2019年江蘇卷、天津卷英語高考試題含答案

絕密★啟用前

2019年普通高等學校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試（江蘇卷）

英語

（滿分：120分鐘，考試時間：120分）

注意事項

考生在答題前請認真閱讀本注意事項及各題答題要求。

I.本試卷共14頁，包含選擇題（第1題~第70題，共70題）、非選擇題（第71題~第81

題，共II題）兩部分。本卷滿分為120分，考試時間為120分鐘?？荚嚱Y束后，請將

本試卷和答題卡一并交回。

2.答題前，請務必將自己的姓名、準考證號用0.5毫米黑色墨水的簽字筆填寫在試卷及答

題卡的規(guī)定位置上?

3.請認真核對監(jiān)考員在答題卡上所粘貼的條形碼上的姓名、準考證號與本人是否相符。

4.作答選擇題，必須用2B鉛筆將答題卡上對應選項的方框涂滿、涂黑；如需改動，請用

橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其他答案。作答非選擇題，必須用0.5毫米黑色墨水的簽字筆

在答題卡上的指定位置作答，在其他位置作答一律無效。

第一部分聽力（共兩節(jié)，滿分20分）

做題時.，先將答案標在試卷上。錄音內(nèi)容結束后，你將有兩分鐘的時間將試卷上的答案轉涂到答題卡上。

第一節(jié)（共5小題；每小題1分，滿分5分）

聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項。聽完每

段對話后，你都有10秒鐘的時間來回答有關小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。

例：Howmuchistheshirt?

A.￡19.15.B.￡9.18.C.￡9.15.

答案是Co

1.Wheredoesthisconversationtakeplace?

A.Inaclassroom.B.Inahospital.C.Inamuseum.

2.WhatdoesJackwanttodo?

A.Takefitnessclasses.B.Buyapairofgymshoes.C.Changehisworkschedule.

3.Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout?

A.Whattodrink.B.Wheretomeet.C.Whentoleave.

4.Whatistherelationshipbetweenthespeakers?

A.Colleges.B.Classmates.C.Strangers.

5.WhyisEmilymentionedintheconversation?

A.Shemightwantaticket.

B.Sheislookingfortheman.

C.Shehasanextraticket.

第二節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1分，滿分15分）

聽下面5段對話或獨白。每段對話或獨白后有幾個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳

選項。聽每段對話或獨白前，你將有時間閱讀各個小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的

作答時間。每段對話或獨白讀兩遍。

聽第6段材料，回答第6、7題。

6.HowlongdidJamesrunhisbusiness?

A.10years.B.13years.C.15years.

7.HowdoesthewomanfeelaboutJames*situation?

A.Embarrassed.B.Concerned.C.Disappointed.

聽第7段材料，回答第8至10題。

8.WhathasKate'smotherdecidedtodo?

A.Returntoschool.B.Changeherjob.C.Retirefromwork.

9.WhatdidKate'smotherstudyatcollege?

A.Oilpainting.B.Arthistory.C.Businessadministration.

10.WhatisKate'sattitudetowardhermother'sdecision?

A.Disapproving.B.Ambiguous.C.Understanding.

聽第8段材料，回答第11至13題。

11.Whatisthemandoing?

A.Chairingameeting.B.Hostingaradioprogram.C.Conductingajobinterview.

12.WhatbenefitsMarymostinherjob?

A.Herwidereading.B.Herleaders*guidance.C.Herfriends1help

13.WhowillMarytalkaboutnext?

A.Herteacher.B.HerfatherC.Hermother.

聽第9段材料，回答第14至17題。

14.Whydoesthemanseldomdoexercise?

A.Helacksmotivation.

B.Hehasaheartproblem.

C.Heworksallthetime.

15.WhatdoesJacobSattelmairprobablydo?

A.He*sanathlete.

B.He'saresearcher.

C.He'sajournalist.

16.Whydoesthewomanspeakofastudy?

A.Toencouragetheman.

B.Torecommendanexercise.

C.Tosupportherfindings.

17.Howmuchtimewillthemanprobablyspendexercisingweekly?

A.300minutes.

B.150minute.

C.75minutes.

聽第10段材料，回答第18至20題。

18.Whatdidthescientistsdototheroad?

A.Theyrepairedit.

B.Theypaintedit.

C.Theyblockedit

19.Whyareyoungbirdsdrawntotheroadsurface?

A.It'swarm.

B.It'sbrown.

C.It'ssmooth.

20.Whatisthepurposeofthescientists'experiment?

