《智能交通系統(tǒng)》英語版第三章英文版課件

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ITSArchitectureandStandards3.3:Conclusions最后一頁附帶PPT超鏈接返回鍵說明3.1:ITSArchitecture

3.1.1WhyisITSArchitecture

important3.1.4LogicalArchitecture,PhysicalArchitecture3.1.2LevelsofITSArchitecture3.1.6ChinaITSArchitecture3.1.3UserNeed,FunctionalRequirement,andConceptofOperations3.1.5RegionalArchitectureandTurboArchitecture2StakeholderDriven4ProvisionofCommercialBenefits6LinkingITStotheTransportPlanningProcess8ProvideaFrameworkforFutureExpansionPromotionofITSStandardsDevelopment3RiskManagement51SharedVision3.1.1WhyisITSArchitectureimportant7ProvidingaBasisforSystemDevelopmentSharedVisionThedevelopmentofanITSarchitectureusuallybeginswithaconsensusbuildingprocessinvolvingmultiplestakeholders.StakeholderDrivenBenefitTheITStobeimplementedisresponsivetotheneedsofallstakeholdersAsetoffunctionalrequirementsStake-holderRatherthanimplementingtechnologyfortechnology’ssakeUserServicesUserNeedsUserPromotionofITSstandardsDevelopmentTheITSarchitecturewillalsoshowclearlyandunambiguouslythekeyprocesseswhichrequireastandardisedinterface,especiallyforcommunicationsanddataexchanges.Basedontherelevantinterfacesandananalysisofoperationalneeds,userrequirementsandhardware/softwarespecifications,thearchitecturecanhelpidentifywhetherthevariousstandardsshouldbelocal,regional,national,orinternational.ProvisionofCommercialBenefitsDesignandimplementationofstandardisedITSsubsystemsandcomponentsinconformancewiththeITSarchitecturewillstimulateanopenmarketinequipmentandsoftwaresupply,permiteconomiesofscale.海南黑龍江吉林遼寧河北山東福建江西安徽湖北湖南廣東廣西上海河南山西內(nèi)蒙古陜西寧夏甘肅青海四川貴州云南西藏新疆江蘇浙江北京臺(tái)灣易華錄億陽信通皖通科技川大智勝賽為智能銀江股份交技發(fā)展RiskManagementAgoodITSarchitecturewillconsiderfailuremodes.ThedevelopmentofanITSarchitecturealsorequiresthattransportpoliciesandassumptionsregardingwhoplayswhatrolearemadeexplicit.Byfacilitatingthedevelopmentofstandards,theITSarchitecturealsoreducestheriskofdefactoorproprietarystandardsperpetuatedbythedominantmanufacturers.LinkingITS

totheTransportPlanningProcessITSneedstobeintegratedintothelocalorregionaltransportationplan.AnITSarchitecturesupportsthisintegrationbyforcingallinvolvedtoidentifytheintendedrelationshipbetweenITSandconventionaltransportationplansandsolutions.Itcanalsoaddsubstancetothoseplansthroughthedefinitionofwhatisrequiredtoprovidewhichservicesandthepriorityfortheirimplementation.Providinga

BasisforSystemDevelopmentThephysicalarchitectureand,ifcreatedwithinthearchitecture,adocumentdescribingthetheoryofoperations,willprovidearigorousbasisfordefiningthefunctionofspecificdataprocessingmodules,identifyingwheretheprocessingshouldbecarriedout,andwhatdatahastobeacquiredandsharedbetweendataprocessingunits.UrbantrafficguidancesystemProvideaFrameworkforFutureExpansionITSarchitectureprovidesaframeworkforsystemexpansionandtechnologicalupgrades.Bystartingwithabroadly-basedarchitecture,onehasabasisforevolutionandexpansion.TransportInformationServiceElectronicTollCollectionIntelligentHighwayComprehensiveTransportationTrafficTransportationsafetyOperationsManagementTransportManagementandPlanningSafetyDrivingAssistantUserservicesofChineseNationalITSArchitecture3.1.2Levelof

ITSArchitectureLevel3Multi-AgencyInteroperabilityPropertiesLevel2SingleAgencySystemPropertiesLevel1SystemStructureLevel0Subsystem/ComponentDesignMulti-levelModelforAnalysisofITSArchitectureMulti-levelModelforAnalysisofITSArchitecture,ITSarchitectureisprimarilyaboutinformationexchangeandcontrolbetweensystemsatvariouslevelsofabstraction.Trafficandtransportmanagerslaydownhigh-levelproperties,orpolicy,atLevels3and2,andthearchitecturalstructureatLevel1isthendevisedsothatitconformstotheseproperties.Level0isnotstrictlypartofthearchitecture.Level3architectureneedstoreflectthereal-worldconstraintsthatoperateontransportagencies,andtoreflecttherequirements.TheLevel3architecturesetstheframeworkwithinwhichtheLevel2architecturecanbedefined.Level2architecturedefinesthepropertiesofthosesystemsthatoperateundertheaegisofasingleagency,anditcantakeintoaccountthecharacteristicsofbothexisting“l(fā)egacy”systemsandfutureplannedsystems.

TheissuesdealtwithatLevels2and3aresimilar.Level1architectureisprimarilytheconcernofthesystemsengineers.Atthislevel,thesystemstructurewillbedefinedsothatITSfunctionscanbegroupedtogetherforcost-effectiveimplementationandinformationsystemscanbelogicallydecomposedintosubsystemsfordesignatLevelUserNeeds,

FunctionalRequirements,andConceptofOperationsUserNeedsFunctionalRequirementConceptofOperationsThefirststepintheestablishmentofanITSarchitectureistheselectionandprioritisationofuserservices.TheconsensusviewcanthenleadtothedeterminationoffunctionalrequirementsandaconceptofoperationsthatdescribeswhoprovidesandwhoreceiveswhichITSservice(s),andwhatinteractionstheprovidersmusthaveinordertosupporttheservicedelivery.Therearekeyactorsandobviousstakeholdergroupsorganisedarounddomains(suchasmotorwaynetworks,trafficcontrolformedium-sizedcities,andruralareas),andaroundareasofcompetenceandresponsibilities(suchasroadsafety,publictransport,fleetlogistics,etc.).Inadditiontothemoregeneralobjectivesofimprovingsafety,efficiency,environmentalquality,etc.FollowingtheprinciplesshowninFigure3.1,Eachinterestgrouphasitsownpolicygoals.UserNeedsPolicyGoals,

Safety,Efficiency,environment

etcServicesupportingpolicyServiceswithinowndomainUserservicesfullyorpartiallyruninowndomainJointlyselecteduserservicesOtherstakeholder’sviewFigure

3.1Oncetheserviceshavebeenselectedinfigure3.1,thefunctionalrequirementsforprovidingtheseservicesmustbedetermined.Atthispoint,commonalitiesbetweendomainsmaybeidentified.Forexample,thehighwaynetworkoperatorsmaybeplanningtodeployITSforelectronictollingandautomaticincidentdetection.(InternationalStandardETCSystem).theprotocolsforinformationexchange,andanintegratedITSarchitecture,whichcanservetheneedsofbothgroups.FunctionalRequirementInternationalStandardETCSystemAconceptofoperationsdiagramcanportraytheserelationships.asexemplifiedbythearchitecturalsketchinFigure3.2,whichgraphicallydepictstheinteractionsamongthreemanagementcentresandthepoliceatahighlevelfordeliveringintermodaltransportationmanagementandemergencyservices.Next,theconceptofoperationscanbedevelopedingreaterdetailtoconsiderwhoisresponsiblefordeliveringtheseservicestowhom.AnexampleofsuchanelaborationisgiveninFigure3.3,whichshowslinkagesamonganumberofinteractingentities.ConceptofOperationsTrainStationSignalDetectorTransportManagementCenterCommuterTrainBusPoliceEmergenceVehiclesCCTVVMSHPBTrafficManagementCenterEmergencyManagementCenter圖3.2EmergencyServicesFreewaysAPTSCVOTICInVehicleISP2ISP1Urban圖3.3ATMSInfrastructureSideLogicalArchitectureThesimplifiedtop-levellogicalarchitecturedevelopedforUSAisportrayedasadataflowdiagraminFigure3.4.PhysicalArchitectureAtop-leveldiagramofthenationalphysicalarchitecturefortheUSAisshowninFigure.4LogicalArchitecture,PhysicalArchitectureLogicalofFunctionalarchitecturedepictstheprocessesanddataflowsbetweenprocessesthatareneededtomeetthefunctionalrequirementspreviouslydetermined.Indevelopingthelogicalarchitecture,thecommongroundbetweenthevarioususerrequirementsandITSservicesisexamined.Animportantpartofthelogicalarchitectureistodescribehowthesystemwoulddealwithabnormalcircumstances.

