碩士入學(xué)考試：2021年英語一考研真題與答案解析

碩士入學(xué)考試：2021年[英語一]考研真題與答案解析SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-termmemoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenewproblems.Itlinyoungadulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen2startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But3agingisinevitable,scientistsarefindingoutthatcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.Onestudyfoundthatmuscle1ossandthe4ofbodyfataroundtheabdomenareassociatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.Thissuggeststhe5thatlifestylefactorsmighthelppreventor6thistypeofdecline.Theresearcherslookedatdatathat7measurementsofleanmuscleandabdominalfatfrommorethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand8thatdatatoreportedchangesinfluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfoundthatmiddle-agedpeople9highermeasuresofabdominalfat10worseonmeasuresoffluidintelligenceastheyears11.Forwomen,theassociationmaybe12tochangesinimmunitythatresultedfromexcessabdominalfat;inmen,theimmunesystemdidnotappeartobe13.Itishopedthatfuturestudiescould14thesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodifferent15formenandwomen.16therearestepsyoucan17tohelpreduceabdominalfatandmaintainleanmusclemassasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicalandmental18.Thetwohighlyrecommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintainingorincreasingyour19ofaerobicexerciseandfollowingMediterranean-style20thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.1.[A]pauses[B]return[C]peaks[D]fades2.[A]alternatively[B]formally[C]accidentally[D]generally3.[A]while[B]since[C]once[D]until4.[A]detection[B]accumulation[C]consumption[D]separation5.[A]possibility[B]decision[C]goal[D]requirement6.[A]delay[B]ensure[C]seek[D]utilize7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]included[D]predicted8.[A]devoted[B]compared[C]converted[D]applied9.[A]with[B]above[C]by[D]against10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]scored[D]played11.[A]ranout[B]setoff[C]drewin[D]wentby12.[A]superior[B]attributable[C]parallel[D]resistant13.[A]restored[B]isolated[C]involved[D]controlled14.[A]alter[B]spread[C]remove[D]explain15.[A]compensations[B]symptoms[C]demands[D]treatments16.[A]Likewise[B]Meanwhile[C]Therefore[D]Instead17.[A]change[B]watch[C]count[D]take18.[A]well-being[B]process[C]formation[D]coordination19.[A]level[B]love[C]knowledge[D]space20.[A]design[B]routine[C]diet[D]prescription1.Cpeaks答案解析：此處考察詞義辨析+句間邏輯關(guān)系。文章首段首句為主題句，談到一個概念：流體智力（fluidintelligence），是一種智力類型，它與短期記憶和快速、邏輯和抽象地思考以解決新問題的能力有關(guān)。想要解決空格處需要分析整句話的邏輯關(guān)系。前文提到青年人，后文提到這種流體智力智力隨著年齡增長會慢慢下降，所以根據(jù)時間發(fā)展的關(guān)系，前面提到這種智力在青年時達(dá)到峰值（peaks），并且會停留一段時間，隨后隨著年齡的增長會逐漸下降。正確答案為peaks。pauses暫停；return恢復(fù)，返回；fades逐漸消退。2.Dgenerally答案解析：此處考察詞匯辨析。根據(jù)上一道題目的具體分析，不難得出空格處應(yīng)該是對這種普遍現(xiàn)象得修飾，weage體現(xiàn)我們大所數(shù)人，所以應(yīng)該選擇Dgenerally。alternatively要不然，或者（二者擇其一）；formally正式地，正規(guī)地；accidentally偶然地。