經(jīng)濟(jì)金融專(zhuān)業(yè)-德國(guó)APS審核資料

PAGE西方經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)必修課3.0WesternEconomicsThiscoursewemainlylearnmacroeconomicsandmicroeconomics.Macroeconomicsisabranchofeconomicsdealingwiththeperformance,structure,behavior,anddecision-makingoftheentireeconomy.Thisincludesanational,regional,orglobaleconomy.Measuresofnationalincomeandoutput:toestimatetotaleconomicactivityinacountryorregion,includinggrossdomesticproduct(GDP),grossnationalproduct(GNP),andnetnationalincome(NNI)Theexpenditureapproach.Itfocusesonfindingthetotaloutputofanationbyfindingthetotalamountofmoneyspent.[C=householdconsumption,I=grossprivatedomesticinvestment,G=governmentconsumptionandgrossinvestment,X=grossexportsofgoodsandservices,M=grossimportsofgoodsandservices]Theincomeapproach.Itequatesthetotaloutputofanationtothetotalfactorincomereceivedbypeopleofthenation.Nationalincome=Compensationofemployees+Netinterest+Rental&royaltyincome+Profitoffirms+Incomefromself-employment+NFIA(netfactorincomefromabroad).TheIS/LMmodel(InvestmentSaving/LiquiditypreferenceMoneysupply)isamacroeconomictoolthatdemonstratestherelationshipbetweeninterestratesandrealoutputinthegoodsandservicesmarketandthemoneymarket.Microeconomicsisabranchofeconomicsthatstudiesthebehaviorofhowtheindividualmodernhouseholdandfirmsmakedecisionstoallocatelimitedresources.Demandcurve:Ineconomics,thedemandcurveisthegraphdepictingtherelationshipbetweenthepriceofacertaincommodity,andtheamountofitthatconsumersarewillingandabletopurchaseatthatgivenprice.Supplycurve:Agraphshowingthehypotheticalsupplyofaproductorservicethatwouldbeavailableatdifferentpricepoints.證券投資學(xué)限選課3.0SecuritiesandInvestmentSecuritiesinvestmentismainlyabouthowtomanagetheinvestment,frombothfundamentalandtechnicalanalysisofstocks,themeaningofthefundamentalsofanalysisofthevalueofthecompanystock,financialposition,profitability,growthability,technicalanalysisreferstotheanalysisofthestockpricefromatechnicalpointofview,themainapplicationofthek-linetheory.Thetrendline,theformoflaw,andthegoldensectiontheory."Assetmanagement"Investmentmanagementistheprofessionalmanagementofvarioussecurities(shares,bondsetc.)andassets(e.g.,realestate),tomeetspecifiedinvestmentgoalsforthebenefitoftheinvestors.Investorsmaybeinstitutions(insurancecompanies,pensionfunds,corporationsetc.)orprivateinvestors(bothdirectlyviainvestmentcontractsandmorecommonlyviacollectiveinvestmentschemese.g.mutualfunds).Thesecuritiesmarketrefersonlytothecapitalsecuritieswillbecometheobjectoftrading,thestockmarketiscapitalizedsecuritiesissuanceandcirculationspaces.Usuallyreferstostock,debt,fundincomecertificateorothersecuritiesofacapitalmarkettransactionobject,suchasbilldiscountingsuchshort-termsecuritiesmarketdoesnotincludewithinthescopeofthesecuritiesmarketsorsecuritiesindustry.證券投資學(xué)主要講的是如何來(lái)管理投資，從基本面和技術(shù)兩個(gè)方面來(lái)分析股票，基本面的含義是分析公司股票的價(jià)值，主要從財(cái)務(wù)狀況，盈利能力，增長(zhǎng)能力等方面，技術(shù)分析指的是從技術(shù)角度來(lái)分析股票價(jià)格，主要應(yīng)用的是k線(xiàn)理論。包括趨勢(shì)線(xiàn)，形態(tài)法，以及黃金分割理論等。