2023年考研考博-考博英語-武漢大學(xué)考試歷年高頻考點(diǎn)真題薈萃帶答案篇

長風(fēng)破浪會有時，直掛云帆濟(jì)滄海。住在富人區(qū)的她2023年考研考博-考博英語-武漢大學(xué)考試歷年高頻考點(diǎn)真題薈萃帶答案第1卷一.綜合題(共10題)1.翻譯題中國作為一個發(fā)展中國家，面臨著發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)和保護(hù)環(huán)境的雙重任務(wù)。然而，我國人口眾多，資源相對不足，經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模越來越大，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與資源和環(huán)境之間的矛盾日益突出。環(huán)境污染嚴(yán)重，生態(tài)狀況惡化、資源耗費(fèi)巨大、回收率低而導(dǎo)致環(huán)境破壞等問題，已成為中國經(jīng)濟(jì)保持可持續(xù)發(fā)展的瓶頸。從國情出發(fā)，中國在全面推進(jìn)現(xiàn)代化的進(jìn)程中，已將環(huán)境保護(hù)視為一項基本國策，將實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展視為一項重要戰(zhàn)略，同時在全國范圍內(nèi)開展污染防治工作和生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)活動，環(huán)境惡化的狀況基本得到了控制。實(shí)踐證明，我們協(xié)調(diào)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與環(huán)境保護(hù)兩者之間關(guān)系的做法是行之有效的。人類發(fā)展只有合理地利用自然界，與自然界保持和諧關(guān)系，才能維持和發(fā)展人類所創(chuàng)造的文明，才能與自然界共生共榮、協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。中國作為國際社會的成員，在努力保護(hù)自己環(huán)境的同時，還積極參與國際環(huán)保事務(wù)，促進(jìn)國際環(huán)保合作，并認(rèn)真履行國際義務(wù)。所有這些都充分表明了中國政府和人民保護(hù)全球環(huán)境的誠意和決心。Directions:TranslatethefollowingparagraphfromChineseintoEnglish.PleasewriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.2.翻譯題改革開放以來，中國找到了一條適合自己國情的促進(jìn)和發(fā)展人權(quán)的道路。中國是一個歷史悠久、人口眾多、資源和財富相對短缺的東方發(fā)展中國家。在這樣一個國家促進(jìn)人權(quán)，既不能照搬西方發(fā)達(dá)國家的人權(quán)發(fā)展模式，也不能因襲其他發(fā)展中國家的做法，只能從中國的國情出發(fā)，探索具有自身特點(diǎn)的發(fā)展道路。改革開放以后，中國在總結(jié)歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn)的基礎(chǔ)上，找到了一條真正符合中國國情的促進(jìn)人權(quán)發(fā)展的道路。這就是：將生存權(quán)和發(fā)展權(quán)放在首位，在改革、發(fā)展、穩(wěn)定的條件下，全面推進(jìn)人權(quán)。這條道路的特點(diǎn)是：在發(fā)展人權(quán)的基本方向上，堅持發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力和共同富裕的原則，立足于改善全國人民的生活和促進(jìn)全國人民人權(quán)的發(fā)展。在促進(jìn)人權(quán)的輕重緩急上，強(qiáng)調(diào)生存權(quán)、發(fā)展權(quán)的首要地位，同時兼顧公民的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會、文化權(quán)利和個人、集體權(quán)利的全面發(fā)展；在促進(jìn)和保障人權(quán)的方式上，強(qiáng)調(diào)穩(wěn)定是前提，發(fā)展是關(guān)鍵，改革是動力，法制是保障。20多年來，由于中國堅持了這條正確的發(fā)展道路，不僅使全國人民的生活狀況和精神風(fēng)貌大為改觀，而且形成了一整套比較完備的保障人民民主權(quán)利的政治制度和法律體系，從而使人權(quán)建設(shè)在制度化、法律化的軌道上取得了長足的進(jìn)展，人權(quán)狀況呈現(xiàn)出不斷改善的良好態(tài)勢。Directions:TranslatethefollowingparagraphfromChineseintoEnglish.PleasewriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.3.不定項選擇題MrGordonisrightthatthesecondindustrialrevolutioninvolvednever-to-be-repeatedchanges.Butthatdoesnotmeanthatdriverlesscarscountfornothing.MessrsErixonandWeigelarealsorighttoworryabouttheWest'sdismalrecentrecordinproducingnewcompanies.Butmanyoldfirmsarenotrunbybureaucratsandhavereinventedthemselvesmanytimesover:GeneralElectricmustbeonatleastitsninthlife.Andtheimpactofgiantnewfirmsborninthepast20yearssuchasUber,GoogleandFacebookshouldnotbeunderestimated:theyhavealltheSchumpeteriancharacteristicstheauthorsadmire.Onthepessimists'sidethestrongestargumentreliesnotoncloselywatchingcorporateandinvestorbehaviorbutratheronmacro-levelstatisticsonproductivity.Thefiguresfromrecentyearsaretrulydismal.KarimFoda,oftheBrookingsInstitution,calculatesthatlaborproductivityintherichworldisgrowingatitsslowestratesince1950.Totalfactorproductivity(whichtriestomeasureinnovation)hasgrownatjust0.1%inadvancedeconomiessince2004,wellbelowitshistoricalaverage.Optimistshavetworetorts.Thefirstisthattheremustbesomethingwrongwiththefigures.OnepossibilityisthattheyfailtocountthehugeconsumersurplusgivenawayfreeofchargeontheInternet.Butthisisunconvincing.TheofficialfiguresmaywellbeunderstatingtheimpactoftheInternetrevolution,justastheydownplayedtheimpactofelectricityandcarsinthepast,buttheyarenotunderstatingitenoughtoexplaintherecentdeclineinproductivitygrowth.Another,secondlineofargumentthattheproductivityrevolutionhasonlyjustbegunismorepersuasive.OverthepastdecademanyITcompaniesmayhavefocusedonthingsthatweremore“funthanfundamental”inPaulKrugman'sphrase.ButSiliconValley'sbestcompaniesarecertainlyfocusingonthingsthatchangethematerialworld.UberandAirbnbarebringingdramaticimprovementstotwolargeindustriesthathavebeenmoreorlessstuckfordecades.MorganStanleyestimatesthatdriverlesscarscouldresultin$507billionayearofproductivitygainsinAmerica,mainlyfrompeoplebeingabletostareattheirlaptopsinsteadofattheroad.1.Whathasledtothepessimisticopinionconcerningtheworld'seconomy?2.Thefirstargumentontheoptimists'sideisunconvincingbecausetheofficialfigures（）.3.WhatistrueabouttheITcompaniesinSiliconValley?4.HowcandriverlesscarsbenefitAmericanindustries?問題1選項A.Itisbasedonmacro-levelstatisticsonproductivity.B.Itisbasedoncloseobservationoncorporateandinvestorbehavior.C.Itisduetothefactthatmanyoldfirmsarenotrunbybureaucrats.D.Itisduetothefactthatnotenoughnewfirmshavebeencreated.問題2選項A.arebothwrongandunconvincingB.downplaytheInternetrevolutionC.failtoincludetheconsumersurplusD.can'texplainthedeclineinproductivitygrowth問題3選項A.Theyhaveonlyfocusedonthefunpartoflife.B.Theyhavemadeadifferenceintherealworld.C.Theyhavemorepersuasiveproductivity.D.Theyhaveonlyjustbeguntodevelop.問題4選項A.DriverlesscarshaverevivedtwolargeAmericanindustries.B.Thesaleofdriverlesscarscanreachhundredsofbilliondollars.C.Thankstothempeoplefreefromdrivingcandomorecreativework.D.DriverlesscarshavestimulatedthedevelopmentofUberandAirbnb4.單選題Blackholesaren’texactlypoliteeaters.Forthefirsttime,scientistsobservedablackholebothdevouringastarandrippingaplasma“burp”asitconsumeditsmeal—anincrediblyrarefind.Scientistshavepreviouslyseenablackholeconsumeastar,andthey’vealsoseenblackholesspewsuperheatedmatter,butthisisthefirsttimethey’veseenbotheventsoccursocloselytogether.Viewingthisparticulardisappearingactatthecenterofanearbygalaxyhasshedlightonapreviouslytheoreticalphenomenonandbroughtresearchersclosertounderstandingthephysicsofblackholes.EversinceresearchersatOhioStateUniversitynoticedastarroughlythesizeofthesunbeingpulledintoablackholeinDecember2014,ateamofscientistsledbyJohnsHopkinsUniversityprofessorSjoertvanVelzenfixeditseyesonthehungryblackhole,locatedroughly300millionlightyearsfromEarth.Overthecourseofseveralmonths,vanVelzen’steamwatchedtheblackholesiphonmaterialfromthedoomedstaruntilitwasentirelydevoured.UsingacombinationofX-ray,radioandopticalsignals,theteamtrackedthestar’sdemiseacrossmultiplewavelengths,whichallowedthemtopiecetogetheramorecompletepictureofwhathappenswhenablackholesnacksonastar.JetsofX-rayandgammarayradiationemanatingfromblackholeshavebeendocumentedbefore,butneverasadirectresultofastarbeingconsumed.Blackholesperiodicallyemitparticlesfromaccretiondisks,orringsofparticlescaughtintheirgravitationalpull.Ithadbeenhypothesizedthatasimilaremissionwouldoccurifalargebody,suchasastar,weredraggedintoablackhole.Scientists,however,hadneverbeenabletoobservesuchanevent.So,whenresearchersnoticedanabruptspikeinactivityaroundtheblackholebackin2014,theyknewtheywereabouttowatchsomethingspecial.Thesizeandintensityoftheflareruledoutthepossibilitythatitwascausedbytheblackhole’saccretiondisk,leavingfewotherpossibilities.“Previouseffortstofindevidenceforthesejets,includingmyown,werelatetothegame,”vanVelzensaidinanewsrelease.Becausetheycaughttheblackholeintheactthistime,researcherswereabletoconfirmthetheorythatblackholesemitflaresofradiationintheprocessofconsuminglargequantitiesofmatter.Whilethisphenomenonisstilllargelyamystery,itisthoughtthatthejetsarecausedbymagneticfieldsinteractingwiththeparticlesswirlingaroundablackhole.TheteampublishedtheirfindingsinthejournalScience.“Thedestructionofastarbyablackholeisbeautifullycomplicated,andfarfromunderstood,”vanVelzensaid.“Fromourobservations,welearnthestreamsofstellardebriscanorganizeandmakeajetratherquicklywhichisvaluableinputforconstructingacompletetheoryoftheseevents.”13.Itisthefirsttimethatscientistshavewitnessed（）.14.SinceDecember2014,professorvanVelzenandhisteamhaveobservedandtracked（）.15.Beforethisobservation,scientistsdidn’tknow（）.16.AccordingtoprofessorvanVelzen,theoryabouttheeventsis（）.問題1選項A.ablackholeconsumeslargequantitiesofmatterB.ablackholespewsuperheatedmattersC.ablackholeconsumingastarandemittingradiationD.ablackholeinteractswithanotherone問題2選項A.ablackholedevouringastarbiggerthanthesunB.ablackhole300millionyearsfromEarthC.thedevelopmentoftheblackholeforyearsD.theprocessofthestarbeingdevoured問題3選項A.blackholescanemitgammarayradiationB.blackholescanemitX-rayradiationC.blackholesemitsradiationswhenconsumingstarsD.blackholeshaveabruptspikeinactivityarounditself問題4選項A.complicatedB.innovateC.matureD.embryonic5.單選題Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientifically“proved”byeconomiststhatthelawsofsocietymadeitnecessarytohaveavastarmyofpoorandjoblesspeopleinordertokeeptheeconomygoing.Today,hardlyanybodywoulddaretovoicethisprinciple.Itisgenerallyacceptedthatnobodyshouldbeexcludedfromthewealthofthenation,eitherbythelawsofnatureorbythoseofsociety.Theopinions,whichwerecurrentahundredyearsago,thatthepoorowedtheirconditionstotheirignorance,lackofresponsibility,areoutdated.InallWesternindustrializedcountries,asystemofinsurancehasbeenintroducedwhichguaranteeseveryoneaminimumofsubsistenceincaseofunemployment,sicknessandoldage.Iwouldgoonestepfurtherandarguethat,eveniftheseconditionsarenotpresent,everyonehastherighttoreceivethemeanstosubsist;inotherwords,hecanclaimthissubsistenceminimumwithouthavingtohaveany“reason.”Iwouldsuggest,however,thatitshouldbelimitedtoadefiniteperiodoftime,let’ssaytwoyears,soastoavoidtheencouragingofanabnormalattitudewhichrefusesanykindofsocialobligation.Thismaysoundlikeafantasticproposal,butso,Ithink,ourinsurancesystemwouldhavesoundedtopeopleahundredyearsago.Themainobjectiontosuchaschemewouldbethatifeachpersonwereentitledtoreceiveminimumsupport,peoplewouldnotwork.Thisassumptionrestsonthefallacyoftheinherentlazinessinhumannature.Actually,asidefromabnormallylazypeople,therewouldbeveryfewwhowouldnotwanttoearnmorethantheminimum,andwhowouldprefertodonothingratherthanwork.However,thesuspicionsagainstasystemofguaranteedsubsistenceminimumarenotgroundlessfromthestandpointofthosewhowanttouseownershipofcapitalforthepurposeofforcingotherstoaccepttheworkconditionstheyoffer.Ifnobodywereforcedtoacceptworkinordernottostarve,workwouldhavetobesufficientlyinterestingandattractivetoinduceonetoacceptit.Freedomofcontractispossibleonlyifbothpartiesarefreetoacceptandrejectit;inthepresentcapitalistsystemthisisnotthecase.Butsuchasystemwouldnotonlybethebeginningofrealfreedomofcontractbetweenemployersandemployees,itsprincipaladvantagewouldbetheimprovementoffreedomininterpersonalrelationshipsineverysphereofdailylife.1.Peopleusedtothinkthatpovertyandunemploymentweredueto（）.2.Nowitiswidelyacceptedthat（）.3.Thewriterarguesthatasystemofsocialinsuranceshould（）.4.Accordingtothewriter,asystemofguaranteedsubsistenceminimum（）.問題1選項A.theslowdevelopmentoftheeconomyB.thepoorandjoblesspeople’sownfaultsC.thelackofresponsibilityonthepartofsocietyD.thelargenumberofpeoplewhowerenotwell-educated問題2選項A.thepresentsystemofsocialinsuranceshouldbeimprovedB.everybodyshouldbegrantedaminimumofsubsistencewithoutany“reason”C.everybodyhastherighttoshareinthewealthofthecountryD.peoplehavetochangetheirattitudetowardsthepoor問題3選項A.providebenefitsforthesick,oldandunemployedB.encouragepeopletotakeonmoresocialobligationsC.guaranteeeveryonetherighttobeemployedD.provideeveryonewiththerighttoaminimumsubsistenceforacertainperiod問題4選項A.demandstoomuchfromsocietyB.makesfreedomofcontractimpossibleC.helpspeopletakeinterestintheirworkD.helpsbringaboutchangesintherelationshipamongpeople6.單選題Inaperfectlyfreeandopenmarketeconomy,thetypeofemployer—governmentorprivate—shouldhavelittleornoimpactontheearningsdifferentialsbetweenwomenandmen.However,ifthereisdiscriminationagainstonesex,itisunlikelythatthedegreeofdiscriminationbygovernmentandprivateemployerswillbethesame.Differencesinthedegreeofdiscriminationwouldresultinearningsdifferentialsassociatedwiththetypeofemployer.Giventhenatureofgovernmentandprivateemployers,itseemsmostlikelythatdiscriminationbyprivateemployerswouldbegreater.Thus,onewouldexpectthat,ifwomenarebeingdiscriminatedagainst,governmentemploymentwouldhaveapositiveeffectonwomen’searningsascomparedwiththeirearningsfromprivateemployment.TheresultsofastudybyFuchssupportthisassumption.Fuchs’resultssuggestthattheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedentirelyofgovernmentemployeeswouldbe14.6percentgreaterthantheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedexclusivelyofprivateemployees,otherthingsbeingequal.Inaddition,bothFuchsandSanbornhavesuggestedthattheeffectofdiscriminationbyconsumersontheearningsofself-employedwomenmaybegreaterthantheeffectofeithergovernmentorprivateemployerdiscriminationontheearningsofwomenemployees.Totestthishypothesis,Brownselectedalargesampleofwhitemaleandfemaleworkersfromthe1970censusanddividedthemintothreecategories:privateemployees,governmentemployees,andself-employed.(Blackworkerswereexcludedfromthesampletoavoidpickingupearningsdifferentialsthatweretheresultofracialdisparities.)Brown’sresearchdesignwascontrolledforeducation,labor-forceparticipation,mobility,motivation,andageinordertoeliminatethesefactorsasexplanationofthestudy’sresults.Brown’sresultssuggestthatmenandwomenarenottreatedthesamebyemployersandconsumers.Formen,self-employmentisthehighestearningscategory,withprivateemploymentnext,andgovernmentlowest.Forwomen,thisorderisreversed.OnecaninferfromBrown’sresultsthatconsumersdiscriminateagainstself-employedwomen.Inaddition,self-employedwomenmayhavemoredifficultythanmeningettinggoodemployeesandmayencounterdiscriminationfromsuppliersandfromfinancialinstitutions.Brown’sresultsareclearlyconsistentwithFuchs’argumentthatdiscriminationbyconsumershasagreaterimpactontheearningsofwomenthandoesdiscriminationbyeithergovernmentorprivateemployers.Also,thefactthatwomendobetterworkforgovernmentthanforprivateemployersimpliesthatprivateemployersarediscriminatingagainstwomen.Theresultsdonotprovethatgovernmentdoesnotdiscriminateagainstwomen.Theydo,however,demonstratethatifgovernmentisdiscriminatingagainstwomen,itsdiscriminatingisnothavingasmucheffectonwomen’searningsasisdiscriminationintheprivatesector.1.Thepassagementionsallofthefollowingasdifficultiesthatself-employedwomenmayencounterexcept（）2.Whichofthefollowingconclusionswouldtheauthorbemostlikelytoagreewithaboutdiscriminationagainstwomenbyprivateemployersandbygovernmentemployers?3.Astudyofthepracticesoffinancialinstitutionsthatrevealednodiscriminationagainstself-employedwomenwouldtendtocontradict（）.4.AccordingtoBrown'sstudy,women’searningcategoriesoccurinorders,fromthehighestearningstothelowestearnings.問題1選項A.discriminationfromconsumersandsuppliersB.discriminationfromfinancialinstitutionsC.problemsinobtaininggoodemployeesD.problemsinobtaininggovernmentassistance問題2選項A.Bothprivateemployersandgovernmentemployersdiscriminatewithequaleffectsonwomen’searnings.B.Bothprivateemployersandgovernmentemployersdiscriminate,butthediscriminationbyprivateemployershasagreatereffectonwomen’searnings.C.Bothprivateemployersandgovernmentemployersdiscriminate,butthediscriminationbygovernmentemployershasagreatereffectonwomen’searnings.D.Privateemployersdiscriminate:itispossiblethatgovernmentemployersdiscriminate.問題3選項A.sometentativeresultsofFuchs’studyB.someexplicitresultsofBrown’sstudyC.asuggestionmadebytheauthorD.Fuchshypothesis問題4選項A.governmentemployment,self-employment,privateemploymentB.governmentemployment,privateemployment,self-employmentC.privateemployment,self-employment,governmentemploymentD.privateemployment,governmentemployment,self-employment7.