.主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意思①某些既可作及物動(dòng)詞又可作不及物動(dòng)詞用的動(dòng)詞，在他們作不及物動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，可以用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意思，如write,wash,wear,sell,cut,tear（撕），burn,play等，常與它們連用的詞為well,easily,smoothly等。如Thecoatwasheswell這.件大衣很耐洗。②在beworthdoing句型中表示被動(dòng)含義，如Thebookisworthreading③在need,want,require等后的動(dòng)名詞表示被動(dòng)含義，如Theflowersneedwatering.④感官動(dòng)詞如feel,taste,smell,look等主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義，如Thefishtastesgood.⑤短語(yǔ)runout,wearout,giveout等主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義，如Mysockshavewornout.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式三:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是指它含有一定的含意，可以表達(dá)某種感情和說(shuō)話的口氣，但是它不可以單獨(dú)使用作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主要包括can,could,may,might,must,oughtto,shall,should,will,would,dare,need,haveto,usedto,hadbetter,wouldrather等。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形Icanswimacrosstheriver.Heshouldhelpthepoorintheremoteareas.You'dbettertakeyourparents'adviceifyouwanttofulfillyourdream.2.could/might+have+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分分詞※特殊語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象：虛擬語(yǔ)氣would+have+過(guò)去分詞should+have+過(guò)去分詞英語(yǔ)復(fù)合句（一）定語(yǔ)從句：用于關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)句子修飾名詞構(gòu)成：定語(yǔ)從句的形式Iknowthegirl.ThegirlcomesfromBeijing.IknowthegirlwhocomesfromBeijing.定語(yǔ)從句三步驟①先找出兩個(gè)句子中相同的名詞②判斷名詞是人還是物，人 who/that物which/that③將who/that/which引導(dǎo)的句子放于相同的名詞后面Ilikereadingbooks.ThebookswerewrittenbyO.Henry.Ilikereadingbookswhich/thatwerewrittenbyO.Henry.不能用which，只能用that①前面的先行詞是不定代詞，包括all，anything，nothing，theone，much，little等；eg：HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Leehassaid?②如果先行詞中出現(xiàn)了theonly,thevery等；eg：Thisistheonlywaythatwecanthinkout.③如果先行詞中出現(xiàn)了序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)；eg：ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.④如果先行詞中即有人，又有物；eg：Theyaretalkingabouttheschoolandtheteachersthattheyvisitedyesterday.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（結(jié)構(gòu)）和后面的介詞有兩種關(guān)系：關(guān)系緊密＆關(guān)系疏遠(yuǎn)look+for尋找關(guān)系緊密look+at看關(guān)系疏遠(yuǎn)定語(yǔ)從句中如果謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞關(guān)系緊密，則介詞必須保留在謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的后面，不能做任何位置的改動(dòng)；如果謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞關(guān)系疏遠(yuǎn)，介詞一般提到

which/who

的前面；Thisisthebookwhichyouarelookingfor.Thisisthebookatwhichyouarelooking.Thisisthebookwhichyouareinterestedin.Thisisthebookinwhichyouareinterested.Thisisthebookwhichyouaskedfor.關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞Beijingistheplace.Iwasbornintheplace.-BeijingistheplacewhichIwasbornin.-BeijingistheplaceinwhichIwasborn.定語(yǔ)從句中，如果介詞+which表示地點(diǎn)，則可以用 where替換；BeijingistheplacewhereIwasborn.eg:Ican'tforgettheday.Ijointhearmyontheday.Ican’tforgetthedaywhichIjoinedthearmy.Ican’tforgetthedayonwhichIjoinedthearmy.(when)判斷關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的方法1）不管是關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞，都取決于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞；若該謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為及物動(dòng)詞，則一定使用關(guān)系代詞；若該謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞，且其后沒(méi)有介詞，則一定使用關(guān)系副詞；eg：Iwillneverforgetthedays_____Iworkedtogetherwithyou.