Allfailuremodesneedtobeconsideredforpossiblesafetyhazards,andlogicalstepsneedtobedescribedtoachievefail-safeoperationunderabnormalconditions,consistentwiththehigherlevelconceptsdevelopedaspartoftheconceptofoperations.LogicalArchitectureInthecontextofsystemsengineering,thephysicalarchitectureallocatestheprocessesdefinedbythelogicalarchitectureintophysicalsubsystems,whichthehardwareandsoftwarewilldeliver.Thedesignofthephysicalsubsystemswillbebasedonthefunctionalrequirements,theprocessspecifications,theinter-dependenciesandwillbeaffectedbywhetherthefunctionsaretobeperformedinoneormorelocations.PhysicalArchitectureFigure3.4TravelersRemoteTravelerSupportPersonalInformationAccessWideAreaWireless(Mobile)CommunicationsFixed-PointtoFixed-PointCommunicationsCentresTrafficManagementEmergencyManagementTollAdministrationCommercialVehicleAdministrationMaintenance&ConstructionManagementInfrastructureServiceProviderTransitManagementFleetandFreightManagementArchivedDataManagementVehicletoVehicleCommunicationsDedicatedShortRangeCommunicationsMaintenance&ConstructionVehicleTransitVehicleCommercialVehicleEmergencyVehicleVehicleRoadwaySecurityMonitoringTollCollectionParkingManagementCommercialVehicleCheckVehicleRoadsideFigure3.5PPT模板下載：/moban/行業(yè)PPT模板：/hangye/節(jié)日PPT模板：/jieri/PPT素材下載：/sucai/PPT背景圖片：/beijing/PPT圖表下載：/tubiao/優(yōu)秀PPT下載：/xiazai/PPT教程：/powerpoint/Word教程：/word/Excel教程：/excel/表格下載：/biaoge/PPT課件下載：/kejian/范文下載：/fanwen/3.1.5RegionalArchitectureandTurboArchitectureAFrameworkArchitectureAMandatedArchitectureAServiceArchitectureWhendevelopingtheirownITSarchitecture,（TherelationshipbetweenthesethreeArchitecturesisdepictedinFigure3.6）organisationshavetomakedecisionsabouttheformofarchitecturethattheycreate.MethodAFrameworkArchitectureAFrameworkArchitecture,i.e.Anarchitectureconsistingofuserneedsandafunctionalviewpoint.Itcanbeusedtocreatearchitecturesofthefollowingtwotypesandisonlyreallysuitableforarchitecturesatthenationallevel.AServiceArchitectureAServiceArchitecture,whichisliketheMandatedArchitecture,butonlysupportsaparticularservice,e.g.TravellerInformation,PublicTransportManagement,etc.AMandatedArchitectureAMandatedArchitecture,whichhasaphysical,communicationsandotherviewpoints,plustheotheroutputs.Itcanbeusedatthenational,regionalandlocallevelstospecifywhatisrequiredforITSdeployments.Thecontentsofthephysicalviewpointmaybefixed,ortheremaybealimitedrangeofoptions.Figure3.6FrameworkITSArchitecture

MandatedITSArchitecture

SpecificITSArchitecture

Althoughthispathislegitimate.MandatedITSArchitecturearerarelycreatedfromFrameworkITSArchitecturesFrameworkArchitecturedocumentationprovidesguidanceonSpecificArchitecturecreationMandatedArchitecturedocumentationprovidesguidanceonSpecificArchitecturecreationPPT模板下載：/moban/

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SomeoftheITSarchitectureinitiativesmentionedpreviouslyhaveprovidedtoolstoaidthedevelopmentofspecificarchitecturesfromthem.TheFrenchNationalITSArchitecture(ACTIF)

hasalsodevelopeditsowntool(OSCAR)forusewithitsarchitecture.TheTurboArchitectureToolhasbeendevelopedforusewiththeUSNationalITSArchitecture.TheSelectionToolhasbeendevelopedforusewiththeEuropeanITSFrameworkArchitecture.3.1.6ChinaITSArchitectureAtop-leveldiagramofthenationallogicalarchitecturefortheChinaisshowninFigure3.7Atop-leveldiagramofthenationalphysicalarchitecturefortheChinaisshowninFigure3.8Figure3.7UserandServerTravelerInformationEmergencymanagementandSafetyComprehensivetransportationTransportationmanagementandPlanningAutomobilesafetyassistancedrivingsystemandATCOperationsManagementElectronictollcollectionMeteorologicaldepartmentAiroperatorsectionVehicleFiredepartmentPassengersTravelerWaterwayOperatorsectionRailoperatorsectionEmergencycenterDriverMediaTransportagenciesTravelerInformationTrafficplanningUrbanpublictransportoperatorTrafficcontrolPublictransportationelectronictollcollectionPublicTransportInformationservicesTrafficmanagementdepartments①③TrafficcontrolTrafficlawenforcementandsupervisionTrafficroutinginformationEmergencyvehiclesTrafficmanagementdepartmentsTransportagenciesexpressways,bridgesandtunnelsETCFreightstationmanagementLong-distancePassengertransportParkingPayment EmergencyservicesTaxiManagement FreightManagement AutomaticHighwaysystem⑥⑤④②Figure3.83.2:ITSStandards