翻譯題20世紀(jì)，人類創(chuàng)造的物質(zhì)文明和精神財富，超過了以往任何一個時代。令人遺憾的是，人類在這100年中也經(jīng)歷了前所未有的苦難，特別是遭受了兩次世界大戰(zhàn)的浩劫。但是世界的歷史從來是由世界人民創(chuàng)造和書寫的，因而正義總會戰(zhàn)勝邪惡，光明總會戰(zhàn)勝黑暗，進(jìn)步總會戰(zhàn)勝落后，人類必然會不斷地克服艱難險阻，向著美好的未來開拓前進(jìn)。在21世紀(jì)，世界人民雖然仍面臨著許多嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)，可人類也面臨著巨大的發(fā)展機(jī)遇。只要世界人民同心協(xié)力，形成戰(zhàn)勝一切挑戰(zhàn)的巨大力量，人類文明進(jìn)步的航船就必將乘風(fēng)破浪地前進(jìn)。世界是豐富多彩的。各國人民走過了不同的歷史發(fā)展道路，有著不同的文化背景、社會制度和價值觀念，延續(xù)著不同的生活方式。這種多樣性正是世界充滿競賽、活力和創(chuàng)新的根本原因。各國之間應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)交流和了解，在相互尊重和平等相待的基礎(chǔ)上共同前進(jìn)，而不應(yīng)讓這種多樣性成為阻礙各國人民攜手共進(jìn)的隔閡，更不應(yīng)人為地從中挑起對立和沖突。尊重和發(fā)展世界文明的多樣性，并在這種多樣性中找到共同利益之所在，是人類社會向前發(fā)展的偉大動力。Directions:TranslatethefollowingparagraphfromChineseintoEnglish.PleasewriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.8.單選題Beforethemid-1860's,theimpactoftherailroadsintheUnitedStateswaslimited,inthesensethatthetracksendedattheMissouriRiver,approximatelythecenterofthecountry.Atthepointthetrainsturnedtheirfreight,mail,andpassengersovertosteamboats,wagons,andstagecoaches.Thismeantthatwagonfreighting,stagecoaching,andsteamboatingdidnotcometoanendwhenthefirsttrainappeared;rathertheybecamesupplementsorfeeders.Eachnew“endoftrack”becameacenterforanimal-drawnorwaterbornetransportation.Themajoreffectoftherailroadwastoshortenthedistancethathadtobecoveredbytheolder,slower,andmorecostlymeans.Wagonfreighterscontinuedoperatingthroughoutthe1870'sand1880'sandintothe1890's.Overconstantlyshrinkingroutes,coachesandwagonscontinuedtocrisscrosstheWestwherevertherailshadnotyetbeenlaid.Thebeginningofamajorchangewasforeshadowedinthelate1860's,whentheUnionPacificRailroadatlastbegantobuildwestwardfromtheCentralPlainsCityofOmahatomeettheCentralPacificRailroadadvancingeastwardfromCaliforniathroughtheformidablebarrieroftheSierraNevada.AlthoughPresidentAbrahamLincolnsignedtheoriginalPacificRailroadBillin1862andarevised,financiallymuchmoregenerousversionin1864,littleconstructionwascompleteduntil1865ontheCentralPacificand1866ontheUnionPacific.Theprimaryreasonwasskepticismthatarailroadbuiltthroughsochallengingandthinlysettledastretchofdeserts,mountainsandsemiaridplainscouldpayaprofit.Inthewordsofaneconomist,thiswasacaseof“prematureenterprise”wherenotonlythecostofconstructionbutalsotheveryhighriskdeterredprivateinvestment.IndiscussingthePacificRailroadBill,thechairofthecongressionalcommitteebluntlystatedthatwithoutgovernmentsubsidynoonewouldundertakesounpromisingaventure;yetitwasanationalnecessitytolinkEastandWesttogether.1.Whydoestheauthorrefertotheimpactofrailroadsbeforethelate1860'sas“l(fā)imited”?2.Whatcanbeinferredaboutcoachesandwagonfreightersastherailroadexpanded?3.WhydoestheauthormentiontheSierraNevadainparagraph2?4.Whylittleconstructionwascompletedthoughthebillhadlongbeensigned?問題1選項A.Becausepassengerspreferredwagonsandstagecoaches.B.Becauseothermodesoftransportationhadtobeemployed.C.Becausetheywereonlycenterforwaterbornetransportation.D.Becausethetrackdidnottakedirectroutefromonecitytothenext.