職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試全真模擬試題綜合類B級(jí)

全國(guó)職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試全真模擬試題_綜合類_B級(jí)（一）考試說(shuō)明考試總分：100.0及格分?jǐn)?shù)線：60.0分答題時(shí)間：120分鐘最高分?jǐn)?shù)：100.0分試題數(shù)量：65題職稱英語(yǔ)考試共分三個(gè)類別：綜合類、理工類、衛(wèi)生類

職稱英語(yǔ)考試共每個(gè)類別又分三個(gè)級(jí)別：A級(jí)、B級(jí)、C級(jí)

每個(gè)試券都是由6個(gè)題型組成：詞匯選項(xiàng)（共15分）、閱讀判斷（7分）、概括大意與完成句子（8分）、閱讀了解（45分）、補(bǔ)全短文（10分）、完形填空（15分）詞匯選項(xiàng)(共15題，共15.0分)下面共有15個(gè)句子，每個(gè)句子中都有1個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)劃有底橫線，請(qǐng)從每個(gè)句子后面所給4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇1個(gè)與劃線部分意義最相近詞或短語(yǔ)。答案一律涂在答題卡對(duì)應(yīng)位置上。1Theabilitytoreacttoenvironmentalstimuliisabasicandgeneralcharacteristicoflivingorganisms.[A]reject[B]repeat[C]returnto[D]respondto選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：D試題解析：reactto對(duì)……起反應(yīng)(respondto)/rejectv.拒絕,抵制(refuse,deny)2Alllivingorganisms,regardlessoftheiruniqueidentity,havecertainbiological,chemical,andphysicalcharacteristicsincommon.[A]asaresultof[B]considering[C]cognizantof[D]whatever選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：D試題解析：regardlessof不論,不論(whatever)/cognizantof認(rèn)知到……3AfterEmilyDickinsonretreatedfromtheworldattheageoftwenty-six,shewrotemorethanonethousandpoems.[A]receivedpraisefrom[B]withdrewfrom[C]rebelledagainst[D]traveledaround選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：B試題解析：retreatfrom放棄，退出（withdrawfrom,secede)/rebelagainst反抗(revolt,resist)4ThomasFullerwassoskilledatmathematicsthathewasknownintheeighteenthcenturyasthe“VirginiaCalculator.”[A]fascinatedby[B]articulateabout[C]proficientin[D]suspiciousof選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：C試題解析：beskilledat擅長(zhǎng)(begoodat,beproficientin)5Didn’tyouknowthatthenaughtygirlusedtoskipclasses?[A]attendclassesintime[B]missclasses[C]cheatinclasses[D]beunhappyaboutclasses選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：B試題解析：skipclass曠課(cutschool,stayawayfromschool,missclass)6MarxismdoctrinewasspelledoutintheCommunistManifesto.[A]evaluated[B]detailed[C]supported[D]mentioned選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：B試題解析：spellout講清楚(expatiate,expound,detail)7Themegaphonemakesthevoicesoundlouderbecauseitpointssoundwavesinonedirectionandkeepsthemfromspreadingoutinalldirections.[A]slithering[B]radiating[C]interfering[D]murmuring選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：B試題解析：spreadout擴(kuò)展，擴(kuò)散(diffuse,proliferate,radiate)/slithervi.不穩(wěn)地滑動(dòng)(slide,glide)/murmurv.發(fā)低沉連續(xù)聲音(mutter,mumble)8Theexploitsofthelegendaryminer,JohnHenry,havecometosymbolizethemanuallaborer’sstandagainstmechanization.[A]contrastwith[B]interactionwith[C]ignoranceof[D]defianceof選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：D試題解析：standagainst抵制(defianceof)/defianceof蔑視；反對(duì)9Inarithmetic,anumberstandsforthesizeofasetofthings.[A]measures[B]estimates[C]cancels[D]represents選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：D試題解析：standfor代表（represent)10Somespeciesofbacteriaandfungithriveonsimplecompoundssuchasalcohol.[A]mixwith[B]dowellon[C]existin[D]floaton選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：B試題解析：thriveon在……中旺盛生長(zhǎng)(dowellon,flourish,prosper)/alcoholn..酒精，乙醇11Whydoyouwanttothrowawaythosebooks?[A]imitate[B]discuss[C]extract[D]discard選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：D試題解析：throwaway丟棄(chuckaway,putoff,discard)/extractv.拔出;榨取(pullout,ream,squeeze)12ThePullmanStrikeof1894tieduptransportationandwasfinallyendedonlybygovernmentintervention.[A]reliedupon[B]hindered[C]linkedwith[D]imitated選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：B試題解析：tieup妨礙(baffle,block,hinder)13AlthoughaherdofAfricanelephantsmayhaveuptoonethousandmembers,Asiaticelephantsliveinbandsoffivetosixtyanimals.[A]asmanyas[B]morethan[C]fewerthan[D]atleast選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：A試題解析：upto數(shù)目達(dá)……之多(asmanyas)14ProhibitionintheUnitedStatesusheredinaneraofcrimeandcorruption.[A]introduced[B]caused[C]used[D]upset選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：A試題解析：usherin引發(fā),產(chǎn)生(fetchin,introduceinto)/Prohibitionn.(美國(guó))禁酒時(shí)期15TheSpanish,French,Dutch,andEnglishallviedforNorthAmericanterritory.[A]arrivedon[B]competedfor[C]disposedof[D]sailedfor選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：B試題解析：viefor競(jìng)爭(zhēng)……(competefor,rivalize,strife)閱讀判斷(共7題，共7.0分)閱讀下面這篇短文，短文后列出7個(gè)句子，請(qǐng)依照短文內(nèi)容對(duì)每個(gè)句子做出判斷。假如該句提供是正確信息，請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡上把A涂黑；假如該句提供是錯(cuò)誤信息，請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡上把B涂黑；假如該句信息在文章中沒(méi)有提及，請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡上把C涂黑。StartingaNewTradition