(onwhich/when)Iwillneverforgetthedays_____Ispentinthecountryside.(which)（2）通過(guò)判斷先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分Isthisthemuseum（that）youvisitedafewdaysago? themuseum：充當(dāng)visit的賓語(yǔ)Isthisthemuseum(inwhich/where)theexhibitionwasheld?關(guān)系代詞:前面句子里的先行詞也要在后面的句子里充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)的成分；介詞+which:恰好表示時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)，可以替換成when，where這樣的關(guān)系副詞；分類：限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句非限定性定語(yǔ)從句：先行詞（即名詞）后有一個(gè)逗號(hào)；Inourschool，therewere8foreignteacherswhocomefromAustralia（.限定性定語(yǔ)從句）Inourschool，therewere8foreignteachers，whocomefromAustralia.（非限定性定語(yǔ)從句）限定性定語(yǔ)從句：定語(yǔ)從句和關(guān)系詞關(guān)系非常緊密，刪掉定語(yǔ)從句后，整個(gè)句子意思會(huì)改變；非限定性定語(yǔ)從句：定語(yǔ)從句和關(guān)系詞關(guān)系不是很緊密，刪掉定語(yǔ)從句后，整個(gè)句子意思不會(huì)改變，定語(yǔ)從句只起到補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的意義；Ihaveasisterwhoisanurse.Ihaveasister,whoisanurse.2）非限定性定語(yǔ)從句：①先行詞是前面的整句話；eg:Hewonthefirstplaceinthecompetition,whichisoutofourexpectation.WewillspendtheSpringFestivalinGuangzhou,whichwasdecidedlastyear.Thisisthehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth.②非限定性定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞which/as：which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在后面，as則只能放在句子前面；eg:Smokingisharmfultoourheath,whichweknow.Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoourheath.eg：Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,_____cameasasurprise.A.ItB.thatC.asD.which定語(yǔ)從句的劃分Therearemanythousandsofstarsintheskythatarelikethesun.Spaceandoceansarethenewworldwhichscientistsaretryingtoexplore.Inourfactory,therearemanypeoplewhoaremuchinterestedinthenewinvention.Adriverwhoisdrivingthebusmustn?ttalkwithothersorbeabsent-minded.Thepoliceexplainedthatthedifficultieswhichtheyfacedweretoosevere.定語(yǔ)從句省略（分詞作定語(yǔ)）關(guān)系詞充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的時(shí)候Iknowtheboywhotheteacherpraisedjustnow.Thepoliceexplainedthatthedifficultieswhichtheyfacedweretoosevere.關(guān)系詞充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon’trelyondatacollectedsystematically.Hamiltonisn’ttheonlyeducatorcrossingtheAtlantic.Careerexpertssaythatoneoftheways(that)jobseekerscanstaysafewhileusingtheInternettosearchoutjobsistoconcealtheiridentities.職業(yè)專家說(shuō)求職者用因特網(wǎng)找工作時(shí)保持安全的一個(gè)方法是隱瞞其真實(shí)身份。ThatarecausingcompaniestoInterestinpursuinginternationalcareershassoaredinrecentyears,enhancedbychronicpersonnelshortagessearchbeyondtheirhomebordersfortalent.Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatannualrateof3.9percent,form800,000in1975to2.5millionin2004.(二)名詞性從句：主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句及同位語(yǔ)從句；定義：在句子中起名詞作用的句子，且在句子中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等成分；1．同位語(yǔ)從句：對(duì)前面名詞的進(jìn)一步解釋Iknowtheman,thepresidentoftheNewOrientalSchool.英語(yǔ)中的簡(jiǎn)單句：陳述句、一般疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句。Eg：Heisastudent.Areyouastudent?Whoisastudent?同位語(yǔ)從句：關(guān)系詞不再和前面的名詞有關(guān)系，而是取決于后面的從句；eg：Iknowthefact.Heisastudent.Iknowthefactthatheisastudent.eg：Ihaveaquestion.Areyouastudent?Ihaveaquestionwhetheryouareastudent.eg：Ihaveaquestion.whoisastudent?Ihaveaquestionwhoisastudent.