問題2選項A.Theydevelopedcompetingroutes.B.Theirdriversrefusedtoworkfortherailroads.C.Theybegantospecializeinprivateinvestment.D.Therewereinsufficienttrainedpeopletooperatethem.問題3選項A.Topointoutthelocationofaserioustrainaccident.B.TogiveanexampleofobstaclesfacedbytheCentralPacific.C.ToarguethatadirectroutetotheWestcouldhavebeentaken.D.ToidentifyahistoricallysignificantmountainrangeintheWest.問題4選項A.Becauseofaworrythatlittlebenefitwouldbegained.B.Becauseofaharsh,challengingandthinlysettledplain.C.Becauseofachangeoftheplanowingtothehighcost.D.Becauseofacontinuedrunningofcoachesandwagons9.翻譯題Mytopictodayis“TheCarandAirPollution.”Inparticular,Iwantfirstlytodiscussthewaysinwhichthecarcausesairpollution;andsecondly,howwecancontrolorreduceairpollutionfromthecar.First,then,howdoesthecarcauseairpollution?1.Whathappensisthatthecar’sinternalcombustionengineisakindofchemicalfactoryonasmallscale.Itusesamixtureofpetrolandair,andthismixtureexplodesandburns,toproducetheenergywhichpropelsthecar.2.Butwhilethisishappening,manycomplicatedchemicalreactionsaretakingplace.Inparticular,partofthepetrol-airmixtureisnotcompletelyburnedup,andsotheexhaustgasesfromtheenginecontainsomeverydangerouschemicals,suchascarbonmonoxide,nitrogenoxides,leadandhydrocarbons.Thisisthesituation,then,andit’sgoingtogetmuchworse,unlesswedosomethingaboutit.Solet’sfocusourattentionnowonwaysofcontrollingorreducingtheamountofairpollutioncausedbythecar.First,wecandiscouragetheuseofcars.Forexample,wecanputhighertaxesonpetrol,andoncarsthemselves,especiallyonlargeronesthatusealotofpetrol.3.Second,wecanencouragealternativemethodsoftransport,bothbetweenandwithinurbanareas.Forinstance,wecanmaketrainandbusservicescheaperandmoreconvenient.Andwecanbuildamasstransitsysteminlargecities,particularlyanundergroundrailwaysystem.Next,wecanuseadifferentandcleanerfuelfortheinternalcombustionengine.Fourth,wecanreplacetheinternalcombustionenginewithotherdesigns.Thereareseveralpossibilitiesbeingresearchedatpresent,suchaselectric,gasturbine,and“steam”enginesgasturbine,andsteamengines.However,eachofthesedesignshasitsowndisadvantages.4.Lastbutnottheleast,wearetryingtocontroltheemissionsfromtheinternalcombustionenginemuchmorestrictly.This,forexample,isacatalytic(催化式)converter,whichconvertsthemostdangerousingredientsofthecarexhaustintowaterandharmlessgases.AsI’msureyoucansee,thereareproblemswitheachoftheseways;butatleastthey’reastepintherightdirection.Probablythebestanswerisasynthesisofallfive.Directions:Readthefollowingpassage,andthentranslatetheunderlinedpartsnumberedfrom(1)to(4),fromEnglishintoChinese.PleasewriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.10.