全美國(guó)聯(lián)邦刑事訴訟規(guī)則（中英文對(duì)照）

美國(guó)聯(lián)邦刑事訴訟規(guī)則（中英文對(duì)照）TableofContents目錄TitleI.Applicability第一章適用范圍TitleII.PreliminaryProceedings第二章預(yù)備訴訟TitleIII.TheGrandJury,theIndictment,andtheInformation第三章大陪審團(tuán),起訴書和相關(guān)信息TitleIV.ArraignmentandPreparationforTrial第四章傳訊和準(zhǔn)備審判TitleV.Venue第五章審判地點(diǎn)TitleVI.Trial第六章審判TitleVII.Post-ConvictionProcedures第七章定罪后程序TitleVIII.SupplementaryandSpecialProceedings第8章補(bǔ)充訴訟和特別訴訟TitleIX.GeneralProvisions第九章一般規(guī)定部分章節(jié)示例如下：Rule5.InitialAppearance規(guī)則5.初次出庭(a)InGeneral.一般規(guī)定。(1)AppearanceUponanArrest.被捕時(shí)出庭。(A)ApersonmakinganarrestwithintheUnitedStatesmusttakethedefendantwithoutunnecessarydelaybeforeamagistratejudge,orbeforeastateorlocaljudicialofficerasRule5(c)provides,unlessastatuteprovidesotherwise.在美國(guó)境內(nèi)實(shí)施逮捕的人應(yīng)當(dāng)按照規(guī)則5(c)條的規(guī)定，毫不拖延地將被告帶見聯(lián)邦治安法官，或州或地方司法官員，除非法規(guī)另有規(guī)定。(B)ApersonmakinganarrestoutsidetheUnitedStatesmusttakethedefendantwithoutunnecessarydelaybeforeamagistratejudge,unlessastatuteprovidesotherwise.在美國(guó)境外實(shí)施逮捕的人應(yīng)當(dāng)毫不拖延地將被告送交聯(lián)邦治安法官，除非法規(guī)另有規(guī)定。(2)Exceptions.例外情況。(A)Anofficermakinganarrestunderawarrantissueduponacomplaintchargingsolelyaviolationof18U.S.C.§1073neednotcomplywiththisruleif:如果系下列情況，實(shí)施逮捕的人對(duì)僅僅違反美國(guó)法典第18章1073條而被指控所簽發(fā)的逮捕證則不必依據(jù)本條規(guī)則：(i)thepersonarrestedistransferredwithoutunnecessarydelaytothecustodyofappropriatestateorlocalauthoritiesinthedistrictofarrest;and被逮捕的人立即被移送到有關(guān)州或地方當(dāng)局的拘留所；和(ii)anattorneyforthegovernmentmovespromptly,inthedistrictwherethewarrantwasissued,todismissthecomplaint.聯(lián)邦檢察官在發(fā)出逮捕證的地區(qū)迅速采取行動(dòng)，駁回控訴。(B)Ifadefendantisarrestedforviolatingprobationorsupervisedrelease,Rule32.1applies.如果被告因違反緩刑或監(jiān)督釋放而被捕，則適用第32.1條。(C)Ifadefendantisarrestedforfailingtoappearinan-otherdistrict,Rule40applies.如果被告因未在其他地區(qū)出庭而被捕，則適用第40條。(3)AppearanceUponaSummons.WhenadefendantappearsinresponsetoasummonsunderRule4,amagistratejudgemustproceedunderRule5(d)or(e),asapplicable.收到傳票后出庭。當(dāng)被告根據(jù)規(guī)則對(duì)傳票做出回應(yīng)時(shí)，再審法官應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)規(guī)則5(D)或(E)酌情行事。(b)ArrestWithoutaWarrant.Ifadefendantisarrestedwithoutawarrant,acomplaintmeetingRule4(a)’srequirementofprobablecausemustbepromptlyfiledinthedistrictwheretheoffensewasallegedlycommitted.在沒有逮捕證的情況下被捕。如果被告在沒有逮捕證的情況下被逮捕，應(yīng)當(dāng)在據(jù)稱犯罪的地區(qū)迅速提出符合第4條(a)款關(guān)于可能原因的控訴。