同位語(yǔ)從句的構(gòu)成①?gòu)木淙匀唤釉诿~之后，名詞有可能為answer，belief，concept，explanation，fact，hope,message,news,promise,question,thought等形式：名詞+從句；連接詞取決于后面的從句是什么樣的形式；如果是陳述句，直接加that引導(dǎo)；一般疑問(wèn)句：先把一般疑問(wèn)句變成陳述句語(yǔ)序，然后在其前加上whether或者if；特殊疑問(wèn)句：直接保留特殊疑問(wèn)詞，后面的句子變成陳述句語(yǔ)序；Thenewssoonspreadthewholeschool.Theyhadwonthegame.Thenewsthattheyhadwonthegamesoonspreadthewholeschool.定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別That在后面的從句中充當(dāng)成分，為賓語(yǔ)從句，不充當(dāng)成分，為同位語(yǔ)從句。區(qū)分：Thesuggestionthatsheshouldstayintheroomisgood.Thesuggestionthatshehasgiveninthemeetingisgood.Thefactthatordinarycitizensarenowstartingtothinkseriouslyaboutthenation'smoralclimate,saysthisethicsprofessorattheUniversityofChicago,isthereasontohopethatnewideaswillcomeforwardtoimproveit.2．賓語(yǔ)從句從句部分的連詞取決于從句時(shí)一般疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句還是陳述句；eg：Wemustfindoutwhodidallthese.Iwanttoknowweatherhewillcome.Ihopethathewillcome.賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)：如果賓語(yǔ)從句前的動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去式，則賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)相應(yīng)變成過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)；例如Myteachertoldthatwewouldgothere.如果賓語(yǔ)從句是客觀事實(shí)或真理，不管賓語(yǔ)從句前的動(dòng)詞時(shí)什么時(shí)態(tài)，賓語(yǔ)從句都用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；例如Myteachertoldthattheearthisround.賓語(yǔ)從句后接陳述句用that引導(dǎo)，that一般可以省略,例如Ithink(that)youareright.賓語(yǔ)從句如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是doubt，后面接的一般疑問(wèn)句通常用whether或if引導(dǎo)；如果前面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是don'tdoubt，則后面從句的連接詞一定是that；賓語(yǔ)從句如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是wonder，句型為Iwonderif，后面的連接詞不能用whether；賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移：think,believe,suppose,expect,imagine等動(dòng)詞后面賓語(yǔ)從句的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中，即主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用否定式，而從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用肯定式；3．表語(yǔ)從句若從句為陳述句，直接加 that；若從句為特殊疑問(wèn)句：直接保留特殊疑問(wèn)詞，后面的句子變成陳述句語(yǔ)序；若從句為一般疑問(wèn)句：先把一般疑問(wèn)句變成陳述句語(yǔ)序，然后在其前加上whether或者if；Chinaisnolongerwhatsheusedtobe.Thequestioniswhoisresponsibleforwhathashappened.2002text3）Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatithasn’toccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand（.2000）Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams.4．主語(yǔ)從句Thatthecollegewilltakeinmorestudentsistrue.Weatherhewillcomeornothasn'tbeendecided.Whyheisn'thereisnotcleartoeveryone.it做形式主語(yǔ)的情況1）Itis+名詞+主語(yǔ)從句；eg：Itisapitythatyoushouldhavetoleave.2）Itis+形容詞+主語(yǔ)從句；eg：Itisclearthatthewholeprojectisduetofailure.如果是Itisnecessary/important/strange/natural+that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一定要用should+動(dòng)詞原形；eg：Itisnecessarythatoneshouldmastertheskillsofoperatingcomputer.Itis+過(guò)去分詞+主語(yǔ)從句；Itissaid/planed/expectedeg：ItissaidthatPresidentBushwillvisitourschoolnextweek.It+不及物動(dòng)詞+形容詞表語(yǔ)形式+主語(yǔ)從句eg：Itseemedcertainthathewillwintheprize.從句判別Whethershewillcomeornotisunknown.Itisunknownwhetherhewillcomeornot.Idon'tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.Thequestioniswhetherhewillcomeornot.Thequestionwhetherhewillcomeornotisnotsettled.__________(很多人沒(méi)有意識(shí)到的)isthatSimonisaloverofsports,andfootballinparticular.（Whatmanypeopledon'trealize）Inmysixties,onechangeInoticeis___________我(比以前更容易累了).(thatIfeeltiredmoreeasilythanbefore)Yourresumeshouldattractawould-beboss'sattentionbydemonstrating為(什么你是某個(gè)特定職位的最佳人選).