A.Tokeepthebirdsthereforawholeyear.

B.Tohelpstudentsstudythebirdswell.

C.Topreventthebirdsfrombeingkilled.

第二部分：英語知識運用（共兩節(jié)，滿分35分）

第一節(jié)：單項填空（共15小題；每小題1分，滿分15分）

請認真閱讀下面各題，從題中所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。

例：Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachildheorshewants.

A.howeverB.whateverC.whicheverD.whenever

答案是B。

21.Wehaveenteredintoanagedreamshavethebestchanceofcomingtrue.

D.whichA.whatC.whenD.that

22.Themusicianalongwithhisbandmemberstenperformancesinthelastthreemonths.

A.givesBhasgivenC.havegivenD.give

23.Thedoctorshareshisphonenumberwiththepatientstheyneedmedicalassistance.

A.ifonlyB.asifC.eventhoughD.incase

24.Morewindpowerstationswilltomeetthedemandforcleanenergy.

A.takeupB.clearupC.holdupD.springup

25.Scientistshaveobtainedmoreevidenceplasticisfindingitswayintothehumanbody.

A.whatB.thatC.whichD.where

26.Nowadaysthefortravellingisshiftedfromshoppingtofoodandscenery.

A.priorityB.potentialCproportionD.pension

27.Favorablepoliciesaretoencourageemployees'professionaldevelopment.

A.ineffectB.incommandC.inturnD.inshape

28.Unliketraditionalgyms,app-backedgymsofferpeopleoptionstoexercise.

A.casualB.regularC.flexibleD.tight

29.AfewmonthsafterhehadaiTivedinChina,Mr.Smithinlovewiththepeopleandculturethere.

A.wouldfallB.hadfallenC.hasfallenD.fell

30.theconvenienceofdigitalpayment,manyseniorcitizensstartedtousesmartphones.

A.ToenjoyB.EnjoyingC.lbhaveenjoyedD.Enjoy

31.Whatapity!Youmissedthesightseeing,orweagoodtimetogether.

A.hadB.willhaveC.wouldhavehadD.hadhad

32.China'simageisimprovingsteadily,withmorecountriesitsroleininternationalaffairs.

A.recognizingB.beingrecognizedC.toberecognizedD.recognized

33.Theyaretryingtomakesurethat5Gterminalsby2022fortheBeijingWinerOlympics.

A.willinstallB.willhavebeeninstalledC.areinstalledD.havebeeninstalled

34.Acityistheproductofthehumanhandandmind,man'sintelligenceandcreativity.

A.resemblingB.reflectingC.reviewingD.restoring

35.一Lei'stakeacoffeebreak.

一We'vebeenworkingforhours.

A.Whybother?B.Whatfor?C.Yougotmethere.D.Yousaidit.

第二節(jié)：完形填空（共20小題：每小題1分，滿分20分）

請認真閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上

將該項涂黑。

Wildlifehasbeengreatlythreatenedinthemodemage.Therearespecies（月勿種）thatare36everyday.

Thewhite-napedcraneisatypicalexample.Soscientistsaretryingtheirbestto37thespeciesfromgoing

outofexistence.

ChrisandTimworkatazoo,helpingendangeredcraneswiththeir38.Emma,afemalecrane,has

beenintheir39sinceshearrivedin2004.

Bomataninternationalcranefoundation,Emmawas40byhumancaretakers.Thisledtoan

unexpected41thoughshehadawonderfultimethere.Emmahad42takenherselfasacraneand

becomedeeplyattachedtohumans.She43tolivewithmalecranes,andevenhada44forkillingsome

ofthem,whichmadeit45fbrhertobecomeamother.

46,thetwozookeepersdidn'twanttoseetheextinction（滅絕）ofthispreciousspecies.Withtheir

patienceandefforts,theysuccessfullydevelopeda47ofartificialbreeding（人工繁殖）andnatural

reproduction.This48Emmatogivebirthtofivebabycranes.

Thetwokeepersareproudoftheirproductivework.Butbeforetheycanbe49,moreeffortsmustbe

made,becausethepopulationofthecraneinthewildisonthe50,andmanyotherspeciesappearheaded

towardextinction.51noteveryonehasrealizedthatwildlifehasthoughts,feelings,andmostimportantly,

equalrightstosurvive.

Howcanwe52theever-wideninggapthatseparatesusfromotheranimals?ChrisandTimofferedus

the53:humanbeingstookitforgrantedthattheir54heldallthesolutions,butmaybetheirheartscan

beabetter55.