(c)PlaceofInitialAppearance;TransfertoAnotherDistrict.首次出庭地點(diǎn)；轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)地區(qū)。(1)ArrestintheDistrictWheretheOffenseWasAllegedlyCommitted.Ifthedefendantisarrestedinthedistrictwheretheoffensewasallegedlycommitted:在涉嫌犯罪的地區(qū)逮捕。如果被告人在據(jù)稱犯罪的地區(qū)被捕：(A)theinitialappearancemustbeinthatdistrict;and初次出庭應(yīng)當(dāng)在該地區(qū)；和(B)ifamagistratejudgeisnotreasonablyavailable,theinitialappearancemaybebeforeastateorlocaljudicialofficer.如果聯(lián)邦治安法官不能合理地到庭，最初的出庭可能是在州或地方司法官員面前。(2)ArrestinaDistrictOtherThanWheretheOffenseWasAllegedlyCommitted.Ifthedefendantwasarrestedinadistrictotherthanwheretheoffensewasallegedlycommitted,theinitialappearancemustbe:在非涉嫌違法的地區(qū)逮捕。如果被告人在涉嫌犯罪的地方以外的其他地區(qū)被捕，則初次出庭應(yīng)當(dāng)是：(A)inthedistrictofarrest;or在逮捕區(qū)；或者(B)inanadjacentdistrictif:在鄰近地區(qū)，如果：(i)theappearancecanoccurmorepromptlythere;or可以在該位置更迅速地出庭；或者(ii)theoffensewasallegedlycommittedthereandtheinitialappearancewilloccuronthedayofarrest.據(jù)稱罪行是在那里犯下的，最初的出庭將安排在逮捕之日。(3)ProceduresinaDistrictOtherThanWheretheOffenseWasAllegedlyCommitted.Iftheinitialappearanceoccursinadistrictotherthanwheretheoffensewasallegedlycommitted,thefollowingproceduresapply:涉嫌犯罪以外的地區(qū)的程序。如果在罪行發(fā)生在涉嫌犯以外的地區(qū)的初次出庭，則下列程序適用：(A)themagistratejudgemustinformthedefendantabouttheprovisionsofRule20;聯(lián)邦治安法官應(yīng)當(dāng)將第20條的規(guī)定告知被告人;(B)ifthedefendantwasarrestedwithoutawarrant,thedistrictcourtwheretheoffensewasallegedlycommittedmustfirstissueawarrantbeforethemagistratejudgetransfersthedefendanttothatdistrict;如果被告是在沒有逮捕證的情況下被逮捕的，據(jù)稱犯罪的地區(qū)法院應(yīng)當(dāng)首先發(fā)出逮捕證，然后由聯(lián)邦治安法官將被告移交該地區(qū)；(C)themagistratejudgemustconductapreliminaryhearingifrequiredbyRule5.1;如果規(guī)則5.1要求，治安法官應(yīng)當(dāng)進(jìn)行預(yù)審；(D)themagistratejudgemusttransferthedefendanttothedistrictwheretheoffensewasallegedlycommittedif:如果是以下情況，聯(lián)邦治安法官應(yīng)當(dāng)將被告人轉(zhuǎn)移到在據(jù)稱犯罪的地區(qū)：(i)thegovernmentproducesthewarrant,acertifiedcopyofthewarrant,orareliableelectronicformofeither;and聯(lián)邦出示逮捕證、經(jīng)核證的逮捕證副本或其中任何一種的可靠電子形式；和(ii)thejudgefindsthatthedefendantisthesamepersonnamedintheindictment,information,orwarrant;and法官認(rèn)定被告人是在起訴書、公訴書、或逮捕證為同一人姓名;和(E)whenadefendantistransferredanddischarged,theclerkmustpromptlytransmitthepapersandanybailtotheclerkinthedistrictwheretheoffensewasallegedlycommitted.當(dāng)被告人被轉(zhuǎn)移和釋放時(shí)，書記官應(yīng)當(dāng)立即將文件和任何保釋金轉(zhuǎn)交據(jù)稱犯罪的地區(qū)的書記官。