ShantelleDavisisanine-year-oldgirlinNewYork.OnacoldnightinDecember,herfamilyisstandingaroundthekitchentablewhileshelightsacandle.ThetableisdecoratedwithbasketsoffruitsandvegetablesandearsofcornforShantelleandhertwobrothers.

“Thiscandlerepresentsumoja,anAfricanwordthatmeansbeingtogether,”Shantellesays.“That’sthemostimportantthingforafamily.”

TonightisthefirstnightofKwanzaa,andShantelleisspendingtheholidaywithherfamily.Morethan5millionAfricanAmericanscelebrateKwanzaaeveryyearfromDecember26untilJanuaryI.It’satimewhentheygettogetherwiththeirfamiliestothinkabouttheirhistoryandtheirancestorsinAfrica.

Kwanzaaisveryunusualbecauseitwasstartedbyoneman.In1966,anAmericannamedMaulanaKarengawantedaholidayforAfrican-Americanstohonortheircultureandtraditions.SoheusedwordsandcustomsfromAfricatocreateanewcelebration.HetookthenameKwanzaafromthewordsfor“firstfruits”inSwahili,anAfricanlanguage.Atfirst,afewAmericanfamilieshadsmallcelebrationsathome.NowtherearealsoKwanzaaeventsinschoolsandpublicplaces,andKwanzaahasspreadtoothercountrieslikeCanadaandJamaica.

ThemainsymbolofKwanzaaisacandleholderwithsevencandles,oneforeachoftheprinciplesofKwanzaa.Eachnight,afamilymemberlightsoneofthecandlesandtalksabouttheideaitrepresents:beingtogether,beingyourself,helpingeachother,sharing,havingagoal,creating,andbelieving.Thecandlesarered,black,andgreen,thecolorsofKwanzaa.Theparentsalsopourdrinkstohonorfamilymemberswhohavedied.OnthelastnightofKwanzaa,thereisabigdinnerwithAfricanfood,andchildrenreceivesmallpresents.