36.A.growingB.migratingC.competingD.disappearing

37.A.banB.saveC.splitD.remove

38.A.abortionB.recreationC.reproductionD.administration

40.A.foundB.chosenC.raisedD.seized

41.A.bonusB.consequenceC.victoryD.sacrifice

42.A.neverB.alwaysC.unluckilyD.cheerfully

43.A.likedB.refusedC.decidedD.hesitated

44.A.giftB.skillC.concernD.reputation

45.A.illegalB.inspiringC.importantD.impossible

46.A.ThereforeB.MoreoverC.HoweverD.Instead

47.A.combinationB.collectionC.strategyD.system

48.A.forcedB.forbadeC.taughtD.enabled

49.A.defeatedB.gratefulC.assuredD.tolerant

50.A.itB.riseC.agendaD.decline

51.A.IncontrastB.AfterallC.BythewayD.Onthecontrary

52.A.leaveB.bridgeC.openD.identify

53.A.courseB.excuseC.answerD.reward

54.A.brainsB.behaviorsC.servicesD.projects

55.A.guideB.treatC.exampleD.companion

第三部分：閱讀理解（共15小題；每小題2分，滿分30分）

請認真閱讀下列短文，從短文后各題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將

該項涂黑。

A

Whateveryourageorinterests,Buxtonhas

somethingtoseeordotomakeyourvisittruly

memorable.

Hiqhenergy

Ifyoudesirephysicalactivities,youcanchooseactivitiesfromswimmingtohorse

riding.ExploretheheightswithGoApe,thehighwireforest

adventurecourse,orjourneybeneaththeearthatPoole's

Cavern.Anddon'tforget:wearesurroundedbyanatural

playgroundjustperfectforwalking,caving,climbingand

cycling.

Highminded

Buxtonisjustifiablyproudofitsculturallifeandyou*11findmuchtosuitalltasteswith

art,music,operaandtheperformingartsatBuxtonOperaHouse&PavilionArtsCentreand

GreenManGallery.Thereareplentyofopportunitiesfbrthecreativepersontobecome

involved,includingworkshopsandevents.

Keepingthekidshappy

Childrenlovethesmalltrainandplaygroundsinthe

PavilionGardensandthere'splentymoretoexploreat

theBuxtonMuseum.There'sanewindoorplay

centre,plusthespecialeventsandworkshops,and

othersduringschoolholidayperiods

56.Ifyouwanttotakeanundergounldjourney,whichplaceisthebestchoice?

A.Pole'sCaven.B.PavilionGardens.

C.BuxtonMuseum.D.GreenManGallery.

57.BuxtonOpenHouse&PavilionArtsCentreisspecialbecauseitoffers.

A.ridesinsmalltrains

B.coursesinmodemarts

C.artisticandculturalactivities

D.basiccoursesinhorseriding

B

Inthe1960s,whilestudyingthevolcanichistoryofYellowstoneNationalPark,BobChristiansenbecame

puzzledaboutsomethingthat,oddly,hadnottroubledanyonebefore：hecouldn'tfindthepark'svolcano.Ithad

beenknownforalongtimethatYellowstonewasvolcanicinnature-that'swhataccountedforallitshotsprings

andothersteamyfeatures.ButChristiansencouldn'tfindtheYellowstonevolcanoanywhere.

Mostofus,whenwetalkaboutvolcanoes,thinkoftheclassiccone（圓錐體）shapesofaFujiorKilimanjaro,

whicharecreatedwheneruptingmagma（巖漿）pilesup.Thesecanformremarkablyquickly.In1943,aMexican

farmerwassurprisedtoseesmokerisingfromasmallpartofhisland.Inoneweekhewastheconfusedownerofa

conefivehundredfeethigh.Withintwoyearsithadtoppedoutatalmostfourteenhundredfeetandwasmorethan

halfamileacross.AltogethertherearesometenthousandofthesevolcanoesonEarth,allbutafewhundredof

themextinct.Thereis,however,asecondlesknowntypeofvolcanothatdoesn'tinvolvemountainbuilding.These

arevolcanoessoexplosivethattheyburstopeninasinglebigcrack,leavingbehindavasthole,thecaldera.

Yellowstoneobviouslywasofthissecondtype,butChristiansencouldn'tfindthecalderaanywhere.

JustatthistimeNASAdecidedtotestsomenewhigh-altitudecamerasbytakingphotographsofYellowstone.