(4)ProcedureforPersonsExtraditedtotheUnitedStates.IfthedefendantissurrenderedtotheUnitedStatesinaccordancewitharequestforthedefendant’sextradition,theinitialappearancemustbeinthedistrict(oroneofthedistricts)wheretheoffenseischarged.引渡至美國(guó)的程序。如果根據(jù)被告人的引渡請(qǐng)求將被告人移交給美國(guó)，則初次出庭應(yīng)當(dāng)在指控該罪行的地區(qū)（或其中一個(gè)地區(qū)）。(d)ProcedureinaFelonyCase.重罪案件中的程序。(1)Advice.Ifthedefendantischargedwithafelony,thejudgemustinformthedefendantofthefollowing:(A)thecomplaintagainstthedefendant,andanyaffidavitfiledwithit;通知。如果被告被控犯有重罪，法官應(yīng)當(dāng)將以下情況通知被告：(A)對(duì)被告的控訴，以及向其提交的任何宣誓口供；(B)thedefendant’srighttoretaincounselortorequestthatcounselbeappointedifthedefendantcannotobtaincounsel;如果被告人無法聘請(qǐng)律師，被告人有保留聘請(qǐng)律師或要求任命律師的權(quán)利；(C)thecircumstances,ifany,underwhichthedefendantmaysecurepretrialrelease;這種情況下，如有，在其下被告人可以確保審前釋放;(D)anyrighttoapreliminaryhearing;and獲得初步聆訊的任何權(quán)利；和(E)thedefendant’srightnottomakeastatement,andthatanystatementmademaybeusedagainstthedefendant;and被告有權(quán)不作陳述，任何陳述均可對(duì)被告使用；以及(F)thatadefendantwhoisnotaUnitedStatescitizenmayrequestthatanattorneyforthegovernmentorafederallawenforcementofficialnotifyaconsularofficerfromthedefendant’scountryofnationalitythatthedefendanthasbeenarrested—butthatevenwithoutthedefendant’srequest,atreatyorotherinternationalagreementmayrequireconsularnotification.非美國(guó)公民的被告可要求檢察官或聯(lián)邦司法官員通知被告國(guó)籍國(guó)的領(lǐng)事官員被告已被逮捕是公訴書，但即使沒有被告的要求，條約或其他國(guó)際協(xié)定也可能要求通知領(lǐng)事。(2)ConsultingwithCounsel.Thejudgemustallowthedefendantreasonableopportunitytoconsultwithcounsel.咨詢律師。該法官應(yīng)當(dāng)允許被告人合理的機(jī)會(huì)向律師咨詢。(3)DetentionorRelease.Thejudgemustdetainorreleasethedefendantasprovidedbystatuteortheserules.拘留或釋放。該法官應(yīng)當(dāng)按照法律或本規(guī)則的規(guī)定拘留或釋放被告人。(4)Plea.AdefendantmaybeaskedtopleadonlyunderRule10.（4）認(rèn)罪。被告只能根據(jù)第10條進(jìn)行辯護(hù)。(e)ProcedureinaMisdemeanorCase.Ifthedefendantischargedwithamisdemeanoronly,thejudgemustinformthedefendantinaccordancewithRule58(b)(2).輕罪案件的程序。如果被告僅被控犯有輕罪，法官應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)規(guī)則58(B)（2)通知被告）。(f)ReminderofProsecutorialObligation.對(duì)起訴義務(wù)的提示。(1)Ingeneral.Inallcriminalproceedings,onthefirstscheduledcourtdatewhenbothprosecutoranddefensecounselarepresent,thejudgeshallissueanoralandwrittenordertoprosecutionanddefensecounselthatconfirmsthedisclosureobligationoftheprosecutorunderBradyv.Maryland,373U.S.83(1963)anditsprogeny,andthepossibleconsequencesofviolatingsuchorderunderapplicablelaw.(1)一般而言。