TodaypeoplecanbuyKwanzaagreetingcardsandspecialKwanzaaclothes.StoressellKwanzaacandlesandcandleholders.Somepeopledon’tbelievethatKwanzaaisarealholiday,becauseit’ssonew.ButotherpeoplesaythatcustomsandcelebrationsarealwayschangingandthatKwanzaashowswhatisimportantinpeople’slives.

ShantelleDavissaysshelikesKwanzaabecauseit'sfun.“ButIalsolearnnewthingseveryyear,”shesays.16Kwanzaaiscelebratedattheendoftheyear.[A]Right[B]Wrong[C]Notmentioned選擇答案：ABC您答案：正確答案：A試題解析：A在第三段第二行我們能夠發(fā)覺(jué)：超出500萬(wàn)非洲裔美國(guó)人每年從12月26日到1月1日慶賀寬扎節(jié)。所以題干表述（人們?cè)谀甑讘c賀寬扎節(jié)）是正確，答案為A。17KwanzaaisaholidayforAfrican-Americans.[A]Right[B]Wrong[C]Notmentioned選擇答案：ABC您答案：正確答案：A試題解析：A從第四段前四行所述內(nèi)容中我們能夠發(fā)覺(jué)：為了向自己文化和傳統(tǒng)致敬，1966年美國(guó)人馬拉那·卡林加為非洲裔美國(guó)人創(chuàng)建了寬扎節(jié)。所以，題干表述（寬扎節(jié)是為非洲裔美國(guó)人創(chuàng)建節(jié)日）是正確，答案為A。18Kwanzaaisaveryoldholiday.[A]Right[B]Wrong[C]Notmentioned選擇答案：ABC您答案：正確答案：B試題解析：B在第二題中我們知道寬扎節(jié)創(chuàng)建于1966年，而且文中第六段第三行也提到：一些人認(rèn)為寬扎節(jié)歷史并很快遠(yuǎn)。所以，從以上兩點(diǎn)我們能夠得出結(jié)論：題干表述（寬扎節(jié)歷史非常悠久）是錯(cuò)誤，答案為B。19PeopleinAfricacelebrateKwanzaa.[A]Right[B]Wrong[C]Notmentioned選擇答案：ABC您答案：正確答案：C試題解析：C從整篇文章中我們知道寬扎節(jié)最初是為非洲裔美國(guó)人創(chuàng)建，之后寬扎節(jié)傳統(tǒng)又流傳到諸如加拿大、牙買加等其余國(guó)家（這一信息能夠從第四段最終一行得到）。不過(guò)文中并未提及非洲人民是否也慶賀寬扎節(jié)，所以這一題題干信息（非洲人民慶賀寬扎節(jié)）并沒(méi)在文中給出，答案為C。20PeoplespendalotoftimewiththeirfamiliesduringKwanzaa.[A]Right[B]Wrong[C]Notmentioned選擇答案：ABC您答案：正確答案：A試題解析：A在第三段最終兩行中，作者提到：這段時(shí)間里非洲裔美國(guó)人和家人待在一起緬懷歷史和非洲祖先。所以題干中表述（寬扎節(jié)期間人民花很多時(shí)間和家人待在一起）是正確，答案為A。21ChildrenreceivepresentsattheendofKwanzaa.[A]Right[B]Wrong[C]Notmentioned選擇答案：ABC您答案：正確答案：A試題解析：A在第五段最終兩行中，作者提到：在寬扎節(jié)最終一夜會(huì)有一頓非洲風(fēng)味大餐，而且孩子們會(huì)收到小禮品。所以，題干表述（孩子們?cè)趯捲?jié)即將結(jié)束時(shí)收到禮品）是正確，答案為A。22EveryonethinksKwanzaaisanimportantholiday.[A]Right[B]Wrong[C]Notmentioned選擇答案：ABC您答案：正確答案：B試題解析：B在第六段第二行末尾，作者提到：因?yàn)閷捲?jié)歷史并很快遠(yuǎn)，一些人認(rèn)為它并不是一個(gè)真正節(jié)日。從這里我們能夠看出題干表述（每個(gè)人都認(rèn)為寬扎節(jié)是一個(gè)主要節(jié)日）不正確，故答案為B。概括大意與完成句子(共8題，共8.0分)閱讀下面這篇短文，短文后有2項(xiàng)測(cè)試任務(wù)：(1)第23～26題要求從所給6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中為第1～4段每段選擇1個(gè)正確小標(biāo)題；(2)第27～30題要求從所給6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇4個(gè)正確選項(xiàng)，分別完成每個(gè)句子。請(qǐng)將答案涂在答題卡對(duì)應(yīng)位置上。HowWeFormFirstImpression