3.2.1TypesofITSStandards3.2.4PlanningforITSStandardsApplication3.2.2MotivationforStandards

3.2.3

CurrentStatus3.2.1TypesofITSStandards您的標(biāo)題123Standardsareneededinprotocolsandmessagesetstoallowsmoothdataflowandinformationexchangeamongthesubsystems.ITSstandardsmaybeestablishedatthelocal,regional,national,international,andgloballevels.Likeanyothertypeofstandards,ITSstandardsmaybedefactostandards.TypesofITSStandardsStandardmessagesets,usuallydefinedindatadictionaries,arealsoneededtoallowmeaningfulexchangeofinformationbetweensubsystems.Forexample,forinformationexchangerelatedtoincidents,thereneedtobestandardsforcodingacertainnumberofmessageelementsforunambiguousdescriptionofthelocationandthetypeofincidents.

Incasewirelesscommunicationisneeded,thestandardisationoffrequencyandmodulationtechniqueisalsoimplied.1Somestandardsmaybeneededonlyuptoacertainlevel.Forexample,formostcommercialvehicleoperations,internationalstandardsmaybeneededforagivencontinent(e.g.EuropeorNorthAmerica)butglobalstandardsarenotneededsincelorriesdonottravelacrosscontinents.Incontrast,standardsforcargoidentificationshouldbeglobalinordertofacilitatefreightidentification,securitychecks,andmovementbetweencontinents.2Wheneveryonefollowsthestandardssetbythedominantsupplier,orconsensusstandards,whicharearrivedthroughproceduresestablishedbystandardsettingorganisations.Standardsmayalsobesetbythegovernment,usuallyasalastresort.33.2.2MotivationforStandardsMotivationbehindstandardsettingincludessafety,costreduction,andmarketenhancementFromtheperspectiveofsuppliers,existenceofcommonstandardswouldleadtoeconomyofscaleinproductionandsaleofthesameequipmentinawidermarket.Fromtheperspectiveoftheusers,bothpublicandprivate,therearetwomajormotivesindevelopingandadoptingvoluntarystandards:WithestablishedstandardsforITSproductsandservices,theuserscanmaketheirpurchasingoptionsfromarangeofcompetitiveprovidersanddonotgetlockedintoasingleone.Secondly,ITSstandardssupportinteroperabilityaswellassystemintegration.Companiesindominantmarketpositionsarereluctanttomoveawayfromthedefactostandardsoftheirownproducts,exceptperhapsinanticipationofamuchlargermarketforeveryonethatwouldresultfromtheestablishmentofnewconsensusstandards.For

example，

in-vehiclerouteguidance3.2.3CurrentStatusITSstandardsprogrammesaroundtheworldhavematuredfromprimarilydevelopmentactivitiestodeploymentandsupportactivities.ManyindustrialisedcountrieshavealsobeenengagedincoordinatingtheirownITSstandardswithinternationalstandardisationactivities.ITSstandardshavebeenasubjectofactiveinternationaldiscussionandcooperationthroughsuchorganisationsastheInternationalStandardsOrganisation(ISO),andtheEuropeanCommitteeforNormalisation(CEN).ParticularinteresttothetrafficauthoritiesaretheNationalTransportationCommunicationsITSProtocol(NTCIP)intheUS(Figure3.9)，Thesesetsofstandardsareintendedtofacilitatedatatransferbetweencentresandroadsideequipmentswellasbetweencontrolcentres.FortherapidlydevelopingfieldofITS,thetimingofstandardsettingisimportant.Evenafterstandardsareestablished,practicalconsiderationsmustbegiventoacceptablemigrationpathsforexistingsystemstomovetowardthenewstandardsoverareasonableperiodoftime.TheautomotiveindustryisengagedindevelopingITSstandardsonthevehicleside,Figure3.9

TheNationalTransportationCommunicationsITSProtocol(NTCIP)TheautomotiveindustryisengagedindevelopingITSstandardsonthevehicleside,whichhassetupstandardscommitteesdealingwithtravellerinformation,ITSdatabusonthevehicle,andvariousaspectsrelatedtosafetyandhumanfactors.3.2.4PlanningforITSStandardsApplicationWhiletherearenodefiniteanswerstothesequestionsIfso,doImissoutonthebenefitsofearlyITSapplicationsthatarebadlyneeded?HowdoIstartITSdeploymentwhendifferentvendorsofferproductsofdifferentstandards,noneofwhichhavebeenwidelyadopted?AnumberofimportantITSstandardsare,