Athoughtfulofficialpassedonsomeofthecopiestotheparkauthoritiesontheassumptionthattheymightmakea

niceblow-upforoneofthevisitors'centers.AssoonasChristiansensawthephotos,herealizedwhyhehadfailed

tospotthecaldera;almostthewholepark-2.2millionacres—wascaldera.Theexplosionhadleftaholemorethan

fortymilesacross一muchtoohugetobeseenfromanywhereatgroundlevel.AtsometimeinthepastYellowstone

musthaveblownupwithaviolencefarbeyondthescaleofanythingknowntohumans.

58.WhatpuzzledChristiansenwhenhewasstudyingYellowstone?

A.Itscomplicatedgeographicalfeatures.

B.Itsever-lastinginfluenceontourism.

C.Themysterioushistoryofthepark.

D.Theexactlocationofthevolcano.

59.Whatdoesthesecond-paragraphmainlytalkabout?

A.Theshapesofvolcanoes.

B.Theimpactsofvolcanoes.

C.Theactivitiesofvolcanoes.

D.Theheightsofvolcanoes.

60.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"blow-up“inthelastparagraphmostprobablymean?

A.Hot-airballoon.B.Digitalcamera.

C.Bigphotograph.D.Bird'sview.

C

WhocaresifpeoplethinkwronglythattheInternethashadmoreimportantinfluencesthanthewashing

machine?Whydoesitmatterthatpeoplearemoreimpressedbythemostrecentchanges?

Itwouldnotmatterifthesemisjudgmentswerejustamatterofpeople'sopinions.However,theyhavereal

impacts,astheyresultinmisguideduseofscarceresources.

ThefascinationwiththeICT(InformationandCommunicationTechnology)revolution,representedbythe

Internet,hasmadesomerichcountrieswronglyconcludethatmakingthingsissonyesterdayuthattheyshouldtry

toliveonideas.Thisbeliefin''post-industrialsociety"hasledthosecountriestoneglecttheirmanufacturing

sector(制造業(yè))withnegativeconsequencesfortheireconomies.

Evenmoreworryingly,thefascinationwiththeInternetbypeopleinrichcountrieshasmovedthe

internationalcommunitytoworryaboutthe"digitaldivide"betweentherichcountriesandthepoorcountries.This

hasledcompaniesandindividualstodonatemoneytodevelopingcountriestobuycomputerequipmentand

Internetfacilities.Thequestion,however,iswhetherthisiswhatthedevelopingcountriesneedthemost.Perhaps

givingmoneyforthoselessfashionablethingssuchasdiggingwells,extendingelectricitynetworksandmaking

moreaffordablewashingmachineswouldhaveimprovedpeople'slivesmorethangivingeverychildalaptop

computerorsettingupInternetcentresinruralvillages,Iamnotsayingthatthosethingsarenecessarilymore

important,butmanydonatorshaverushedintofancyprogrammeswithoutcarefullyassessingtherelativelong-term

costsandbenefitsofalternativeusesoftheirmoney.

Inyetanotherexample,afascinationwiththenewhasledpeopletobelievethattherecentchangesinthe

technologiesofcommunicationsandtransportationaresorevolutionarythatnowweliveina"borderlessworld".

Asaresult,inthelasttwentyyearsorso,manypeoplehavecometobelievethatwhateverchangeishappening

todayistheresultofgreattechnologicalprogress,goingagainstwhichwillbeliketryingtoturntheclockback.

Believinginsuchaworld,manygovernmentshaveputanendtosomeoftheverynecessaryregulationson

cross-borderflowsofcapital,labourandgoods,withpoorresults.

Understandingtechnologicaltrendsisveryimportantforcorrectlydesigningeconomicpolicies,bothatthe

nationalandtheinternationallevels,andformakingtherightcareerchoicesattheindividuallevel.However,our

fascinationwiththelatest,andourundervaluationofwhathasalreadybecomecommon,can,andhas,ledusinall

sortsofwrongdirections.

61.Misjudgmentsontheinfluencesofnewtechnologycanleadto.

A.alackofconfidenceintechnology

Baslowprogressintechnology

C.aconflictofpublicopinions

D.awasteoflimitedresources

62.TheexampleinParagraph4suggeststhatdonatorsshould.

A.takepeople'sessentialneedsintoaccount

B.maketheirprogrammesattractivetopeople

C.ensurethateachchildgetsfinancialsupport

Dprovidemoreaffordableinternetfacilities

63.Whathasledmanygovernmentstoremovenecessaryregulations?

A.Neglectingtheimpactsoftechnologicaladvances.