1Weallhavefirstimpressionofsomeonewejustmet.Butwhy?Whydoweformanopinionaboutsomeonewithoutreallyknowinganythingabouthimorher—asideperhapsfromafewremarksorreadilyobservabletraits.

2Theanswerisrelatedtohowyourbrainallowsyoutobeawareoftheworld.Yourbrainissosensitiveinpickingupfacialtraits,evenveryminordifferenceinhowaperson’seyes,ears,nose,ormouthareplacedinrelationtoeachothermakesyouseehimorherasdifferent.Infact,yourbraincontinuouslyprocessesincomingsensoryinformation—thesightsandsoundsofyourworld.Theseincoming“signals”arecomparedagainstahostof“memories”storedinthebrainareascalledthecortexsystemtodeterminewhatthesenewsignals“mean”.

3Ifyouseesomeoneyouknowandlikeatschool,yourbrainsays“familiarandsafe”.Ifyouseesomeonenew,itsays,“new-potentiallythreatening”.Thenyourbrainstartstomatchfeaturesofthisstrangerwithother“known”memories.Theheight,weight,dress,ethnicity,gestures,andtoneofvoiceareallmatchedup.Themoreunfamiliarthecharacteristics,themoreyourbrainmaysay,“Thisisnew.Idon’tlikethisperson”.Orelse,“I’mintrigued”.Oryourbrainmayperceiveanewfacebutfamiliarclothes,ethnicity,gestures—likeyourotherfriends;soyourbrainsays:“Ilikethisperson.”Butthesepreliminary“impressions”canbedeadwrong.

4Whenwestereotypepeople,weusealessmatureformofthinking(notunliketheimmaturethinkingofaveryyoungchild)thatmakessimplisticandcategoricalimpressionsofothers.Ratherthanlearnaboutthedepthandbreadthofpeople—theirhistory,interest,values,strengths,andtruecharacter—wecategorizethemasjocks,geeks,orfreaks.