(whyyouwouldbethebestcandidateforacertainposition)SincemychildhoodIhavefoundthat________沒(méi)(有什么比讀書對(duì)我更有吸引力 ).(nothingismoreattractive/appealingtomethanreading)Agreatmanypeopleholdtheidea_______.中(文學(xué)起來(lái)其實(shí)很有趣)(thatChineseisactuallyinterestingtolearn)（三）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作主語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)1）todo(2)+doingacknowledge，admit,advocate,appreciate,avoid,enjoy,delay,escape,deny,consider,mind,miss,finish,resist,imagine,postpone,practice,suggest,prevent,keep,quit(3)有些動(dòng)詞后使用動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的差別1)forget 2）stop 3）remember4) regret5）try6)mean(4)+do1）在表示生理感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞后的不定式不帶 to。feel覺(jué)得observe注意到，看到overhear聽到watch注視listento聽perceive察覺(jué)，感知notice注意see看見(jiàn)hear聽Onseeingtheyoungchildfellintothelake,Ericsprangtohisfeet，andwentontherescue.2)另一類是某些使役動(dòng)詞，如make,let，have等。固定句型1）Itis+nouse,nogood(fun,agreatpleasure,awasteoftime...等)名詞+doingsth.Itisnousecryingoverthespiltmilk.Itisnogoodobjecting.Itisagreatfunplayingfootball．Itis+useless(nice,good，interesting,expensive等形容詞)+doingsth．Itisuselessspeaking光.說(shuō)沒(méi)用。Itisniceseeingyouagain．真高興又遇到了你。Itisgoodplayingchessaftersupper.晚飯后弈棋挺好。（四）狀語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)從句：兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子中間用一些含義不同的連接詞連接；狀語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)表達(dá)兩個(gè)句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系；分成原因狀語(yǔ)、條件狀語(yǔ)、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、讓步狀語(yǔ)、目的狀語(yǔ)、比較狀語(yǔ)、方式狀語(yǔ)等九大類型；eg：Igotuplate. Iwaslateforschool.BecauseIgotuplate,Iwaslateforschool（.原因狀語(yǔ)從句）Igotuplate，soIwaslateforschool.（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句）地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句通常由where,wherever，everywhere引導(dǎo)；eg：WhereIlivethereareplentyoftrees.Whereveryouwork,youwillgainmuchvaluableexperienceaslongasyouarewillingtowork.Wherever=nomatterwhereEverywheretheywent,theywerewarmlyreceived.where：不能翻譯成在地方時(shí)，通常翻譯為如果，表示在條件下；eg:Whereyouareconfident，youwillsucceed.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.eg：Wherepreviouslythebankhadconcentratedonthebiginfrastructureprojects,suchasdams,roadsandbridges，itbegintoswitchtoprojectswhichdirectlyimprovedthebasicservicesofcountry.2、方式狀語(yǔ)從句方式狀語(yǔ)從句通常由as,asif,asthough，theway引導(dǎo)（1）as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是"正如"，"就像"eg：WhenyouenterRome,doastheRomansdo.（2）asif/though：“仿佛似的”，“好像似的”有;時(shí)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，有時(shí)不用；eg：Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasif(asthough)theyneverexisted.（與事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。）Helooksasif(asthough)hehadbeenhitbylighting.（與事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。）Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon.（實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語(yǔ)用陳述語(yǔ)氣。）eg：AlGorecallsglobalwarmingan “inconvenienttruth, ”asifmerelyrecognizingitcouldputusonapathtoasolution.（3）theway：可以連接兩個(gè)句子，表達(dá)就像一樣eg：Ishoulddothejobthewaymyfatherdid.ManyEuropeansnowapparentlyviewtheUSthewaymanyAmericansviewMexicanasacheapplacetovacation,shopandparty.目的狀語(yǔ)從句1）可以由that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase等詞引導(dǎo)；lest=forfearthat以防；從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用should+動(dòng)詞原形；eg:Hewrotethenamedownforfearthat(lest)heshouldforgetit.Hetooktheumbrellawithhimlestitshouldrain.