單選題Inanageofperpetualdigitalconnectedness,whydopeopleseemsodisconnected?InaDukeUniversitystudy,researchersfoundthatfrom1985to2004,thepercentageofpeoplewhosaidtherewasnoonewithwhomtheydiscussedimportantmatterstripled,to25%;thesamestudyfoundthatoverall,Americanshadone-thirdfewerfriendsandconfidantsthantheydiddecadesago.Anotherrecentstudy,byresearchersattheUniversityofMichigan,foundthatcollegestudentstodayhavesignificantlylessempathythanstudentsofgenerationspastdid.Thereason,psychologistsspeculate,mayhavesomethingtodowithourincreasingrelianceondigitalcommunicationandotherformsofnewmedia.It’spossiblethatinsteadoffosteringrealfriendshipsoff-line,e-mailandsocialnetworkingmaytaketheplaceofthem—andthedistanceinherentinscreen-onlyinteractionsmaybreedfeelingsofisolationoratendencytocarelessaboutotherpeople.Afterall,ifyoudon’tfeellikedealingwithafriend’sproblemonline,allyouhavetodoistologoff.Theproblemis,asempathywanes,sodoestrust.Andwithouttrust,youcan’thaveacohesivesociety.Considerthefindingsofanewstudyco-authoredbyKevinRockmannofGeorgeMasonUniversityandGregoryNorthcraftattheUniversityofIllinoiswhospecializesinworkplacecollaboration.Northcraftsayshigh-techcommunicationslikee-mailand(toalesserextent)videoconferencing—whicharesometimesknownas“l(fā)eancommunication”becausetheyhavefewercueslikeeyecontactandpostureforpeopletorelyon—stripawaythepersonalinteractionneededtobreedtrust.Inabusinesssetting—asinallothersocialrelationshipsoutsidetheworkplace—trustisanecessaryconditionforeffectivecooperationwithinagroup.“Technologyhasmadeusmuchmoreefficientbutmuchlesseffective,”saidNorthcraftinastatement.“Somethingisbeinggained,butsomethingisbeinglost.Thesomethinggainedistime,andthesomethinglostisthequalityofrelationships.Andqualityofrelationshipsmatters.”InRockmannandNorthcraft’sstudy,200studentsweredividedintoteamsandaskedtomanagetwocomplicatedprojects:onehavingtodowithnucleardisarmament;theother,pricefixing.Somegroupscommunicatedviae-mail,someviavideo-conferenceandothersfacetoface.Intheend,thosewhometinpersonshowedthemosttrustandmosteffectivecooperation;thoseusinge-mailweretheleastabletoworktogetherandgetthejobdone.Northcraftthinksthisisbecausereal-lifemeetings,duringwhichparticipantscanseehowengagedtheircolleaguesare,breedmoretrust.Overe-mail,meanwhile,confirmationofhardworkgetslost,whichtendstoencouragemutualslackingoff.17.ThestudyofinterpersonalrelationshipsbyDukeUniversityrevealsthat（）.18.Thereasonwhypeoplefeelisolatedandbecomelessempatheticisthat（）.19.Accordingtothepassage,the“l(fā)eancommunication”（）.20.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthepassage?問題1選項A.peoplebecomeshyerandtimiderthanbeforeB.peopletendtobelesscompassionatethanbeforeC.peoplemayfeelmoreisolatedthanbeforeD.peopleprefercommunicatingwithothersonline問題2選項A.itisverychallengingtofosterafriendshipinreallifeB.theyhavemoreopportunitiestogettoknownewpeopleC.digitalcommunicationisreplacingreal-lifefriendshipsD.itiseasytoescapefromhelpingtheirfriendsiftheylike問題3選項A.makesusworkmoreeffectivelyB.lacksnon-verbalinteractionC.helpspeopletodeveloptrustD.facilitatesworkplacecooperation問題4選項A.Digitalcommunicationishurtingpersonalrelationship.B.Onlinenetworkingmaytaketheplaceofofflinerelationship.C.Newmediacontributelesstofosteringrealfriendship.D.Real-lifemeetingscanbreedtrustamongstudents.第1卷參考答案一.綜合題1.【答案】Asadevelopingcountry,Chinaisconfrontedwiththedualtaskofdevelopingitseconomyandprotectingitsenvironment.However,acountrywithalargepopula