1-2012年高考英語北京試題及答案(解析版)

2012年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試英 語（北京卷）第二部分：知識運用（共兩節(jié)，45分）單項填空（共15小題：每小題1分，共15分）從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。例：It’ssonicetohearfromheragain______,welastmetmorethanthirtyyearsago.A.What’smore B.That’stosayC.Inotherwords D.Believeitornot答案是D。21. —Lookatthoseclouds!—Don’tworry.______itrains,we’llstillhaveagreattime.A.Evenif B.Asthough C.Incase D.Ifonly22.Bythetimeyouhavefinishedthisbook,yourmeal______cold.A.gets B.hasgot C.willget D.isgetting23.Onelearnsalanguagebymakingmistakesand______them.A.corrects B.correct C.tocorrect D.correcting24.Jerrydidnotregretgivingthecommentbutfelt______hecouldhaveexpresseditdifferently.A.why B.how C.that D.whether25.Georgesaidthathewouldcometoschooltoseemethenextday,buthe______.A.wouldn’t B.didn’t C.hasn’t D.hadn’t26.Whendeeplyabsorbedinwork,______heoftenwas，hewouldforgetallabouteatingorsleeping.A.that B.which C.where D.when27._______withcare,onetinwilllastforsixweeks.A.Use B.Using C.Used D.Touse28.Manypeoplehavedonatedthattypeofblood;however,thebloodbankneeds_____.A.some B.less C.much D.more29. —Haveyouheardaboutthatfireinthemarket?—Yes,fortunatelynoone_____.A.hurt B.washurt C.hashurt D.hadbeenhurt30.Ourfriendship_____quicklyovertheweeksthatfollowed.A.haddeveloped B.wasdevelopingC.woulddevelop D.developed31.______atthedoorbeforeyouentermyroom,please.A.Knock B.Knocking C.Knocked D.Toknock33.We______thedifficultytogether,butwhydidn’tyoutellme?A.shouldface B.mightfaceC.couldhavefaced D.musthavefaced41.B動詞辨析。datebackto表示追溯到追溯回Abounce表示反彈，Cturnbackto表示翻回到，重新提到Dtrack本身即表追溯不許加backto42.A動詞辨析。作者站在現(xiàn)在的角度回顧過去自然會覺得當初的想法缺乏現(xiàn)實的感，畢竟作為孩子都愛做夢的而且通過介詞of可知與lack搭配lackof表示缺少缺乏。43.C連詞辨析。該句考查直到......才得用法。其前后文的意思是相反的。44.B動詞辨析。由于前文中作者在排練中直到了自己的不足。所以不認為自己能得到這一工作beexpectedto表示期待期望。Acared表示關(guān)心在乎C詢問要求D決定45.D形容詞辨析。作者前文中不認為自己能得到這一工作。當她得到這份工作時肯定會感到驚訝Dastonished表示的是驚訝46.A名詞辨析。Though前后表轉(zhuǎn)折。前半句是盡管我為這一改變而激動不已，后半句轉(zhuǎn)折肯定不是正向詞了因此BC作為正向詞排除而D表示的是探險冒險，用在這里詞意過大。而Achallenge挑戰(zhàn)。作者既然得到了這一工作，而由于自己存在不足。自然會面臨挑戰(zhàn)。47.D詞組辨析。Putup舉起張貼，mixup攪合，buildup增進，pickup挑出，揀出，在這里是指快速的挑出一些重要動作。48.A名詞辨析。通過后面的and可知前后是并列。Stresson表示著重在，而attentionto表示把注意力集中于。兩者意思等價股為A49.A介詞辨析。Setapart表示區(qū)別使分離。Setaside留出，駁回，撤銷。Setoff出發(fā)，動身。Setback推遲，受到重創(chuàng)。這里是指將我們區(qū)分開來用A50.C介詞辨析。在這里with表示伴隨。表示強壓的排練，這一排練是版對著繁忙的演出日程表的。51.B名詞辨析。我發(fā)現(xiàn)了“努力工作”的一個新的意義。Afunction表示作用Cexpression表示表達而usage表示作用用途。這里只是作者在訓(xùn)練過程中懂得了其一個新的意義。后文并對其進行了解釋。52.A名詞辨析。作者的體力極限遠遠超過了作者認為的可能的極限。在這里作為界限講的只能是Aboundary，而B指問題，C指障礙，D指努力都不符合53.D形容詞辨析。解析參照5254.B名詞解析。在這里作者回顧在公司里難以置信的經(jīng)歷時。覺得因為成為其中的一份子而感到光榮。Behonorof表示感到光榮，Atalent表示天賦，Cpotential表示潛力，Dresponsibility表示責任。55.C名詞辨析victory表示勝利，trend表示趨勢，tradition表示慣例，desire表示欲望心愿。作者看到的是一個傳統(tǒng)，一個慣例對其小女孩及一個公司的影響，也就是堅持自己的夢想。第三部分：閱讀理解（共兩節(jié)，40分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題2分，共30分） 閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。