高級英語寫作課件

revision考試題型PartITranslation(10%)PartIISentence-evaluating(10%)PartIIISentence-rewriting(15%)PartIVPlagiarism-checking(10%)PartVSentence-revising(10%)PartVIAbstract-analyzing(15%)PartVIIParagraph-writing(15%)PartVIIISummary-writing(15%)AcademicwritingstyleformalityLongandformalwordsareusedinsteadofwordsusedindailycommunication.Complexgrammaticalstructuressuchasnominalphrases,subordinateclausesandpassivesarepreferred.Avoidusingthesecondpersonpronounssuchas“you”,etc.thesepronounsmakeyourwritingsoundlikeyouareaddressreadersorally.Eliminatecontractionssuchasisn’t,don’t,you’re,etc.whichareconsideredtooinformalandconversationalforacademicwriting.Avoidrun-onsentences.Run-onsentencesarecommoninspeechandotherinformalinteractionsbecausewejustkeepaddingsomethingwewantedtosay.Inwriting,however,theserun-onsbecomedistractingandhardtofollow.EX.Comparethefollowingpairsofsentencesanddiscusstheirstyle.Menwerereluctanttoretire,becausetheyanticipatedthattheywouldbedeprivedofmoneyratherthanwork.Reluctanceamongmentoretirewasassociatedwithanticipateddeprivations,mainlyofmoneyratherthanofattachmenttowork.AEX.Comparethefollowingpairsofsentencesanddiscusstheirstyle.Theaboveanalysisseemstoindicatethatmanyfactorscontributetoglobalwarming.Fromtheaboveanalysis,wecanseethattherearemanyfactorsinfluenceglobalwarming.AEX.Comparethefollowingpairsofsentencesanddiscusstheirstyle.Failuretorecognizetheseriousproblemofgrowingpopulationwillleadtoabigmistake.Ifwedon’trecognizetheseriousproblemofgrowingpopulation,wewillmakeabigmistake.AEX.Comparethefollowingpairsofsentencesanddiscusstheirstyle.Ifoneacquaintshimselfwiththemanufacturerclosely,itwillrevealthathisconsumingpassionisproduction.Closeacquaintancewiththemanufacturerrevealsthathisconsumingpassionisproduction.AEX.Comparethefollowingpairsofsentencesanddiscusstheirstyle.Laserisoneofthemostsensationaldevelopmentsinrecentyears,becausewecanapplyittomanyfieldofscienceandadaptittopracticaluses.Laserisoneofthemostsensationaldevelopmentsinrecentyears,becauseofitsapplicationtomanyfieldsofscienceanditsadaptabilitytopracticaluses.AEX.Comparethefollowingpairsofsentencesanddiscusstheirstyle.Despitepotentialbenefitsofsuchtechniques,seriousconcernshavebeenraisedconcerningthepotentialenvironmentalandmedicalconsequencesofGMOs.Althoughtherearepotentialbenefitsofsuchtechniques,peoplehaveseriousconcernsconcerningthepotentialenvironmentalandmedicalconsequencesofGMOs.AEX.Comparethefollowingpairsofsentencesanddiscusstheirstyle.Peoplepresentafairlyconsistentpictureofitsshort-termeffectsonusersinmanypublications.Afairlyconsistentpictureofitsshort-termeffectsonusersispresentedinmanypublications.AEX.Comparethefollowingpairsofsentencesanddiscusstheirstyle.WhilewehavealreadylearnedmuchabouttheacutephysiologicaleffectsofCannabis(大麻),there’sstillmuchweneedtolearn.WhilemuchhasalreadybeenlearnedabouttheacutephysiologicaleffectsofCannabis,muchremainstobelearned.AEx.Rewritethefollowingsentencesaccordingtotheinstructioninthebrackets.Wemaybreakthesesectionsdownintoavarietyofsubsectionsandarrangetheminavarietyofways.(Usepassivesentence)

2.Weshouldplacetheemphasisonthediscussionofthereportforthisreadership.(Usepassivesentence)

Thesesectionsmaybebrokendownintoavarietyofsubsections,andtheymaybearrangedinavarietyofways.Emphasisshouldbeplacedonthediscussionofthereportforthisreadership.rewriterewriteEx.Rewritethefollowingsentencesaccordingtotheinstructioninthebrackets.3.Thissubsectionisrhetoricallyusefulbecauseitmakesyoumorecrediblebyindicatingthatthedatapresentedisbasedonthefactthatyouhaveknownthoroughlywhathasbeendoneinthefield.(Avoidthepronoun“you”andtheabstractnounispreferred.)

