語言學(xué)重點知識點整理

_Phonetics_studiesspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thatishowspeechsoundsareactuallymade,transmittedandreceived,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeech,etc._Phonology_studiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.Morphologyisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationof_words_.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning—morphemesandword-formationSyntaxisaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrect_sentences_Semanticsexamineshow_meaning_isencodedinalanguage._Pragmatics_isthestudyofmeaningincontext._Sociolinguistics_isthestudyofthecharacteristicsoflanguagevarieties,thecharacteristicsoftheirfunctions,andthecharacteristicsoftheirspeakersasthesethreeconstantlyinteractandchangewithinaspeechcommunity.Incontrastwithotherlinguists,then,_anthropological_linguistsareinterestedprimarilyinthehistoryandstructureofformerlyunwrittenlanguages.Psycholinguisticsinvestigatestheinterrelationoflanguageand_mind_,forexample,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisition.Inanarrowsense,_applied_linguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingtoforeignandsecondlanguages.1.Givethephoneticfeaturesofeachofthefollowingsounds.[d]_voicedstops,alveolar_; [0]_voicelessfricatives,dental_;區(qū)]_front,open,low,unrounded_;[i:]_front,close,high,unrounded_;14.2.Writethewordindicatedbyeachtranscription.[折tar]_guitar_[tuzdei]_Tuesday_[twu0brAj]_toothbrush_[sphointmsnt]_appointment_[p田igkeik]_pancake_18.3.Comparing[gwout]and區(qū)iggar],_goat_and_anger_aretwodifferentphonesandarevariantsofthephoneme/g/.Suchvariantsofaphonemearecalled_allophones_ofthesamephoneme.Inthiscase,theyaresaidtobein_complementarydistribution_.20.4.Transcribethefollowingsetofwordsandmarkprimaryandsecondarystresswithsuper-andsub-ticks.repeat_[ri’pit]_,repetitive_[ri’petitiv]_,repetition_[irEpi'tij9n]_.23.5.Pleaseidentifythestressedword,andintonationpatternofthefollowingsentences.Example:Wewenttoamovielastnight.(topicofconversation:goingtomovies)stressedword:moviefallingtone26.1.Wewenttoamovielastnight.(topicofconversation:lastnight'sactivities)stressedword:lastnightfallingtone.29.2.Shouldweseeamovietonight?(topicofconversation:doingsomethingtonight)stressedword:seeamovierisingtone.32.3.Shouldweseethemovietonight?(topicofconversation:whenweareseeingamovie)stressedword:tonightrisingtone.35.6.Phoneticslooksatspeechsoundsfromthreedistinctbutrelatedpointsofview._Articulatory_phoneticsstudiestheproductionofspeechsounds,_auditory_phoneticsfocusesontheperceptionofspeechsounds,and_acoustic_phoneticslooksintothetransmissionofspeechsounds37.7.Whentwodifferentformsareidentical(thesame)ineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoforma_minimalpair_,e.g.beat,bit,bet,bat,boot,but,bait,bite,boat.39.8.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofphonemesarecalled_suprasegmental_features.Stress,intonation,andtonearethephonologicalpropertiesofsuchunitsasthe_syllable_,theword,andthesentence.Intraditionalgrammaronlyabouteightcategories(calledpartsofspeech)arerecognized,butallcurrenttheoriesofgrammarhavefounditnecessarytoincreasethisnumberbytheadditionofsuchnon-traditionalcategoriesas_determiner(Det)_(限定詞),degreewords(Deg)(程度詞)andqualifier(Qua)(限定語).Threecriteriaareusedfordetermininglexicalcategories:meaning(詞匯意義)，_inflections_(屈折變化)andsyntacticrelations(句法特征).3.Syntacticrelationsincludepositionalrelation(位置關(guān)系),co-occurrencerelation(同現(xiàn)關(guān)系)andrelationof_substitutability_(可替代關(guān)系).4.__Phrases__aresyntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategory.5.Phrasesthatareformedofmorethanonewordusuallycontainthefollowingelements:head,specifier,complementsandmodifiers.6.Specifiersarewordsonthe__left__sideoftheheads;theysemanticallyhelpmakemoreprecisethemeaningoftheheads.7._Complements_arewordsontherightsideoftheheads,theyprovideinformationaboutentitiesandlocationswhoseexistenceisimpliedbythemeaningofthehead.8.__Universal_grammar(UG)theoryholdsthatthespeakerknowsasetofprinciplesthatapplytoalllanguages,andparametersthatvaryfromonelanguagetoanother.9.Justasthereisageneralruleforallphrasestructurerules---the__XP__rule,sothereisageneralruleforallthemovementrules.10.Wh_movement_canapplynotonlytowhquestionsbutalsotorelativeclausesbecauserelativeclausestructuresareverysimilartoembeddedwhquestions.I.Fillintheblankswithappropriatewordstocompletethesentences.30%1._Reference_dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldexperience.2,“Charge”and"accuse”aresaidtobe_collocational_synonyms.3.Thetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor,isknownasthe__naming__theory.4.Thehyponymsunderthesamesuperordinatearecalled_co-hyponyms_.5.Predicationanalysisistobreakdownpredicationsintotheirconstituents:_argument_and__predicate__.6.__Synonymy__isthetechnicalnameforthesamenessrelation.7.Thewords“husband”and"wife”are__relational__antonyms.8.Therearetwoaspectsofsentencemeaning:grammatic