在所有刑事訴訟中，在檢察官和辯護(hù)律師出庭的第一個(gè)預(yù)定的法庭日期，法官應(yīng)向檢察官和辯護(hù)律師發(fā)出口頭和書面法令，確認(rèn)檢察官根據(jù)Brady訴Marlandy，373U.S.83（1963）及其后果的披露義務(wù)，以及根據(jù)適用法律違反這一法令可能產(chǎn)生的后果。(2)Formationoforder.Eachjudicialcouncilinwhichadistrictcourtislocatedshallpromulgateamodelorderforthepurposeofparagraph(1)thatthecourtmayuseasitdeterminesisappropriate.法令的做出。地區(qū)法院所在的每個(gè)司法委員會(huì)應(yīng)頒布一項(xiàng)示范法令，以便法院確定適當(dāng)時(shí)使用第（1）款。(g)VideoTeleconferencing.Videoteleconferencingmaybeusedtoconductanappearanceunderthisruleifthedefendantconsents.視頻電話會(huì)議。如果被告人同意，視頻電話會(huì)議可用于根據(jù)此規(guī)則進(jìn)行出庭。Rule5.1.PreliminaryHearing規(guī)則5.1初次聆訊(a)InGeneral.Ifadefendantischargedwithanoffenseotherthanapettyoffense,amagistratejudgemustconductapreliminaryhearingunless:一般規(guī)定。如果被告人被指控不是輕罪而是其他的罪行，聯(lián)邦治安法官應(yīng)當(dāng)進(jìn)行初步聆訊，除非：(1)thedefendantwaivesthehearing;被告人放棄聆訊；(2)thedefendantisindicted;被告人被起訴；(3)thegovernmentfilesaninformationunderRule7(b)chargingthedefendantwithafelony;在公訴人文件的公訴書根據(jù)第7（b）用重罪充電被告人;(4)thegovernmentfilesaninformationchargingthedefendantwithamisdemeanor;or公訴人根據(jù)第7條(b)項(xiàng)提交資料，指控被告犯有重罪；(5)thedefendantischargedwithamisdemeanorandconsentstotrialbeforeamagistratejudge.被告被控犯有輕罪，并同意由聯(lián)邦治安法官審判。(b)SelectingaDistrict.Adefendantarrestedinadistrictotherthanwheretheoffensewasallegedlycommittedmayelecttohavethepreliminaryhearingconductedinthedistrictwheretheprosecutionispending.選擇地區(qū)。在據(jù)稱犯罪地點(diǎn)以外的地區(qū)被捕的被告可選擇在有待起訴的地區(qū)舉行預(yù)審。(c)Scheduling.Themagistratejudgemustholdthepreliminaryhearingwithinareasonabletime,butnolaterthan14daysaftertheinitialappearanceifthedefendantisincustodyandnolaterthan21daysifnotincustody.日程安排。聯(lián)邦治安法官應(yīng)當(dāng)在合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)舉行預(yù)審，但不遲于被告人被拘留的初次出庭后14天，不遲于未被拘留的21天。(d)ExtendingtheTime.Withthedefendant’sconsentanduponashowingofgoodcause—takingintoaccountthepublicinterestinthepromptdispositionofcriminalcases—amagistratejudgemayextendthetimelimitsinRule5.1(c)oneormoretimes.Ifthedefendantdoesnotconsent,themagistratejudgemayextendthetimelimitsonlyonashowingthatextraordinarycircumstancesexistandjusticerequiresthedelay.延長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。在被告人同意下，并在證明有正當(dāng)理由的情況下----考慮到對(duì)迅速處理刑事案件的公共利益----聯(lián)邦治安法官可將規(guī)則第5.1(c)條的時(shí)限延長(zhǎng)一次或多次。如果被告人不同意，治安法官只能在證明存在特殊情況和司法需要延展的情況下延長(zhǎng)時(shí)限。