4.Areasonableapproachtotheactualwritingprocessincludingeditingtomakeitaccurateandclearwillhelpyoutoproduceeffectivereportsefficiently.(Avoidthepronoun“you”andtheabstractnounispreferred.)

Thissubsectionhasrhetoricalusefulnessinthatitenhancesthecredibilitybyindicatingthatthedatapresentedisbasedonthefactthatonehasknownthoroughlywhathasbeendoneinthefield.Areasonableapproachtotheactualwritingprocessincludingeditingtomakeitaccurateandclearwillhelponetoproduceeffectivereportsefficiently.rewriterewriteEx.Rewritethefollowingsentencesaccordingtotheinstructioninthebrackets.5.Ifweinvestigatetherelativeeffectivenessofvariousswimmingstrokes,wehavetodetailthenumberofswimmerstested.(Usenominalphrases)

6.Thefinalsectionistodiscusstheresultsobtainedandstateanyconclusionswhichmaybedrawnfromthoseresults.(Usenominalphrases.)

Aninvestigationoftherelativeeffectivenessofvariousswimmingstrokeswouldhavetodetailthenumberofswimmerstested.Thefinalsectionofaresearchreportisadiscussionoftheresultsobtainedandastatementofanyconclusionswhichmaybedrawnfromthoseresults.rewriterewriteEx.Rewritethefollowingsentencesaccordingtotheinstructioninthebrackets.7.Weshouldexplainthesignificancesocial,economical,psychological,educational,etc.ofthequestion.(Beginthesentencewithanimpersonalnoun.)

8.Wedonotobjecttowritingthatispleasingandinteresting.(Beginthesentencewithanimpersonalnoun.)

Thereshouldbeanexplanationofthesignificancesocial,economical,psychological,educational,etc.ofthequestion.Thereisnoobjectiontowritingthatispleasingandinteresting.rewriterewriteEx.Rewritethefollowingsentencesaccordingtotheinstructioninthebrackets.9.What’stheeffectofregularconsumptionoffastfoodonthehealthoftheAmericanteenagers?(Avoidcontractionsuchas“we’ve”,“shouldn’t”,“What’s”,“there’s”.)

10.There’slittleemphasisonalivelystyle.(Avoidcontractionsuchas“we’ve”,“shouldn’t”,“What’s”,“there’s”.)

WhatistheeffectofregularconsumptionoffastfoodonthehealthoftheAmericanteenagers?Thereislittleemphasisonalivelystyle.rewriterewriteDecidingonatopicandaworkingtitleChapter1topicAtopiciswhattheessayorresearchpaperisabout.Atopicthatistoospecializedortoogeneralmaybringmanyproblemsintermsofthetimeyoucandevotetotheresearchorthesourcesofinformationavailableonthetopic.FourprinciplesfordecidingonatopicInterestingyourinterest&readers’interestImportant

academicvalue&socialvaluetheoreticalvalue&practicalvalueManageablenarrowdownyourtopictomakeyourpapermanageableAdequate

adequatesourcematerialsavailableonthetopicdifficulttocarryoutyourresearchwithoutpreviousstudiesCityDevelopmentSustainableDevelopmentofCitiesSustainableDevelopmentofBigCitiesSustainableDevelopmentofChineseBigCitiesSustainableDevelopmentofChineseBigCitiesfromtheBiologicalPerspectiveWriteaworkingtitle

Aworkingtitlereferstothetitleyouthinkofinitiallyfortheessaywhichyouaregoingtowrite.Itmaybechangedasyoureadmorearticlesandbecomemoreinvolvedintheresearch.Atypicaltitleiscomposedof:subjectmatter+keywordsofthemethod+pare/analyze/discuss/evaluate/study/puterhackerlungcancernuclearpowerplantEnergyEnglishtitlestendtousephrasesinsteadofsentences.e.g.AnAnalysisofPsychologicalMotivationofComputerHackersThecomparisonoftheEffectivenessofTwoApproachestoLungCancerTheanalysisofEnvironmentalEffectsofNuclearPowerPlantsInmostcases,keywordsofmethodscouldbeomittedforconciseness.e.g.PsychologicalMotivationofComputerHackersEffectivenessofTwoApproachestoLungCancerEnvironmentalEffectsofNuclearPowerPlantsSearchingforinformation