“資產(chǎn)管理”投資管理的專(zhuān)業(yè)管理各種證券（股票，債券等）和資產(chǎn)（如房地產(chǎn)），以滿(mǎn)足特定的投資目標(biāo)，投資者的利益。投資者可機(jī)構(gòu)（保險(xiǎn)公司，養(yǎng)老基金，企業(yè)等）或私人投資者（無(wú)論是直接通過(guò)投資合同，通常通過(guò)集體投資計(jì)劃例如共同基金。證券市場(chǎng)Stockmarket證券市場(chǎng)只是指資本化了的證券才會(huì)成為買(mǎi)賣(mài)的對(duì)象，證券市場(chǎng)就是進(jìn)行資本化有價(jià)證券的發(fā)行和流通的場(chǎng)所。通常指股票、債權(quán)、基金收益憑證等有價(jià)證券為交易對(duì)象所形成的一種資本市場(chǎng)，而諸如票據(jù)貼現(xiàn)這樣的短期證券市場(chǎng)則并不包括在證券市場(chǎng)或證券業(yè)范圍內(nèi)。國(guó)際金融必修課3.0國(guó)際金融主要講了外匯，外匯包括外國(guó)貨幣，外幣形式的有價(jià)證券，支付憑證和其他外匯資產(chǎn)。然后學(xué)習(xí)了匯率的兩種標(biāo)價(jià)法，直接標(biāo)價(jià)法和間接標(biāo)價(jià)法。一單位外幣=？本幣，是直接標(biāo)價(jià)法。一單位本幣=？外幣，是間接標(biāo)價(jià)法。中國(guó)采用直接標(biāo)價(jià)法。Westudiedmainlyforeignexchangeandbalanceofpayments.Foreignexchangeconsistsofforeigncurrency,securitiesandpaymentinstrumentintheformofforeigncurrencyandotherforeigncurrencyassets.Thenwestudiedtwoquotationsofexchangerate,directquotationandindirectquotation.Oneunitforeigncurrencyequalshowmuchdomesticcurrency,thisisdirectquotation.Andoneunitdomesticcurrencyequalshowmuchforeigncurrencyisindirectquotation.InChina,weusedirectquotation.還學(xué)習(xí)了國(guó)際收支。國(guó)際收支是指一個(gè)國(guó)家在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)發(fā)生的所有對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)交易的總和。國(guó)際收支平衡表可以清晰的顯示出一個(gè)國(guó)家的國(guó)際收支狀況。國(guó)際收支平衡表有三個(gè)內(nèi)容，經(jīng)常項(xiàng)目，資本項(xiàng)目，平衡項(xiàng)目（錯(cuò)誤和遺漏賬戶(hù)）。國(guó)際收支平衡表上有貸方余額，則說(shuō)明國(guó)際收支發(fā)生了順差，即這個(gè)國(guó)家在這段時(shí)期的對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)往來(lái)收入大于支出。這會(huì)使得該國(guó)國(guó)際儲(chǔ)備和對(duì)外支付能力增強(qiáng)。但順差也有缺點(diǎn)。1.一國(guó)外匯市場(chǎng)上的外匯供給大于外匯需求，外匯匯率下降，本幣匯率上升，不利于出口，加重國(guó)內(nèi)失業(yè)。2.順差使外匯儲(chǔ)備增加，外匯侵占本幣的市場(chǎng)，從而引發(fā)國(guó)內(nèi)通貨膨脹。3.如果是出口引起的順差，說(shuō)明國(guó)內(nèi)資源大量外流，不利于本國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。Andwealsolearnedbalanceofpayments.Itmeansallinternationaleconomictradesumofonecountryduringaperiod.Thebalanceofpaymentsstatementcanshowthebalanceofpaymentssituationclearly.Thereare3contentsinthestatement.Currentaccount,capitalandfinancialaccount,andbalanceaccount.Ifthereisacreditbalanceinthestatement,itmeansthereissurplusinbalanceofpayments,namelytheforeignincomeismorethanexpenditureforthiscountryinthisperiod,whichwillenhancetheabilityofinternationalreserveandforeignpayment.Surplusalsohasdisadvantages.1.foreignexchangesupplyisgreaterthandemand,theexchangerateofforeigncurrencywilldecreaseanddomesticcurrencyratewillrise,thepriceofthegoodswillgoupandit’sbadforexportandincreasesdomesticunemployment.2.surpluswillincreaseinternationalreserve,buttheforeigncurrencywilloccupythemarketofdomesticcurrency,whichwillcauseinflation.3.Ifthesurplusiscausedbyexport,thismeansdomesticresourceflowsoutgreatly,andit’sbadfordomesticeconomy.InternationalfinanceInternationalfinanceisthebranchofeconomicsthatstudiesthedynamicsofexchangerates,internationalinvestment,globalfinancialsystem,andhowtheseaffectinternationaltrade.BalanceofpaymentsManagementManagementisacoursewhichwelearnwhatismanagementandThefunctionofmanagement.Managementistoassignandcoordinateallresourcesthatcanbetransferred,inordertorealizethegoalthatcan'tberealizedbysingleindividual.Thefunctionofmanagementincluding:planning,organizing,leading,controlling,inspiriting,makingdecisionandinnovation.Theplanningistomakethegoalandmakeaplantoreachgoal.Thetopmanagershaveresponsibilitytomaketotalgoalandstrategy.Middlemanagersandfirst-linemanagersmaketheplantosupportingthetotalstrategy.Themanagersmustmakeaplantocontrolandharmonizetheresourcewhichtheyresponsible.Theorganizingistomakesureintheplanwhofinishesandhowtomanageandharmonizethesetasks.Themanagermustorganizetheworkgroupsandmembers,inordertolettheinformation,theresourceandthetaskcanchange.TheorganizingartandthemanagementofhumanResourcesareveryimportantforthefunctionoforganize.Organization:Twoormorepersonsformtheunitinordertoreachthesamegoal.Theleadingistheleadencouragesandguidemembersinordertocontributeforthegoal.Themanagerneedstheabilitytoleadmemberstoachievethegoal.Thecontrollingisaccordingtotheorganization‘splan,supervisionandinspectionactivitiesandtheirresults,andaccordingtothesituationadjusttheactionorplan,makesuretheplanandtheactualmatch,achievethegoal.

TheInspiritingistocreateavarietyofconditions,tomeettheneedsofemployees,letthemworkeffectivelyandactively,toachievegoals.MotiveTheory,HierarchyofNeeds：PhysicalNeeds，SafetyNeeds,loveandbelongingNeeds,EsteemNeedsandSelfActualizationneeds.Themakingdecisionistorecognizeandsolvetheproblem.Decisionistheessenceofmanagement.Otherfunctionsofmanagementcannotbedoingwithoutdecision.Forexampleininformationachieve,whatkindofinformationtoachieve,bywhatkindofway,whereandwhentoobtainandsoon,needsthemanagertomakedecision.TheinnovationisChangethecurrentsituation.一、管理：是一個(gè)分配和協(xié)調(diào)所有可被調(diào)動(dòng)的資源以實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)體不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)的過(guò)程。管理的職能：計(jì)劃，組織，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，控制，激勵(lì)，協(xié)調(diào)。二、計(jì)劃：制定目標(biāo)，確立實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的行動(dòng)。高層管理者負(fù)責(zé)制定總目標(biāo)和總戰(zhàn)略。中層和基層的管理者制定計(jì)劃，支持總戰(zhàn)略。管理者必須制定計(jì)劃去控制和協(xié)調(diào)他們所負(fù)責(zé)的資源。三、組織：是明確任務(wù)由誰(shuí)完成，如何處理和諧調(diào)這些任務(wù)的過(guò)程。管理者必須組織工作團(tuán)體和成員，使得在組織中信息、資源和任務(wù)能加以改變。組織的藝術(shù)和人力資源的管理對(duì)組織職能非常重要。組織：兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人組成的實(shí)現(xiàn)同一目標(biāo)的單元。四、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)Leadership領(lǐng)導(dǎo)鼓勵(lì)并且引導(dǎo)員工為了為組織的目標(biāo)作貢獻(xiàn)。管理者需要具備領(lǐng)導(dǎo)成員實(shí)現(xiàn)組織目標(biāo)能力。五、控制Controlling控制是組織以經(jīng)營(yíng)計(jì)劃的表現(xiàn)來(lái)監(jiān)督連續(xù)情況和戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃。六、激勵(lì)：創(chuàng)造各種條件，滿(mǎn)足員工需求，激發(fā)他們工作的動(dòng)機(jī)，實(shí)現(xiàn)組織的宗旨。馬斯洛的需要層次論：生理需要，安全需要，社會(huì)需要，尊重的需要，自我實(shí)現(xiàn)的需要。七、決策：識(shí)別，解決問(wèn)題，改進(jìn)機(jī)會(huì)的過(guò)程。決定是管理的實(shí)質(zhì)。管理的其他作用離不開(kāi)決定。例如在信息獲取過(guò)程中，獲得的什么樣的信息，由什么樣的方式，何時(shí)何地獲得等等，需要管理者做出決策。