ATheBasicsofMath—MadeClearBasicMathintroducesstudentstothebasicconceptsofmathematics,aswellasthefundamentalsofmoretrickyareas.These30fantasticlecturesaredesignedtoprovidestudentswithanunderstandingofarithmeticandtopreparethemforAlgebra(代數(shù))andbeyond.ThelessonsinBasicMathcovereverybasicaspectofarithmetic.Theyalsolookintoexponents(指數(shù)),theorderofoperations,andsquareroots.Inadditiontolearninghowtoperformvariousmathematicaloperations,studentsdiscoverwhytheseoperationswork,howaparticularmathematicaltopicrelatestootherbranchesofmathematics,andhowtheseoperationscanbeusedpractically.BasicMathstartsfromtherelativelyeasierconceptsandgraduallymovesontothemoretroublesomeones,soastoallowforsteadyandsureunderstandingofthematerialbystudents.Thelecturesofferstudentsthechanceto“makesense”ofmathematicalknowledgethatmayhaveseemedsofrightening.Theyalsohelpstudentsprepareforcollegemathematicsandovercometheiranxietyaboutthisamazing—andcompletelyunderstandable—fieldofstudy.Bytheconclusionofthecourse,studentswillhaveimprovedtheirunderstandingofbasicmath.Theywillbeabletoclearawaythemystery(神秘性)ofmathematicsandfacetheirstudieswithmoreconfidencethantheyeverimagined.Inaddition,theywillstrengthentheirabilitytoacceptnewandexcitingmathematicalchallenges.ProfessorH.Siegel,honoredbyKentuckyEducationalTelevisionas“thebestmathteacherinAmerica,”isadevotedteacherandhasagiftforexplainingmathematicalconceptsinwaysthatmakethemseemclearandobvious.Fromthebasicconcreteideastothemoreabstractproblems,heismasterinmakingmathlectureslearner-friendlierandlessscary.WithaPhDinMathematicsEducationfromGeorgiaStateUniversity,Dr.SiegelteachesmathematicsatCentralArizonaCollege.Hiscoursesincludevariousmake-upclassesandanumberoflecturesforfutureprimaryschoolteachers.Ifthecoursefailstoprovidecompletesatisfactiontoyou,youcaneasilyexchangeitforanyothercoursethatweoffer.Oryoucangetyourmoneyback.56.WhatdoesthecourseBasicMathmainlycover?A.Algebra.B.CollegeMathematics.C.Arithmetic.D.MathematicsEducation.57.WhatbenefitscanstudentsexpectfromBasicMath?A.Strongerimaginativeability.B.Additionalpresentationskills.C.Moremathematicalconfidence.D.Greaterchancesofbecomingteachers.58.WhatcanwelearnaboutProfessorH.Siegel?A.HeisaguestlectureratKentuckyEducationalTelevision.B.Heistodeliver30lecturesinBasicMath.C.HeworksinGeorgiaStateUniversity.D.Hespecializesintrainingteachers.59.Whereisthepassagemostlikelytohavebeentakenfrom?A.Anewsreport. B.AbookreviewC.Alessonplan. D.Anadvertisement[答案及解析]56.C細節(jié)題，文中第二段ThelessonsinBasicMathcovereverybasicaspectofarithmetic.57.C細節(jié)題，第四段Bytheconclusionofthecourse,studentswillhaveimprovedtheirunderstandingofbasicmath.Theywillbeabletoclearawaythemystery(神秘性)ofmathematicsandfacetheirstudieswithmoreconfidencethantheyeverimagined.58.B細節(jié)綜合題根據(jù)第五六段，可排除ACD項。59.D最后一段可推出Ifthecoursefailstoprovidecompletesatisfactiontoyou,youcaneasilyexchangeitforanyothercoursethatweoffer.Oryoucangetyourmoneyback.BPeanutstoThisProudlyreadingmywords,Iglancedaroundtheroom,onlytofindmyclassmatesbearingbigsmilesontheirfacesandtearsintheireyes.Confused,Iglancedtowardmystone-facedteacher.Havingnochoice,IslowlyraisedthereportIhadslavedover,hopingtohidemyself.“Whatcouldbecausingeveryonetoactthisway?”Quickly,IflashedbacktothedayMissLancelotgavemethetask.ThiswasthefirstrealtalkIreceivedinmynewschool.Itseemedsimple:goontheInternetandfindinformationaboutamannamedGeorgeWashington.Sincemyideaofhistorycamefromanancientteacherinmyhomecountry,Ihadneverheardofthatnamebefore.AsIsearchedthenameofthisfellow,itbecameevidentthatthereweretwopeoplebearingthesamenamewholookedcompletelydifferent!Oneinventedhundredsofusesforpeanuts,whiletheotherledsomesortofarmyacrossAmerica.Istaredatthescreen,wonderingwhichonemyteachermeant