Chapter2Findingreliableandbettersources

Section1SourceMaterialsSourcematerialsareanyinformationwhichyoutakefrombooks,journalarticles,websites,newspapers,lectures,etc.CriteriaforgoodSourcematerialsRecentsourcematerialswhichgivenewinformationandresultsofyourdisciplineUnbiasedpublicationswhicharemoretrustworthyFromwriterswhoaretheauthoritiesofacertainfieldandwhoseworksarefrequentlycitedusingTheorganizationofthetextSection2ThecommonstructuresProblemandsolutionCauseandeffectComparisonandcontrastAdvantagesanddisadvantagesOrderandsequenceDescriptionandlistDefinitionandclassificationManyanessaywillcombinetheseorganizationstodevelopcomplicatedideas.ReadingcriticallySection3CriticalreadingRecognizinganauthor’spurposeRecognizingtoneandpersuasiveelementsRecognizingimplicitbiasTakingNotesSection4TakingnotesRecordingthemainideasthatwillformthebackbone(基礎(chǔ))ofyourresearchpapergatheringspecificevidencetosupportyourmainideasrecordingtheexactwordingofthesourcesyoumaywanttoquoteinyourpaperContentofagoodnoteAsummaryofmainideasandchieffindingsofthesourceAparaphraseoftheimportantideasDirectquotationsofthekeystatementsStatisticssuchaspercentagesanddatesAuthor’sname,titleofthebookorarticle,titleofthejournal,andpagerangeAmodelofagoodnoteTitle:HowNanotechnologyWorksAuthor(s):KevinBonsorandJonathanStriclandSource:MaterialEngineers,October17,2008Mainideas:Itisimportanttoknowhownanotechnologyworkssinceitisrapidlybecominganinterdisciplinaryfield.Mainfindingsorideas:1.abetterunderstandingofnanotechnologyisbasedonagoodknowledgeofmultiplesciences.2.nanotechnologycanbeappliedtothemedicalindustry,environmentandmanyotherfields.Conclusion:theimmediatechallengeisthatweshouldknowmoreaboutmaterialsandpropertiesofnanotechnologyatthenanoscale.Writingasummary

Section5TipsforwritingasummaryWritingasummaryisanimportantpartofnote-taking.It’salsoagoodwaytohaveabetterunderstandingofwhatyouhaveread.Itincludesallthemainandsupportingpointsinyourownword,leavingoutunnecessarydetailslikeexamples,explanations,andotherunimportantinformation.Agoodsummaryshouldbebrief,complete,accurate,coherentandobjective.Tipsforwritingasummary1)Readtheparagraphorthewholearticleuntilyouhavefullyunderstoodit.2)Highlightthetopicsentencesandunderlinetheimportantideas,data,themajorfindingsandchiefconclusions.3)Useyourownwordstocombinetheseimportantideasinthesameorderastheoriginal.4)Usetheauthor’skeywordsandphrasesbutavoidusingthesamevocabularyandstructuresastheoriginal.5)Avoidaddingyourowninterpretationorcomment.6)Notedownthesourceoftheessaywithcorrectbibliographicform,suchasauthor,yearpublished,articletitle,journaltitle,volumenumber(issuenumber),pagenumber,etc.