(e)HearingandFinding.Atthepreliminaryhearing,thedefendantmaycross-examineadversewitnessesandmayintroduceevidencebutmaynotobjecttoevidenceonthegroundthatitwasunlawfullyacquired.Ifthemagistratejudgefindsprobablecausetobelieveanoffensehasbeencommittedandthedefendantcommittedit,themagistratejudgemustpromptlyrequirethedefendanttoappearforfurtherproceedings.聆聽和認(rèn)定。在初步聆訊中，被告可詢問對(duì)方證人，并可提出證據(jù)，但不得以證據(jù)是非法取得為由質(zhì)疑證據(jù)。如果聯(lián)邦治安法官認(rèn)為有可能的理由相信已經(jīng)犯下了罪行，而被告犯下了罪行，法官應(yīng)當(dāng)立即要求被告出庭接受進(jìn)一步的訴訟。(f)DischargingtheDefendant.Ifthemagistratejudgefindsnoprobablecausetobelieveanoffensehasbeencommittedorthedefendantcommittedit,themagistratejudgemustdismissthecomplaintanddischargethedefendant.Adischargedoesnotprecludethegovernmentfromlaterprosecutingthedefendantforthesameoffense.如果證據(jù)表明不存在合理根據(jù)相信犯罪已經(jīng)發(fā)生或者由被告人所為，聯(lián)邦治安法官應(yīng)駁回控告，撤消對(duì)被告人的指控。撤消指控并不排除公訴人對(duì)同一犯罪再次提出指控。(g)RecordingtheProceedings.Thepreliminaryhearingmustberecordedbyacourtreporterorbyasuitablerecordingdevice.Arecordingoftheproceedingmaybemadeavailabletoanypartyuponrequest.AcopyoftherecordingandatranscriptmaybeprovidedtoanypartyuponrequestanduponanypaymentrequiredbyapplicableJudicialConferenceregulations.審理程序記錄。預(yù)審應(yīng)當(dāng)由法院書記員或適當(dāng)?shù)挠涗浹b置記錄。程序記錄可應(yīng)任何一方的要求提供。記錄副本和抄本可根據(jù)任何一方的要求和適用的司法會(huì)議條例要求的任何付款提供給任何一方。(h)ProducingaStatement.做出陳述。(1)InGeneral.Rule26.2(a)–(d)and(f)appliesatanyhearingunderthisrule,unlessthemagistratejudgeforgoodcauserulesotherwiseinaparticularcase.一般規(guī)定。規(guī)則26.2(a)-(d)和(f)條適用于根據(jù)本規(guī)則舉行的任何聽訊，除非法官有正當(dāng)理由在特定案件中做出其他規(guī)定。(2)SanctionsforNotProducingaStatement.IfapartydisobeysaRule26.2ordertodeliverastatementtothemovingparty,themagistratejudgemustnotconsiderthetestimonyofawitnesswhosestatementiswithheld.對(duì)不提出陳述的制裁。如果一方違反規(guī)則26.2責(zé)令向提出申請(qǐng)方提交陳述，治安法官不得考慮其陳述被拒絕的證人的證詞。TitleIII–TheGrandJury,theIndictment,andtheInformation第三章大陪審團(tuán)，起訴書和信息Rule6.TheGrandJury第六條大陪審團(tuán)(a)SummoningaGrandJury.召集大陪審團(tuán)。(1)InGeneral.Whenthepublicinterestsorequires,thecourtmustorderthatoneormoregrandjuriesbesummoned.Agrandjurymusthave16to23members,andthecourtmustorderthatenoughlegallyqualifiedpersonsbesummonedtomeetthisrequirement.一般規(guī)定當(dāng)公共利益需要時(shí)，法院應(yīng)召集一個(gè)或數(shù)個(gè)大陪審團(tuán)。大陪審團(tuán)由１６至２３人組成。法院應(yīng)指示召集充分的合格候選人以供選任陪審團(tuán)成員。(2)AlternateJurors.Whenagrandjuryisselected,thecourtmayalsoselectalternatejurors.Alternatejurorsmusthavethesamequalificationsandbeselectedinthesamemannerasanyotherjuror.Alternatejurorsreplacejurorsinthesamesequenceinwhichthea