（2）incase：以防；與lest不同，從句里時(shí)態(tài)不做特殊變化eg：Taketheumbrellawithyouincaseitrains.(2003.35)Intheseactivities，itisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshaveshortattentionspan.AVarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized35participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoOntosomethingelsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipantsdown..A.ifonly B.nowthat C.sothat D.evenif結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句常由sothat或suchthat引導(dǎo)；so保留，that可以省略；如此以至于；Eg：Hewassoexcitedthathecouldn'tfallasleep.Hemadesuchaninspiringspeechthateverybodygotexcited比.較：so和such1）so+形容詞、副詞+that；so+形容詞+a/an+名詞+thateg：Thewindwassostrongthatwecouldhardlymoveforward.HeransofastthatIcouldn'tcatchupwithhim.Itwassohotadaythatcropswilted.Heissolovelyaboythateveryoneloveshim.（2）such+a/an+形容詞+名詞+thateg：Itwassuchahotdaythatcropswilted.Heissuchalovelyboythateveryoneloveshim.比較狀語(yǔ)從句than,as as，notsoas ,（not)thesameaseg：Lighttravelsfasterthansound.the+比較級(jí)：eg：Thesooner，thebetter.(2005.46)NeverbeforehastelevisionservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.Girlsarethusseenaslessvaluablethanboysandarekeptathometodohouseworkwhiletheirbrothersaresenttoschool-theprophecy（預(yù)言)becomesself-fulfilling,trappingwomeninaviciouscircle(惡性循環(huán))ofneglect.(2007text7）Fewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands.(2000Text4)Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed.倍數(shù)類：(2000Text1)AftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,theUShadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleled無(wú)(與倫比的)economiesofscale.(2003Text3)Railroadstypicallychargetheshippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句1）當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候：while,when,as；when：eg：WhenIwaswatchingTV,mymothercameback.while：eg：Myfatheriscookingwhilemymotherisreadingnewspaper.as：eg：Astimewentby,thedaysbecamelongerandlonger.2）一就：assoonas,directly，immediately,instantly連接兩個(gè)句子；一些名詞如theminute，themoment,theinstant也可表示；eg：Iwillwritetoyouthemoment/minuteIarrivedinParis.另：nosoonerthan,hardlywhen后面的句子需要倒裝eg.Hardlyhadheseenmewhenheranaway.他一看到我就跑開了。eg.Nosoonerhadtheyreachedhomethanitrainedmoreandmoreheavily.他們一到家，雨就越下越大起來(lái)。3）till＆until：①肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某時(shí)"，動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性的；否定形式表達(dá)的意思是"直至某時(shí)才做某事"，一般用until，動(dòng)詞為延續(xù)性或非延續(xù)性都可以；eg:Isleptuntilmidnight.WaittillIcallyou.Shedidn'tarriveuntil6o'clock.②till可用于句首，而until通常不用于句首，通常用于句中；eg.Ihadheardnothingofwhathappeneduntilyoutoldme.“not...until"的四種不同句式：正常句式 Wedidn?tgohomeuntilwefinishedourhomework.Until在句首 _________________________________________倒裝句式d.強(qiáng)調(diào)句式★倒裝總共分為兩種形式：全部倒裝和部分倒裝全部倒裝:主謂賓構(gòu)成了正常的語(yǔ)序，把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞提到了動(dòng)詞的前面，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞直接發(fā)生在主語(yǔ)之前，那么就是全部倒裝。1）全部倒裝的情況：①當(dāng)首句為方位或時(shí)間副詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為 go，come等時(shí)通常用全部倒裝。如果是進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的話，倒裝后要改為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Thebusiscominghere.Thencamethehourwehadbeenlookingforwardto.②如果句首出現(xiàn)了地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，句子也可以進(jìn)行全部倒裝Theoldmanlivesinthecitycenter.Atemplestandsonthemountain.