Theconstructivisttheoryrestsontheassumptionthatknowledgeisconstructedbylearnersastheyattempttomakesenseoftheirexperiences.Learners,therefore,arenotemptyvesselswaitingtobefilled,butratheractiveorganismsseekingmeaning.Instead,knowledgemustdevelopandcontinuetochangewiththeactivityofthelearner.ItseemsclearfromremarksofconstructivistresearchersthatconstructivistlearninggoalsarebestmetthroughavarietyofinstructionalconditionsthatdifferfromanyproposedbytheoristslikeGagne.--TakenfromDriscoll,M.P.2001.PsychologyofLearningforInstruction(2nded.).NeedhamHeights,MA:Allyn&BaconThebasictenetofconstructivismholdsthatlearnersthemselvesconstructknowledge,ratherthanreceiveitfromoutsidethemselves.TheinstructionalconditionsforlearningproposedbyGagnedonotsupportthekindoflearningassumedbytheconstructivists.AvoidingPlagiarism

PlagiarismAccordingtoGibaldi(1999),plagiarismiscommittedwhenapersonfailstogiveappropriatecitationanddocumentationwhen1)he/shecopiesasentencefromthesources2)he/sheparaphrasesanother’sargument3)he/shepresentsanother’slineofthinking

AkindoftheftTheuseofothers’ideas,findings,arguments,data,andwordswithoutappropriatecitationordocumentation,intentionalorunintentional.Alwaysremember:

UsequotationmarksonANYtexttakendirectlyformanothersource,evenfromtextbook,alecture,arecording,orformanotherperson’sunpublishedwork.Documentthesourceevenifyouindirectlyparaphraseanotherperson’swriting.Whatarewrong:

Thereisnoneedtousethein-textsdocumentationsimplybecauseyoudocumentthesourcesofthequotesinthereferencelistattheendofyourpaper.Thereisnoneedtodocumentsomeideasorfactssimplybecauseeveryoneknowswheretheycomefrom,althoughitisnotnecessarytodocumentcommonknowledgeaslongasitistrulyknownbymostpeople.CitationCitation,thewaytousesources,isfrequentlyusedinsupportingyourarguments.Twomethods:Quoting(copyingtheexactwordsoftheauthor)Paraphrasing(rewritingwhatthewritersaidinyourownwords)Thoughbothpossibleandacceptable,paraphrasingismuchmorecommonthanquotinginacademicwriting.Directcopyingisnotstronglyrecommendedunlessthewriter’swordsarespecial.CitationCitationconsistsoftwoparts:citationofthecontentdocumentationofitssourceSeveraldetrimentaleffectsofGMcropshadbeenshowedonthemetabolismofanimals.Thehazardofgeneticallymodifiedorganisms(GMO)wasshownforanimalsandtheenvironmentinmanyinvestigations(Traavik1995;HoandTappeser1997;Pusztai1999and2001;Kiznetcovetal.2004)Quoting&ParaphrasingTheWTOstillhasmanyobstaclestoovercome,particularlywithregardtodecision-makingprocesses.fromthesourcearticlewrittenbyKim(1999)QuotingParaphrasing1AccordingtoKim(1999),“theWTOstillhasmanyobstaclestoovercome,particularlywithregardtodecision-makingprocesses”.AccordingtoKim(1999),theWTOneedstoimprovetheprocessesbywhichdecisionsaremade.2Manyagreewiththis:

ResearcharguesthenecessityoftheWTOtoimproveitsdecision-makingprocesses(Kim,1999).TheWTOstillhasmanyobstaclestoovercome,particularlywithregardtodecision-makingprocesses(Kim,1999)..Directquotationsshouldonlybeusedwhenyoufeeltheideaissoimportantthattheparaphraseofitwillloseitsweight.Ifyouwanttoquotemorethan2sentences,youhavetowritethequoteasindentedtext,soitclearlystandsoutfromthebodyofyouressay.ParaphrasingTheverbsmostfrequentlyusedinparaphrasingare:show,claim,report,suggest,insist,believe,remark,conclude,state,argue,contend,pointout,interpret,describe,…Generallyspeaking,therearetwopatternsforthetenseofverbsused.Pasttenseisusedwhentheresearcherismentioneddirectlyinthesentence.Kim(1999)showedthenecessityofWTOtoimprovetheprocessesbywhichdecisionsaremade.Presenttenseorpresentperfectisusedwhentheresearcherismentionedindirectlyinbrackets.ThereisaneedfortheWTOtoimproveitsdecision-makingprocesses(Kim1999)DocumentationCoupledwithcitationisdocumentation（文獻記錄）whichmeanstheidentificationofthesourceoftheideasandquotationsusedintheliteraturereviewor/andinyourresearchpaper.Failingtodocumentyoursources,whetherintentionallyorunintentionally,isplagiarism.In-textDocumentationIn-textdocumentation,abriefparentheticalacknowledgementinthetext,containstwoparts:thelastnameoftheauthor(s)thedateoftheirpublicationinparenthesesSeveraldetrimentaleffectsofGMcropshadbeenshowedonthemetabolismofanimals.Thehazardofgeneticallymodifiedorganisms(GMO)wasshownforanimalsandtheenvironmentinmanyinvestigations(Traavik1995;HoandTappeser1997;Pusztai1999and2001;Kiznetcovetal.2004)Remember,theinformationintheparentheticalreferencesshouldbegivenitsaccurateandspecificdetailsofthesourcesinthereferencelistattheendofyourpaper.ReferencesHo,M.W.andTappeser,B.(1997).Potentialcontributionsofhorizontalgenetransfertothetransboundarymovementoflivingmodifiedorganismsresultingfrommodernbiotechnology.InTransboundaryMovementofLivingModifiedOrganismsResultingfromModernBiotechnology:IssuesandOpportunitiesforPolicy-Makers(K.J.Mulongoy,ed.)InternationalAcademyoftheEnvironment,Switzerland:171-193Pusztai,A.(2001).Geneticallymodifiedfoods:Aretheyarisktohuman/animalhealth.Biotechnology:GeneticallyModifiedOrganisms.2001.HowtoWriteanAbstractLecture5AbstractAcondensedsummaryofthepaper’skeyinformationhighlightsthemajorpointscoveredconciselydescribethecontentandscopeofthewritingreviewsthewriting’scontentsinabbreviatedformReader’sfirstencounterwithapaperthechiefmeansbywhichreaderssurveythecontentsofthedocumentquicklyandthendecidewhethertocontinuereadingProvideabriefsummaryofthefindingsofthepaperandshouldbeastand-alone(獨立的)documentthatcanbeunderstoodwithoutreadingthepaperUsedbyabstracting

(編制文摘)andinformationservicestoindexandretrievearticles,sometimeswiththehelpofkeywordslistedintheabstractAbstractComposedaftertheresearchpaperisfinishedplacedbeforethemaintextEconomyofwordsThelengthofanabstractvariesaccordingtothelengthofthepaperandrequirementsofdifferentjournals(generally200wordsshouldbeasensiblemaximum).Itusesasingleparagraph.TwotypesofabstractsDescriptiveabstractsInformativeabstractsTwotypesofabstractsDescriptiveabstractstellreaderswhatinformationthereport,article,orpapercontainsIncludethepurpose,methods,andscopeofthereport,article,orpaperDonotprovideresults,conclusions,orrecommendationsArealwaysveryshort,usuallyunder100wordsIntroducethesubjectstoreaders,whomustthenreadthereport,article,orpapertofindouttheauthor’sresults,conclusions,orrecommendationsInformativeabstractsCommunicatespecificinformationfromthereport,article,orpaperIncludethepurpose,methods,andscopeofthereport,articleorpaperProvidethereport,articleorpaper’sresults,conclusions,andrecommendationAreshortfromaparagraphtoapageortwo,dependingonthelengthoftheoriginalworkbeingabstracted.Usuallyinformativeabstractsare10%orlessofthelengthoftheoriginalpiece.Allowreaderstodecidewhethertheywanttoreadthereport,article,orpaper.CriteriaofagoodabstractAccurateStand-alone/self-containedConcise

andspecificNon-evaluativeCoherentandreadablePartsofanabstractPurpose/motivationProblemstatementApproaches/methodsResultsConclusionsRelevanceKeywordsContent-basedESLinstruction:Long-termeffectsandoutcomesBailinSongKingsboroughCommunityCollege,CityUniversityofNewYork,2001OrientalBoulevard,Brooklyn,NY11235-2398,USAEnglishforSpecificPurposesVolume25,Issue4,2006,Pages420–437SampleabstracttitleauthorAuthor’sinformationJournalSampleabstract

Content-basedlanguageinstructionhasbecomeawidelyadoptedpedagogicalapproachtoEAP.Thispaperreportstheresultsofastudyoftheeffectsofcontent-basedESLinstructiononstudents’futureacademicperformance.Thestudyusedcollegeaca