八、創(chuàng)新：改變現(xiàn)在的處境。國(guó)際結(jié)算專(zhuān)業(yè)課3.0InternationalSettlementInternationalsettlementisalsocalledfinancialpayments,itisfinancialactivitiesconductedamongdifferentcountriesinwhicheitherpaymentsareeffectedorfundsaretransferredformonecountytoanotherforthepurposeofsettlingaccounts,debits.billsofexchangeisanunconditionalorderinwriting.ItisanUnconditionalOrdertoPay.出票人（drawer）付款人（payer）收款人（payee）promissorynotesisanunconditionalpromiseinwriting.出票人（Maker/Payer），收款人（Payee）checksAcheckisabillofexchangedrawnonabankerpayableondemand.Collectiondocumentarycollection跟單托收：DocumentsagainstPayment&DocumentsagainstAcceptance付款交單&承兌交單LetterofCreditL/C或LOC信用證Aletterofcreditisadocumentissuedbyafinancialinstitution,assuringpaymenttoasellerofgoodsandservices.Itusedintradefinance,whichusuallyprovidesanirrevocablepaymentundertakingInternationaltradegeography國(guó)際貿(mào)易地理是研究各國(guó)各地區(qū)不同市場(chǎng)的基本條件和特點(diǎn)，他們?cè)趪?guó)際貿(mào)易中所占的地位，以及各個(gè)市場(chǎng)上不同的商品結(jié)構(gòu)，供求，交換，運(yùn)銷(xiāo)狀況。講了世界主要運(yùn)河，世界主要海峽。比如，蘇伊士運(yùn)河北起地中海的portsaid，南接陶菲克taufik，溝通了紅海和地中海。把大西洋和印度洋連接起來(lái)。這樣，從東亞運(yùn)送的到歐洲的貨物，就不需要繞過(guò)非洲的好望角，繞很長(zhǎng)的路程。過(guò)了印度，直接從蘇伊士運(yùn)河到達(dá)地中海，然后沿路北上就可。這樣不僅僅縮短了航程，節(jié)省了時(shí)間和運(yùn)費(fèi)，更可以減少油耗，進(jìn)行環(huán)保.Internationaltradegeographystudiesthebasictradeconditionsandcharacteristicsofdifferentcountriesandregions.Itintroducesmainstraitsandmaincanalsintheworld.Forexample,theSuezCanalstartsfromPortSaidofMediterraneanintheNorthandendsatTaufikintheSouth,connectingRedSeaandMediterranean,LinkingtheAtlanticOceanandtheIndianOcean.Thus,thecargofromEastAsiatoEuropeneedn’tdetourtheCapeofGoodHopeofSouthAfrica,whichisalongdistance.AfterarrivinginIndia,thecargoreachesMediterraneanviaSuezCanaldirectly,andthengoesnorthwardalongtheway.Thisnotonlyshortensthesailingvoyage,savetimeandcost,butalsodecreasestheoilcost,protectingourenvironment.國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論的發(fā)展大致經(jīng)過(guò)了古典，新古典，新貿(mào)易理論以及新興古典貿(mào)易理論四大階段。ThedevelopmentofInternationaltradetheorywentthroughfourphases:classicaltradetheory,neoclassicaltradetheory,newtradetheoryandnewdevelopingtradetheory.其中,起奠基作用的古典貿(mào)易理論是在批判重商主義的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來(lái)。主要包括亞當(dāng).斯密的絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)理論和大衛(wèi)李嘉圖的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論。古典貿(mào)易理論從勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的角度說(shuō)明了國(guó)際貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生的原因，結(jié)構(gòu)和利益分配。Thebasicandmostimportantone—classicaltradetheorywasdevelopedoncriticizingMercantilism,whichincludesAdamSmith’sabsoluteadvantagetheoryandDavidRicardo’scomparativeadvantagetheory.Classicaltradetheorystatesthecause,structureandbenefitdistributionofinternationaltradefromtheviewoflaborproductivity.重商主義：重商主義認(rèn)為，財(cái)富的唯一形式是金銀，金銀的多少是衡量一個(gè)國(guó)家富裕程度的唯一尺度，而獲得金銀的主要渠道就是國(guó)家貿(mào)易。通過(guò)獎(jiǎng)出限入求得順差，使金銀流入，國(guó)家就會(huì)富裕。