B.Believingthattheworldhasbecomeborderless.

C.Ignoringthepowerofeconomicdevelopment.

D.Over-emphasizingtheroleofinternationalcommunication.

64.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.Peopleshouldbeencouragedtomakemoredonations.

B.Traditionaltechnologystillhasaplacenowadays.

C.Makingrightcareerchoicesiscrucialtopersonalsuccess.

D.Economicpoliciesshouldfollowtechnologicaltrends.

D

The65-year-oldSteveGoodwinwasfoundsufferingfromearlyAlzheimer's（阿爾楚海默癥）.Hewaslosing

hismemory.

Asoftwareengineerbyprofession,Stevewasakeenloverofthepiano,andtheonlymusicianinhisfamily.

Musicwashistruepassion,thoughhehadneverperformedoutsidethefamily.

Melissa,hisdaughter,feltitmorethanworthwhiletosavehismusic,towhichshefellasleepcatchnightwhen

shewasyoung.Shethoughtabouthiringaprofessionalpianisttoworkwithherfather.

Naomi,Melissa'sbestfriendandatalentedpianist,gottoknowaboutthisandshowedwillingnesstohelp.

“Whydothis?”Stevewondered.

“Becauseshecares.,,Melissasaid.

Stevenodded,tearsineye.

NaomidrovetotheGoodwinhome.ShetoldSteveshe'dlovetohearhimplay.Stevemovedtothepianoand

satatthebench,handstremblingashegentlyplacedhisfingersonthekeys.

Naomiputasmallrecordernearthepiano,Startsandstopsandmistakes.Longpauses,heartsinking.ButSteve

pressedon,playingforthefirsttimeinhislifeforastranger.

“Itwasbeautiful.0Naomisaidafterlisteningtotherecording."Themusicwasworthsaving.^^

Herresponsibility,herprivilege,wouldbetorescueit.ThemusicwassillinSteveGoodwin.Itwasbiddenin

roomswithdoorsabouttobelocked.

NaomiandStevemeteveryotherweekandspenthourstogether.He'dmovehisfingersclumsilyonthepiano,

andthenshe'dtakehisplace.Hestruggledtoexplainwhatheheardinhishead.Hestoodbythepiano,eyesclosed,

listeningforthefirsttimetohisownworkbeingplayedbysomeoneelse.

SteveandNaomispokeinmusicalcodelines,beats,intervals,movingfromtheroottoendasonginanewkey.

Steveheardit.Allofit.Hejustcouldn'tplayit.

WorkingwithNaomididwondersforSteve.Ithadexcitedwithinhimthebeliefhecouldwriteonelastsong.

Oneday,Naomireceivedanemail.Attachedwasarecording,arecordingoflossandlove,ofthefight.Steve

calledit“MelancholyFlower”.

Naomiheardmultiplestopsandstarts,Stevestruggling,searchingwhilehiswifeJonicalledhim“honey"and

encouragedhim.Thetaskwassohard,andSteve,angryandupset,saidhewasquitting.Jonipraisedhim,telling

herhusbandthiscouldbehissignaturepiece.

Naomimanagedtofigureout16ofSteve'sfavorite,andmostpersonalsongs.WithNaomi'shelp,theGoodwin

familyfoundasoundengineertorecordNaomiplayingSteve'ssongs.Jonithoughtthatwouldbetheend.Butit

wasn't.

Inthemonthsleadinguptothe2016OregonRepertorySingersChristmasconcert,Naomitoldthedirectorshe

hadaspecialoneinmind:"MelancholyFlower”

ShetoldthedirectoraboutherprojectwithSteve.Thedirectoragreedtoaddittotheplayinglist.ButNaomi

wouldhavetoaskSteve'spermission.Heconsidereditanhonor.

Aftertheconcert,NaomitoldthefamilythatSteve'smusicwasbeautifulandprofessional.Itneededtobe

sharedinpublic.

ThefamilyrentedaformerchurchindowntownPortlandandscheduledaconcert.Bythedayoftheshow,

morethan300peoplehadsaidtheywouldattend.

Bythen,Stevewashavingahardtimerememberingthenamesofsomeofhisfriends.Heknewthepathhislife

wasnowtaking.Hetoldhisfamilyhewasatpeace.

Stevearrivedandsatinthefrontrow,surroundedbyhisfamily.Thehouselightsfaded.Naomitookthestage.

Herfingers.Hisheart.

65.WhydidMelissawanttosaveherfather'smusic?