5However,ifweresistinitialstereotypicalimpressions,wehaveachancetobeawareofwhatapersonistrulylike.Ifwespendtimewithaperson,hearabouthisorherlife,hopes,dreams,andbecomeawareoftheperson'scharacter,weuseadifferent,morematurestyleofthinking—andthemostcomplexareasofourcortex,whichallowustobehumane.23Paragraph2__________[A]WaysofDepartureformImmatureandSimplisticImpressions[B]CommentonFirstImpression[C]IllustrationofFirstImpression[D]ComparingIncomingSensoryInformationAgainstMemories[E]ThreateningAspectofFirstImpressions[F]DifferencesAmongJocks,GeeksandFreaks選擇答案：ABCDEF您答案：正確答案：D試題解析：D本段敘述是人腦解讀感官信息過(guò)程。24Paragraph3__________[A]WaysofDepartureformImmatureandSimplisticImpressions[B]CommentonFirstImpression[C]IllustrationofFirstImpression[D]ComparingIncomingSensoryInformationAgainstMemories[E]ThreateningAspectofFirstImpressions[F]DifferencesAmongJocks,GeeksandFreaks選擇答案：ABCDEF您答案：正確答案：C試題解析：C本段舉例說(shuō)明第一印象解讀過(guò)程，將第二段敘述內(nèi)容詳細(xì)化。25Paragraph4__________[A]WaysofDepartureformImmatureandSimplisticImpressions[B]CommentonFirstImpression[C]IllustrationofFirstImpression[D]ComparingIncomingSensoryInformationAgainstMemories[E]ThreateningAspectofFirstImpressions[F]DifferencesAmongJocks,GeeksandFreaks選擇答案：ABCDEF您答案：正確答案：B試題解析：B本段對(duì)第一印象進(jìn)行了評(píng)論，說(shuō)第一印象不成熟，simplisticandcategorical。26Paragraph5__________[A]WaysofDepartureformImmatureandSimplisticImpressions[B]CommentonFirstImpression[C]IllustrationofFirstImpression[D]ComparingIncomingSensoryInformationAgainstMemories[E]ThreateningAspectofFirstImpressions[F]DifferencesAmongJocks,GeeksandFreaks選擇答案：ABCDEF您答案：正確答案：A試題解析：A本段說(shuō)假如我們與某個(gè)人多接觸，了解他生活、希望、夢(mèng)想和性格特征，我們就不會(huì)停留在第一印象階段，對(duì)該人認(rèn)識(shí)進(jìn)入一個(gè)更深層次。27Sensoryinformationisonethatisperceivedthrough__________.[A]astranger’slessmaturetypeofthinking[B]themostcomplexareasofourcortex[C]theimmatureformofthinkingofaveryyoungchild[D]themeaningofincomingsensoryinformation[E]thesightsandsoundsoftheworld[F]anopportunitytoanalyzedifferentformsofthinking選擇答案：ABCDEF您答案：正確答案：E試題解析：E選E依據(jù)在第二段第三句。28Youinterpret__________bycomparingitagainstthememoriesalreadystoredinyourbrain.[A]astranger’slessmaturetypeofthinking[B]themostcomplexareasofourcortex[C]theimmatureformofthinkingofaveryyoungchild[D]themeaningofincomingsensoryinformation[E]thesightsandsoundsoftheworld[F]anopportunitytoanalyzedifferentformsofthinking選擇答案：ABCDEF您答案：正確答案：D試題解析：D選D依據(jù)在第二段最終兩句。sensoryinformation意思就是informationperceivedthroughsensoryorgans（視覺(jué)、聽(tīng)覺(jué)、味覺(jué)、觸覺(jué)、嗅覺(jué)等）。29Thewaywestereotypepeopleisalessmatureformofthinking,whichissimilarto__________.[A]astranger’slessmaturetypeofthinking[B]themostcomplexareasofourcortex[C]theimmatureformofthinkingofaveryyoungchild[D]themeaningofincomingsensoryinformation[E]thesightsandsoundsoftheworld[F]anopportunitytoanalyzedifferentformsofthinking選擇答案：ABCDEF您答案：正確答案：C試題解析：C選C依據(jù)在第四段第一句，該句是：Whenwestereotypepeople，weusealessmatureformofthinking(notunliketheimmaturethinkingofaveryyoungchild)thatmakessimplisticandcategoricalimpressionsofothers.30Wecanuseourmorematurestyleofthinkingthanksto__________.[A]astranger’slessmaturetypeofthinking[B]themostcomplexareasofourcortex[C]theimmatureformofthinkingofaveryyoungchild[D]themeaningofincomingsensoryinformation[E]thesightsandsoundsoftheworld[F]anopportunitytoanalyzedifferentformsofthinking選擇答案：ABCDEF您答案：正確答案：B試題解析：B選B依據(jù)在第五段第二句。閱讀了解(共15題，共45.0分)下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題，每小題后面有4個(gè)選項(xiàng)。請(qǐng)仔細(xì)閱讀短文并依照短文回答其后面問(wèn)題，從4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇1個(gè)最好答案涂在答題卡對(duì)應(yīng)位置上。SeeingtheWorldCenturiesAgo

IfyouenjoylookingthroughtravelbooksbysuchfamiliarauthorsasArthurFrommerorEugeneFodor,itwillnotsurpriseyoutolearnthattravelwritinghasalongandvenerablehistory.Almostfromtheearliestannalsofrecordedtimeindividualshavefoundreadyaudiencesfortheiraccountsofjourneystostrangeandexoticlocales.

Oneoftheearliesttravelwriters,aGreekgeographerandhistoriannamedStrabo,livedaroundthetimeofChrist.ThoughStraboisknowntohavetraveledfromeastoftheBlackSeawesttoItalyandasfarsouthasEthiopia,healsouseddetailsgleanedfromotherwriterstoextendandenlivenhisaccounts.HismultivolumedworkGeographyprovidestheonlysurvivingaccountofthecities,peoples,customs,andgeographicalpeculiaritiesofthewholeknownworldofhistime.

Twootherclassictravelwriters,theItalianMarcoPoloandtheMoroccanIbnBattutah,livedinroughlythesametimeperiod.MarcoPolotraveledtoChinawithhisfatheranduncleinaboutA.D.1275andremainedthere16or17years,visitingseveralothercountriesduringhistravels.WhenMarcoreturnedtoItalyhedictatedhismemoirs,includingstorieshehadheardfromothers,toascribe,withtheresultingbookIlmilionebeinganinstantsuccess.Thoughdifficulttoattesttotheaccuracyofallhesays,Marco'sbookimpelledEuropeanstobegintheirgreatvoyagesofexploration.

IbnBattutah’sinterestintravelbeganonhisrequiredMuslimjourneytoMeccain1325,andduringhislifetimehejourneyedthroughallthecountrieswhereIslamheldsway.HistravelbooktheRihlahisapersonalizedaccountofdesertjourneys,courtintrigues,andeventheeffectoftheBlackDeathinthevariouslandshevisited.Inalmost30yearsoftravelingitisestimatedthatIbnBattutahcoveredmorethan75,000miles.31Thispassageismostlyabout________.[A]whypeoplefindtravelwritingexciting[B]theliterarystyleofthreeearlytravelwriters[C]wherethreeearlytravelwriterswentandwroteabout[D]howtowriteatravelbook選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：C試題解析：C本題問(wèn)是：這篇文章主要講了什么？A意思是為何人們以為旅行寫(xiě)作令人激動(dòng)。B意思是三位早期旅行作家文學(xué)格調(diào)。C意思是三位早期旅行作家去過(guò)地方以及他們寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容。D意思是怎樣寫(xiě)一部旅行作品。依照本文內(nèi)容，C選項(xiàng)最符合題意。所以C是正確答案。32IbnBattutahtraveled________.[A]toChina[B]toEthiopia[C]throughouttheMuslimworld[D]for16or17years選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：C試題解析：C本題問(wèn)是：IbnBattutah到過(guò)哪里旅行？依照最終一段第一句話：hejourneyedthroughallthecountrieswhereIslamheldsway，可知，他去過(guò)了全部穆斯林國(guó)家。所以C是正確答案。33Thebooksofthethreewriterswerepopularbecause________.[A]theylistedgoodplacestostay[B]theytoldofstrangeandexoticlocales[C]theyexplainedthebestroutestogettoplaces[D]alloftheirstorieswerefirsthandaccounts選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：B試題解析：B本題問(wèn)是：三位作家作品都很受歡迎，原因是什么？A意思是他們列出了好地方。B意思是他們寫(xiě)出了陌生外面地方。C意思是他們說(shuō)明了去一些地方最好路線。D意思使他們?nèi)抗适露际且皇仲Y料。依照第一段最終一句話可知，旅行作品吸引讀者地方在于它描述了一個(gè)陌生地方；所以，B是正確答案。34Theoverallorganizationofthispassageisthrough________.[A]chronologicalorder[B]spatialdescription[C]travelwriters'personalnarratives[D]persuasivedetails選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：A試題解析：A本題問(wèn)是：這篇文章而整體布局是依照什么？本文主要依照時(shí)間次序介紹了公元前后三位作家，按時(shí)間先后次序，所以A是正確答案。35Inthispassageattestmeansto________.[A]giveanexaminationto[B]drawamapof[C]tellliesto[D]giveproofof選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：D試題解析：D本題問(wèn)是：在這篇文章中attest是什么意思？attest出現(xiàn)在第三段最終一句話，為是表示馬可所說(shuō)無(wú)法被證實(shí)是否都屬實(shí)。A意思是考查。B意思是畫(huà)一張地圖。C意思是說(shuō)謊。D意思是證實(shí)。所以D是正確答案。HumanIngenuity

Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics—thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.

Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobo-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy—fargreaterprecisionthathighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.

Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves—goalsthatposearealchallenge.“Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror,”saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,“wecan’tyetgivearobotenough‘commonsense’toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld.”

Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.

Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated—thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofwindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon’tknowquitehowwedoit.36Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin_______.[A]theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction[B]thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry[C]theinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerouswork[D]theelite’scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：C試題解析：C細(xì)節(jié)題。答案在第一段第一句：自從開(kāi)始創(chuàng)造創(chuàng)造以來(lái)，人們一直在設(shè)計(jì)越來(lái)越多工具來(lái)應(yīng)付危險(xiǎn)、枯燥乏味、繁重或是令人討厭工作。由此可知，C為正確答案。37Theword“gizmos”(line1,paragraph2)mostprobablymeans_______.[A]programs[B]experts[C]devices[D]creatures選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：C試題解析：C語(yǔ)意題。文章第一段說(shuō)：人類創(chuàng)造了各種工具,利用各種機(jī)器為人類服務(wù)；第二段第一句說(shuō)，“結(jié)果，當(dāng)今世界出現(xiàn)了越來(lái)越多智能化gizmos”。由此能夠推斷，gizmos最有可能是機(jī)械工具一類東西，所以，選項(xiàng)C應(yīng)為正確答案。38Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman’sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan_______.[A]fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbrainsurgery[B]interactwithhumanbeingsverbally[C]havealittlecommonsense[D]respondindependentlytoachangingworld選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：D試題解析：D細(xì)節(jié)題。答案在第三段最終一句：DaveLavery說(shuō)，我們現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)法設(shè)計(jì)出能有足夠常識(shí)去應(yīng)付一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)世界機(jī)器人。D項(xiàng)：獨(dú)立地應(yīng)付一個(gè)不停改變世界，符合此意。39Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso_______.[A]makeafewdecisionsforthemselves[B]dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention[C]improvefactoryenvironments[D]cultivatehumancreativity選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：B試題解析：B細(xì)節(jié)題。還是引用第三段第二句DaveLavery話：我們知道怎樣讓機(jī)器人去應(yīng)付一個(gè)詳細(xì)錯(cuò)誤。接下來(lái)第五段第二句說(shuō)：科學(xué)家已制造出機(jī)器人能以不到一毫米精準(zhǔn)度識(shí)別機(jī)器面板上誤差?？梢?jiàn)B為正確答案。40Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare_______.[A]expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure[B]abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately[C]farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation[D]bestusedinacontrolledenvironment選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：C試題解析：C作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。作者在最終一段第二句開(kāi)始向我們傳達(dá)了這么一個(gè)信息：機(jī)器人、人工智能，即使能為人類做很多工作，但與人大腦智能、感知能力相比，還相差甚遠(yuǎn)。人類能在瞬間識(shí)別出猴子或可疑面孔。所以，C：機(jī)器人就識(shí)別相關(guān)信息而言，比人腦差得多。TheRisingOilPrice

Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime?

TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthedametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.

Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.

Richeconomicsarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomicsnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25%～0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,oilimportingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshifted—havebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.

Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.41Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis_______.[A]globalinflation[B]reductioninsupply[C]fastgrowthineconomy[D]Iraq’ssuspensionofexports選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：B試題解析：B細(xì)節(jié)題。由一段第二句可知：世界原油價(jià)格上漲是因?yàn)镺PEC決定降低供給。42Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif_______.[A]priceofcruderises[B]commoditypricesrise[C]consumptionrises[D]oiltaxesrise選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：D試題解析：D推斷題。第三段第三句說(shuō)：在歐洲，油稅占了汽油零售價(jià)五分之四。所以可推知，假如油稅上漲，汽油零售價(jià)也會(huì)隨之上漲。43TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries_______.[A]heavyindustrybecomesmoreenergy-intensive[B]incomelossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoilprices[C]manufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslysqueezed[D]oilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonGDP選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：D試題解析：D細(xì)節(jié)題。第四段第一句說(shuō)：經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家對(duì)石油依賴性比過(guò)去低，對(duì)油價(jià)浮動(dòng)也不怎么敏感。接著說(shuō)：最近一期經(jīng)濟(jì)瞭望雜志估量：和1998年每桶13美元相比，假如油價(jià)連續(xù)一年在22美元左右話，石油進(jìn)口支出也只占了發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）0.25%～0.5%。由此可知，油價(jià)上漲對(duì)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家GDP影響甚微。D項(xiàng)正確。44Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat_______.[A]oil-priceshocksarelessshockingnow[B]inflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceshocks[C]energyconservationcankeepdowntheoilprices[D]thepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyindustry選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：A試題解析：A推斷題。第三段至第五段內(nèi)容表明，這次油價(jià)上漲對(duì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)影響不大，不會(huì)像1973年、1979年、1980年那樣，引發(fā)全球恐慌。所以，A為正確答案。45Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems_______.[A]optimistic[B]sensitive[C]gloomy[D]scared選擇答案：ABCD您答案：正確答案：A試題解析：A作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。綜觀全文，結(jié)合上兩題分析，能夠看出作者對(duì)這次油價(jià)上漲影響力抱樂(lè)觀態(tài)度。補(bǔ)全短文(共5題，共10.0分)閱讀下面短文，文章中有5處空白，文章后面有6組文字，請(qǐng)依照文章內(nèi)容選擇5組文字，將其分別放回文章原有位置，以恢復(fù)文章原貌。請(qǐng)將答案涂在答題卡對(duì)應(yīng)位置上。LookingtotheFuture

Whenamagazineforhigh-schoolstudentsaskeditsreaderswhatlifewouldbelikeintwentyyears,theysaid:Machineswouldberunbysolarpower.Buildingswouldrotatesotheycouldfollowthesuntotakemaximumadvantageofitslightandheat.Wallswould“radiatelight”and“changecolorwiththepushofabutton.”Foodwouldbereplacedbypills.Schoolwouldbetaught“byelectricalimpulsewhilewesleep.”Carswouldhaveradar.Doesthissoundliketheyear?Actually,(1)andthequestionwas,“whatwilllifebelikein1978?”

Thefutureismuchtooimportanttosimplyguessabout,thewaythehighschoolstudentsdid,soexpertsareregularlyaskedtopredictaccurately.Bycarefullystudyingthepresentskilledbusinessmen,scientists,andpoliticiansaresupposedlyabletofigureoutinadvancewhatwillhappen.Butcanthey?Oneexpertoncitieswrote:(2),butwouldhavespaceforfarmsandfields.Peoplewouldtraveltoworkin“airbuses”,largeall-weatherhelicopterscarryingupto200passengers.Whenapersonlefttheairbusstationhecoulddriveacoin-operatedcarequippedwithradar.Theradarequipmentofcarswouldmaketrafficaccidents“almostunheardof”.Doesthatsoundfamiliar?Iftheexperthadbeenaccurateitwould,becausehewaswritingin1957.Hissubjectwas“Thecityof1982.”

Iftheprofessionalssometimessoundlikehigh-schoolstudents,it’sprobablybecause(3).Buteconomicforecasting,orpredictingwhattheeconomywilldo,hasbeenaroundforalongtime.Itshouldbeaccurate,andgenerallyitis.Buttherehavebeensomebigmistakesinthisfield,too.Inearly1929,mostforecaster