③當(dāng)句子當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候，可以把現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)聯(lián)系在一起放在句首，把be動(dòng)詞留在中間當(dāng)作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，主語(yǔ)放在后面。Aboyagedabout18waslyingonthefloor.Aboyagedabout18liesonthefloor.Agroupofyoungpeoplearesittingontheground.eg.300名日本青年正在訪問(wèn)北京。300JapaneseyoungpeoplearevisitingBeijing.2）部分倒裝的形式:主謂賓保持原來(lái)的形式，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的助動(dòng)詞放到主語(yǔ)的前面。1、當(dāng)句首狀語(yǔ)為否定詞或帶有否定意義的詞語(yǔ)時(shí)，這個(gè)句子就需要部分倒裝這類詞語(yǔ)有hardly,scarcely,rarely,seldom,never,few,little,less,atnotime,bynomeans,innocase,undernocircumstance,innoway,onnoaccount,onnoconsideration,nolonger,notonly等。eg.Heneversmokes.他從來(lái)不抽煙。eg.Notonlydidthecustomercomplainaboutthefood,healsorefusedtopayforit.2、當(dāng)句首為only加狀語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，這個(gè)句子需要部分倒裝。eg.OnlywithyoucanIfeelhappy.3、so......that結(jié)構(gòu)中的so位于句首時(shí)，常引起部分倒裝 eg.HerunssofastthatIcan'tcatchupwithhim.eg.Themoonwassobrightthattheflowersbrightasbyday.4、as表示雖然的意思。 eg.AlthoughIamyoung,Icanlivebymyself.AlthoughIlikemusicverymuch,....虛擬語(yǔ)氣的倒裝Deeplyinvolvedwiththisnewtechnologyisabreedofmodernbusinesspeoplewhohaveagrowingrespectfortheeconomicvalueofdoingbusinessabroad與.新技術(shù)息息相關(guān)的是一些現(xiàn)代商人，他們?nèi)找婵粗貒?guó)外生意的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。ReachingnewpeaksofpopularityinNorthAmericaisIcebergWater,whichisharvestedfromicebergsoffthecoastofNewfoundland,Canada萃.取自加拿大紐芬蘭沿岸冰山的“冰水”在北美的受歡迎程度一再創(chuàng)出新高。NotonlyhasthehighwaysystemaffectedtheAmericaneconomybyprovidingshippingroutes,ithasledtothegrowthofspin-offindustrieslikeservicestations,motels,restaurants,andshoppingcenters/malls公.路系統(tǒng)不但為美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展提供了運(yùn)輸路線，還帶動(dòng)了一批諸如加油站、汽車旅館、酒店、購(gòu)物中心等相關(guān)行業(yè)的發(fā)展。Notonlydoweevaluatethecauseofthepain,whichcanhelpustreatthepainbetter,butwealsohelpprovidecomprehensivetherapyfordepressionandotherpsychologicalandsocialissuesrelatedtochronicpain我.們不僅要找出疼痛的病因，幫助我們更好地治療；還要提供綜合療法，治療與慢性疼痛相關(guān)的抑郁癥和其他心理與社交問(wèn)題。HadInotattendedthisworkshop,Iwouldhaveautomaticallyassumedthemanwasthebestcandidatebecausethepositionrequiredquiteabitofextensivetravel如.果我不是參加了這次講習(xí)班，我肯定會(huì)不由自主地認(rèn)為那位男士候選人更合適，因?yàn)槲覀冞@個(gè)空缺的崗位需要頻繁出差。Itissaidthatneverbeforehasmanbeensohighlysuccessfulinhisattemptstomodifytheweatheronaverysmallscale.據(jù)說(shuō)人們從來(lái)沒(méi)有過(guò)這么大的成功嘗試用這么小的規(guī)模去描述氣候。條件狀語(yǔ)從句1）連接詞：if,once,aslongas,onconditionthat①如果引導(dǎo)的條件可以實(shí)現(xiàn)，主將從現(xiàn)；②如果引導(dǎo)的條件和事實(shí)相反，則用虛擬語(yǔ)氣；eg：Ifwintercomescan?tspringbefarbehind?Aslongasitdoesn'train,wecanplay.Youcangooutonconditionthatyouwearanovercoat.ifonly：只要；onlyif:只有Theseniorlibrarianatcirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookforme3the shecouldrememberwholastborrowedit.A.eversinceB.muchasC.eventhough D.ifonly原因狀語(yǔ)從句連接詞：because,since,as,for,nowthat,inthat,owingto,dueto,thanksto,becauseof,asaresultof;比較because,since,as和

for：because語(yǔ)勢(shì)最強(qiáng)，用來(lái)說(shuō)明人所不知的原因，回答是顯而易見(jiàn)的或已為人們所知，就用 as或since。

why提出的問(wèn)題。當(dāng)原因Ididn'tgo,becauseIwasafraid.Since/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourney.由because引導(dǎo)的從句如果放在句末，且前面有逗號(hào)，則可以用如果不是說(shuō)明直接原因，而是多種情況加以推斷，就只能用

forfor。

來(lái)代替。但Heisabsenttoday,because/forheisill.Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.nowthat：既然；inthat:因?yàn)?，通常只能?/p>