Mercantilismholdstheview:theonlyformofwealthisgoldandsilver.Thequantityofgoldandsilveristheonlywaytomeasureacountry’swealth.Andthemainwaytogetgoldandsilverisinternationaltrade.絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)理論：亞當(dāng)斯密在生產(chǎn)分工理論的基礎(chǔ)上提出了國(guó)際貿(mào)易的絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)理論。在國(guó)富論中，斯密指出國(guó)際貿(mào)易的基礎(chǔ)，在于各國(guó)商品之間存在勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率和生產(chǎn)成本的絕對(duì)差異，而這種差異來(lái)源于自然稟賦和后天的生產(chǎn)條件。亞當(dāng)斯密認(rèn)為在國(guó)際分工中，每個(gè)國(guó)家應(yīng)該專(zhuān)門(mén)生產(chǎn)自己具有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品，并用其中一部分交換其具有絕對(duì)劣勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品，這樣就會(huì)使各國(guó)的資源得到最有效率的利用，更好的促進(jìn)分工和交換，使每個(gè)國(guó)家都獲得最大利益。Absoluteadvantagetheory:AdamSmithputforwardtheabsoluteadvantagetheoryonthebasisofdivisionoflabortheory.Hethoughtthebaseofinternationaltradeisabsolutedifferenceoflaborproductivityandproductioncostforgoodsfromvariouscountries.Everycountryshouldproducethegoodswithabsoluteadvantageanddobusinessforexchangethegoodswithabsolutedisadvantage,whichwillmakefulluseofeverycountry’sresources.Thiswillpromotedivisionoflaborandexchangebetterandeachcountrycangainthegreatestbenefits.比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論：鑒于絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)理論的局限性，大衛(wèi)·李嘉圖(DavidRicardo)認(rèn)為國(guó)際貿(mào)易分工的基礎(chǔ)不限于絕對(duì)成本差異，即使一國(guó)在所有產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)中勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率都處于全面優(yōu)勢(shì)或全面劣勢(shì)的地位，只要有利或不利的程度有所不同，該國(guó)就可以通過(guò)生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率差異較小的產(chǎn)品參加國(guó)際貿(mào)易，從而獲得比較利益。比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論遵循“兩優(yōu)取其重，兩劣取其輕”的原則，認(rèn)為國(guó)家間技術(shù)水平的相對(duì)差異產(chǎn)生了比較成本的差異，構(gòu)成國(guó)際貿(mào)易的原因，并決定著國(guó)際貿(mào)易的模式。Comparativeadvantagetheory:Consideringthelimitationofabsoluteadvantagetheory,DavidRicardoputforwardthistheory.Hethoughtthetradedivisionisnotlimitedtoabsolutecostdifferences.Evenifthelaborproductivityoftheproductsinonecountryisingoodorbadposition,solongasthedegreeofadvantagesanddisadvantagesaredifferent,thiscountryshoulddointernationaltradebyproducingthelaborproductivitywithlessdifference.Thiswillgetmorebenefits.國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)課程完整的講述了與外國(guó)人做貿(mào)易的流程。在得知一個(gè)可以進(jìn)行貿(mào)易的對(duì)象公司后，要進(jìn)行詢(xún)盤(pán)發(fā)盤(pán)和接受。然后簽訂合同。這個(gè)過(guò)程就涉及到商品的名稱(chēng)，包裝和數(shù)量的表示，一定要準(zhǔn)確。合同中必須明確規(guī)定是按照什么貿(mào)易條款和適用哪個(gè)法律。這里涉及到各種各樣的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)，比如FOB,CIF,CFR，這些術(shù)語(yǔ)說(shuō)明了買(mǎi)房和賣(mài)方的責(zé)任義務(wù)。合同簽訂后，賣(mài)方要備貨，報(bào)關(guān)報(bào)檢，并確定保險(xiǎn)事宜，然后聯(lián)系承運(yùn)人。運(yùn)輸方式有很多種，海洋，鐵路，航空，要按照不同的貨物標(biāo)的和具體情況選擇，最普遍的是集裝箱運(yùn)輸。分為cy-cy,cy-sd。集裝箱有20’,40’gp,40’hc,45’gp和reefer等箱型。等貨物運(yùn)到后，買(mǎi)方付款贖單，拿著海運(yùn)單可以提貨。海運(yùn)單有正本提單和海運(yùn)提單兩種類(lèi)型，還可以做電放提單。收付匯方式有匯付，托收和信用證付款。等買(mǎi)方把貨提走，所有款項(xiàng)都交齊，這筆貿(mào)易就進(jìn)行完成了。Westudiedthedetaile