.Icalledmygrandfatherforagoldenpieceofadvice;flip(擲)acoin.Heads—thecommander,andtails—thepeanutsguy.Ah!Tails,myreportwouldbeaboutthegreatmanwhoinventedpeanutbutter,GeorgeWashingtonCarver.Weekslater,standingbeforethisunfriendlymass,Iwastotallylost.Ohwell,Iloweredthepaperandsatdownatmydesk,burningtofindoutwhatIhaddonewrong.Asaclassmatebeganhisreport,itallbecameclear,“MyreportisonGeorgeWashington,themanwhostartedtheAmericanRevolution.”Thewholeworldbecamequite!HowcouldIknowthatshemeantthatGeorgeWashington?Obviously,mygradewasawful.Heartbrokenbutfearless,Idecidedtoturnthisaround.ItalkedtoMissLancelot,butsheinsisted:Nore-dos;nonewgrade.Ifeltthatthepunishmentwasnotjustified,andIbelievedIdeservedasecondchance.Consequently,Ithrewmyselfheartilyintomyworkfortherestoftheschoolyear.Tenmonthslater,thatchanceunfoldedasIfoundmyselfsittingintheheadmaster’sofficewithmygrandfather,nowhavinganentirelydifferentconversation.Ismiledandflashedbacktotheembarrassingmomentatthebeginningoftheyearastheheadmasterinformedmeofmyoptiontoskipthesixthgrade.Justiceissweet!60. Whatdidtheauthor’sclassmatesthinkabouthisreport?A.Controversial. B.Ridiculous.C.Boring. D.Puzzling.61. Whywastheauthorconfusedaboutthetask?A.HewasunfamiliarwithAmericanhistory.B.Hefollowedtheadviceandflippedacoin.C.Heforgothisteacher’sinstruction.D.Hewasnewattheschool.62. Theunderlinedword“burning”inPara.3probablymeans_______.A.annoyed B.ashamedC.ready D.eager63. Intheend,theauthorturnedthingsaround_______.A.byredoinghistaskB.throughhisownefforts C.withthehelpofhisgrandfather D.undertheguidanceofhisheadmaster[答案及解析]60.B推斷題第二、三段61.A推斷題第一段和第二段62.D詞義猜測題63.B推斷，最后一段Consequently,Ithrewmyselfheartilyintomyworkfortherestoftheschoolyear.CDecision-makingunderStressAnewreviewbasedonaresearchshowsthatacutestressaffectsthewaythebrainconsiderstheadvantagesanddisadvantages,causingittofocusonpleasureandignorethepossiblenegative(負面的)consequencesofadecision.Theresearchsuggeststhatstressmaychangethewaypeoplemakechoicesinpredictableways.“Stressaffectshowpeoplelearn,”saysProfessorMaraMather.“Peoplelearnbetteraboutpositivethannegativeoutcomesunderstress.”Forexample,tworecentstudieslookedathowpeoplelearnedtoconnectimages(影像)witheitherrewardsorpunishments.Inoneexperiment,someoftheparticipantswerefirststressedbyhavingtogiveaspeechanddodifficultmathproblemsinfrontofanaudience;intheother,somewerestressedbyhavingtokeeptheirhandsinicewater.Inbothcases,thestressedparticipantsrememberedtherewardedmaterialmoreaccuratelyandthepunishedmateriallessaccuratelythanthosewhohadn’tgonethroughthestress.Thisphenomenonislikelynotsurprisingtoanyonewhohastriedtoresisteatingcookiesorsmokingacigarettewhileunderstress–atthosemoments,onlythepleasureassociatedwithsuchactivitiescomestomind.Butthefindingsfurthersuggestthatstressmaybringaboutadoubleeffect.Notonlyarerewardingexperiencesrememberedbetter,butnegativeconsequencesarealsoeasilyrecalled.Theresearchalsofoundthatstressappearstoaffectdecision-makingdifferentlyinmenandwomen.Whilebothmenandwomentendtofocusonrewardsandlessonconsequencesunderstress,theirresponsestoriskturnouttobedifferent.Menwhohadbeenstressedbythecold-watertasktendedtotakemorerisksintheexperimentwhilewomenrespondedintheoppositeway.Instressfulsituationsinwhichrisk-takingcanpayoffbig,menmaytendtodobetter,whencautionweighsmore,however,womenwillwin.Thistendencytoslowdownandbecomemorecautiouswhendecisionsareriskymightalsohelpexplainwhywomenarelesslikelytobecomeaddictedthanmen:theymaymoreoftenavoidmakingtheriskychoicesthateventuallyhardenintoaddiction.64. Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatpeopleunderpressuretendto______. A.keeprewardsbetterintheirmemory B.recallconsequencesmoreeffortlessly C.makeriskydecisionsmorefrequently D.learnasubjectmoreeffectively65. Accordingtotheresearch,stressaffectspeoplemostprobablyintheir______. A.waysofmakingchoices B.preferenceforpleasure C.toleranceofpunishments D.responsestosuggestions66. Theresearchhasprovedthatinastressfulsituation,______. A.womenfinditeasiertofallintocertainhabits B.menhaveagreatertendencytoslowdown C.womenfocusmoreonoutcomes D.menaremorelikelytotakerisks[答案及解析]64.A細節(jié)題。由題干的peopleunderpressure可定位至第三段："Stressaffectshowpeoplelearn,"saysProfessorMaraMather.Peoplelearnbetteraboutpositivethannegativeoutcomesunderstress.A選項的keep…inmemory,rewards,better分別和這一段中的learn,positiveoutcomes,better相對應(yīng)，是對原文的同義改寫，所以正確。另外一處依據(jù)是第四段最后一句話：Inbothcases,thestressedparticipantsrememberedtherewardedmaterialmoreaccuratelyandthepunishedmateriallessaccuratelythanthosewhohadn'tgonethroughthestress.65.A.細節(jié)題。由題干的stressaffectpeople可定位到第六段第一句話：Theresearchalsofoundthatstressappearstoaffectdecision-makingdifferentlyinmenandwomen.A選項對應(yīng)于這一句話中的decision-making，所以正確。另外，在全文最后一段中也出現(xiàn)了makechoices。66.D．推理題。用排除法即可做出此題。A項是無中生有。B項張冠李戴，tendtoslowdown說的是women。C項也是錯誤的，依據(jù)是第六段第二句話的前半句：Whilebothmenandwomentendtofocusonrewardsandlessonconsequces。所以選D項。另一種方法是，由全文最后一段也可直接推出D項。最后一段"theymaymoreoftenavoidmakingtheriskychoicesthateventuallyhardenintoaddiction."中的they指的是women,由這一句話可知menaremorelikelytotakerisks.所以選D。DWilderness“Inwilderness(荒野)isthepreservationoftheworld.”Thisisafamoussayingfromawriterregardedasoneofthefathersofenvironmentalism.Thefrequencywithwhichitisborrowedmirrorsaheateddebateonenvironmentalprotection:whethertoplacewildernessattheheartofwhatistobepreserved.AsJohnSauvenofGreenpeaceUKpointsout,thereisastrongappealinimagesofthewild,theuntouched;morethananythingelse,theyspeakofthenaturethatmanypeoplevaluemostdearly.Theurgetoleavethesubjectofsuchimagesuntouchedisstrong,andthedangerexploitation(開發(fā))bringstosuchlandscapes(景觀)isreal.Someofthesewildernessesalsoperformfunctionsthathumansneed—therainforests,forexample,storecarboninvastquantities.ToMr.Sauven,these”ecosystemservices”faroutweighthegainsfromexploitation.LeeLane,avisitingfellowattheHudsonInstitute,takestheopposingview.Heacknowledgesthatwildernessesdoprovideusefulservices,suchaswaterconservation.Butthatisnot,heargues,areasontoavoidallhumanpresence,orindeedcommercialandindustrialexploitation.ThereareevermorepeopleontheEarth,andtheyreasonablyandrightfullywanttohavebetterlives,ratherthanmerelystruggleforsurvival.Whilethewaysofusingresourceshaveimproved,thereisstillagrowingneedforrawmaterials,andsomewildernessescontaintheminabundance.Iftheycanbetappedwithoutreducingtheservicesthosewildernessesprovide,theargumentgoes,thereisnofurtherreasonnottodoso.Beinguntouchedisnot,initself,acharacteristicworthvaluingaboveallothers.Ilookforwardstoseeingtheseviewstakenfurther,andtotheirbeingchallengedbytheotherparticipants.Onechallengethatsuggestsitselftomeisthatbothcasesneedtotakeonthequestionofspiritualvaluealittlemoredirectly.Andthereisapracticalquestionastowhetherwildernessescanbeexploitedwithoutharm.Thisisatopicthatcallsfornotonlyfreeexpressionoffeelings,butalsotheguidanceofreason.Whatpositionwildernessshouldenjoyinthepreservationoftheworldobviouslydeservesmuchmoreseriousthinking.67.JohnSauvenholdsthat_____.A.manypeoplevaluenaturetoomuchB.exploitationofwildernessesisharmfulC.wildernessesprovidehumanswithnecessitiesD.theurgetodeveloptheecosystemservicesisstrong68.WhatisthemainideaofPara.3?A.Theexploitationisnecessaryforthepoorpeople.B.Wildernessescannotguaranteebetteruseofrawmaterials.C.Usefulservicesofwildernessesarenotthereasonfornoexploitation.D.Allthecharacteristicsconcerningtheexploitationshouldbetreatedequally.69.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthisdebate?A.Objective. B.Disapproving.C.Sceptical.D.Optimistic.70.Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthepassage? A. B. C. D.CP:CentralPoint P:Point Sp:Sub-point(次要點) C:Conclusion[答案及解析]67.B細節(jié)綜合題，第二段these"ecosystemservices"faroutweighthegainsfromexploitation.68.C段落大意題，根據(jù)題干定位到第三段69.A作者態(tài)度題，根據(jù)最后兩段的首句就可以看出作者的態(tài)度還是比較客觀的70.D文章結(jié)構(gòu)題，根據(jù)每段主旨推出第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2分，共10分）根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的七個選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。EmpathyLastyear,researchersfromtheUniversityofMichiganreportedthatempathy,theabilitytounderstandotherpeople,amongcollegestudentshaddroppedsharplyoverthepast10years.__71__Today,peoplespendmoretimealoneandarelesslikelytojoingroupsandclubs.JenniferFreed,aco-directorofateenprogram,hasanotherexplanation.TurnontheTV,andyou’reshoweredwithnewsandrealityshowsfullofpeoplefighting,competing,andgenerallytreatingoneanotherwithnorespect.__72__Therearegoodreasonsnottofollowthosebadexamples.Humansaresociallyrelatedbynature.__73__Researchershavealsofoundthatempatheticteenagersaremorelikelytohavehighself-respect.Besides,empathycanbeacureforloneliness,sadness,anxiety,andfear.Empathyisalsoanindicationofagoodleader.Infact,Freedsays,manytopcompaniesreportthatempathyisoneofthemostimportantthingstheylookforinnewmanagers.__74__“Academicsareimportant.Butifyoudon’thaveemotional(情感的)intelligence,youwon’tbeassuccessfulinworkorinyourlovelife,”shesays.What’sthebestwaytoupyourEQ(情商）?Forstarters,letdownyourguardandreallylistentoothers.__75__Toreallydevelopempathy,you’dbettervolunteeratanursinghomeorahospital,joinacluborateamthathasadiversemembership,havea“sharingcircle”withyourfamily,orspendtimecaringforpetsatananimalshelter.Everyoneisdifferent,andlevelsofempathydifferfrompersontoperson.Thatcouldbebecausesomanypeoplehavereplacedfacetimewithscreentime,theresearcherssaid.“Onedoesn’tdevelopempathybyhavingalotofopinionsanddoingalotoftalking,”Freedsays.Humanslearnbyexample—andmostoftheexamplesonitareanythingbutempathetic.Empathyisamatteroflearninghowtounderstandsomeoneelse—bothwhattheythinkandhowtheyfeel.Goodsocialskills—includingempathy—areakindof“emotionalintelligence”thatwillhelpyousucceedinmanyareasoflife.Havingrelationshipswithotherpeopleisanimportantpartofbeinghuman—andhavingempathyisdecisivetothoserelationships.[答案及解析]71.B空前和空后是一個過去和現(xiàn)在時間的過渡性原因的解釋72.D總結(jié)性話語，跟example有關(guān)，只有D選跟example73.G空前的nature跟選項的beinghuman相前，且前面的sociallyrelat