A.Hismusiccouldstophisdiseasefromworsening.

B.Shewantedtopleaseherdyingoldfather.

C.Hismusicdeservedtobepreservedinthefamily.

D.Shewantedtomakeherfatheraprofessional.

66.AfterhearingSteve'splaying,Naomi.

A.refusedtomakeacommentonit

B.wasdeeplyimpressedbyhismusic

C.decidedtofreeStevefromsuffering

D.regrettedofferinghelptoherfriend

67.HowcantheprocessofSteve'srecordingbedescribed?

A.Itwasslowbutproductive.

B.Itwasbeneficialtohishealth.

C.ItwastiresomeforNaomi.

D.ItwasvitalforNaomi'scareer.

68.BeforeStevefinished"MelancholyFlower/*hiswifeJoni.

A.thoughtthemusictalentofStevewasexhausted

B.didn'texpectthedamagethediseasebroughtabout

C.didn'tfullyrealizethevalueofherhusband'smusic

D.broughtherhusband'smusiccareertoperfection

69.HowdidStevefeelattheconcertheldindowntownPortland?

A.Hefeltconcernedabouthisillness.

B.Hesensedaresponsibilityformusic.

C.Heregainedhisfaithinmusic.

D.Hegotintoastateofquiet.

70.Whatcanbeasuitabletitlefbrthepassage?

A.TheKindnessofFriends

B.ThePowerofMusic

C.TheMakingofaMusician

D.TheValueofDetermination

第四部分：任務型閱讀（共10小題；每小題1分，滿分10分）

請認真閱讀下面短文，并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個最恰當?shù)膯卧~。

注意：請將答案寫在答題卡上相應題號的橫線上。每個空格只填一個單詞。

TheCostofThinking

Despitetheirmanydifferences,allhumanbeingsshareseveraldefiningcharacteristics,suchaslargebrains

andtheabilitytowalkuprightontwolegs.

Thefirstuniquehumancharacteristicisthathumanshaveextraordinarilylargebrainscomparedwithother

animals.Itseemsobviousthatevolutionshouldselectforlargerbrains.Mammals（哺孚L動物）weighingsixty

2n

kilogramshaveanaveragebrainsizeof200cm.Modernmanhasabrainaveraging1200-1400cm.Weareso

fondofourhighintelligencethatweassumethatwhenitcomestobrainpower,moremustbebetter.Unfortunately,

thatisnotthecase.

Thefactisthatahugebrainisahugedrain—consumptionofenergy-onthebody.I'snoteasytocarry

around,especiallywhenboxedinsideamassiveskull(傾骨).It'sevenhardertoprovidesenergy.Inmodernman,

thebrainaccountsforabout2-3%oftotalbodyweightbutitconsumes25%ofthebody*senergywhenthebodyis

atrest.Bycomparison,thebrainsofapes(類人猿)requireonly8%ofrest-timeenergy.Earlyhumanspadfortheir

largebrainsintwoways.Firstly,theyspentmoretimeinsearchfood.Secondly,theirmusclesgrewsmallerand

weaker.Itshardlyanobviousconclusionthatthisisagoodwaytosurvive.Achimpanzee(黑猩猩)can'twinan

argumentwithamodernman,butitcantearthemanapartlikearagdoll.

Anotheruniquehumancharacteristicisthatwewalkupright.Standingup,it'seasiertofindfoodorenemies.

Inaddition,theirarmsthatareunnecessaryformovingaroundarefreedforotherpurposes,likethrowingstonesor

signaling.Asaresult,humanscanperformverycomplextaskswiththeirhands.

Yetwalkinguprighthasitsdisadvantage.Thebonestructureofourancestorsdevelopedformillionsofyears

tosupportacreaturethatwalkedonallfoursandhasarelativelysmallhead.Adjustingtoanuprightpositionwas

quiteachallenge,especiallywhentheboneshadtosupportanextra-largeskull.Humankindpaidforitsbroad

visionandskillfulhandsbackachesandpainfulnecks.

Weassumethatalargebrainmakeshugeadvantages.Itseemsobviousthatthesehavemadehumankindthe

mostpowerfulanimalonearth.Buthumansenjoyedalloftheseadvantagesforafull2millionyearsduringwhich

theyremainedweakandmarginalcreature.Thushumanswholivedamillionyearsago,despitetheirbigbrainsand

sharpstonetools,livedinconstantfearofmeat-eatinganimals.

TheCostofThinking

Introduction?Largebrainsfortheirbodiesandtheabilitytowalkuprightaretwo