3.Awhile答案解析：此處考察句內(nèi)邏輯關(guān)系?？崭裉幩诰渥邮且赞D(zhuǎn)折詞But開始，但考察句內(nèi)之間的意思轉(zhuǎn)折：但是，3年紀(jì)增長不可避免，科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)某些大腦功能不會發(fā)生變化。年紀(jì)增長和科學(xué)家的發(fā)現(xiàn)是對立的觀點，所以應(yīng)該選擇while，盡管。since因為；當(dāng)......時；once一旦；until直到。4.Cconsumption答案解析：此處考察詞義辨析+句內(nèi)邏輯關(guān)系。并列連詞and將空格處與前文muscleloss并列，行車前后近義詞的關(guān)系，那么空格處要選擇一個與肌肉消失表達(dá)意思相近的詞。所給選項中只有C選項consumption意思是消耗的意思，帶入原文符合句意。detection偵查，勘察；accumulation積累，積攢，增加；separation分開，分離。5.Apossibility答案解析：此處考察詞義辨析。suggest一詞是解題的關(guān)鍵，這個單詞用在考研英語的文章中大部分都是暗示的意思，that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句中句子的謂語動詞前還有情態(tài)動詞may表推測，這都是在說明一種不太確定的可能性，所以選擇possibility。decision決定；goal目標(biāo)；requirement要求。6.Adelay答案解析：此處考察詞義辨析+句內(nèi)邏輯關(guān)系。并列連詞or將空格處和前文prevent構(gòu)成近義詞的關(guān)系，delay延遲和prevent阻止是相近句意表達(dá)。ensure確保；seek尋求，請求；utilize利用，使用；7.Cincluded答案解析：此處考察詞義辨析。根據(jù)題干和選項特點不難看出句中that引導(dǎo)的是一個定語從句，從句列舉了data的具體分類和實驗人群，所以定語從句是在具體說明data的內(nèi)容，要選擇included包含，包括。modified改變；supported支持；predicted預(yù)測。8.Bcompared答案解析：此處考察動詞短語詞義搭配和辨析+上下文語境?？崭裉幈韉evoteto把......專用于，完全用于；compareAtoB將A和B進(jìn)行比較；convertAtoB將A轉(zhuǎn)變成B；applyAtoB將A應(yīng)用于B?？崭裉幩诰湟鉃閷⒛切?shù)據(jù)和已知報道進(jìn)行....。后文和下文都是在進(jìn)行不同情況的比較來得出答案，所以應(yīng)該選擇compare。9.Awith答案解析：此處考察介詞的用法。這個介詞里只有with能體現(xiàn)的是某種狀態(tài)：有著較高腹部脂肪檢測結(jié)果的中年人.......10.Cscored答案解析：此處考察詞義辨析+上下文語境?？崭裉幩诰渥颖磉_(dá)：有著較高腹部脂肪單位的中年人在流體智力檢測時得分不高，測量智力是會得出具體分?jǐn)?shù)的，就像我們平時說的智力測試。lived生存，活著；managed完成；scored得分；played表現(xiàn)。11.Dwentby答案解析：此處考察動詞短語辨析。...astheyearswentby.隨著時間的流逝，也算是固定的搭配。ranout耗盡，放棄；setoff出發(fā)，動身，啟程；drewin吸引，拉入。12.Battributable答案解析：此處考察形容詞辨析+上下文邏輯關(guān)系?？崭裉幩诰渥佑梅痔柛糸_，分號代表前后兩句話討論得是一個問題，有可能相同也有可能相反。分號前說免疫系統(tǒng)對于女性來說的作用，后文是用男性來進(jìn)行比較，說免疫系統(tǒng)對于男性的變化沒什么作用。前后是相反的觀點，所以免疫系統(tǒng)對女性是有影響的。attributableto歸因于...;superiorto優(yōu)于，勝于；parallelto平行于，與......平等；resistanceto抵抗。13.Cinvolved答案解析：此處考察非謂語動詞詞義辨析。分析了上一題，這一道題也迎刃而解，空格處所在句子是在表達(dá)對于男性而言，免疫系統(tǒng)沒有對其產(chǎn)生影響，didnotappeartobeinvolved，似乎不涉及在內(nèi)。14.Dexplain答案解析：此處考察動詞辨析+句意理解。Itishopedthat...體現(xiàn)出是寄希望于以后的實驗研究來得出結(jié)論。alter改變，變更，更改；spread開展，傳播；remove移除，清除。15.Dtreatment答案解析：此處考察詞義辨析?？崭裉幩诰渥颖砻鳎合Ｍ窈蟮难芯磕軌蚪忉屵@些差異，并可能導(dǎo)致對男人和女人的不同待遇。因為有差別才應(yīng)該采取不同的對待方式。compensations補償；symptoms癥狀；demands要求，需求；treatments處理，對待。16.BMeanwhile答案解析：此處考察段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系。therearesteps體現(xiàn)出有一些措施可供參考，可見空格處所在段落體現(xiàn)本段與上一段之間的遞進(jìn)的關(guān)系。meanwhile同時；Likewise同樣地，也；Therefore因此；Instead代替，而不是。17.Dtake答案解析：此處考察定語從句+短語搭配。therearestepsyoucan17tohelpreduceabdominalfat...youcan的前面省略了定語從句關(guān)系詞that，從句修飾steps，takestepstodo短語表示采取措施做某事。Change改變；watch注意，觀察；count數(shù)數(shù)。18.Awell-being答案解析：此處考察固定短語搭配。physicalandmentalwell-being身心健康。19.Alevel答案解析：此處考察詞義辨析+句意理解?？崭袼谔幰馑际墙o大家推薦兩種生活方式，一是保持或提高你的有氧運動水平。Love喜愛；knowledge知識；space空間。20.Cdiet答案解析：此處考察單詞辨析+定語從句?？崭裉幒竺鎡hat引導(dǎo)的從句是這道題的解題關(guān)鍵：that引導(dǎo)定語從句，對前面的名詞進(jìn)行修飾，那么從句的內(nèi)容就是先行詞得以選出得重要線索。從句中主要討論事物的問題，那么空格處應(yīng)該填入diet飲食符合語法結(jié)構(gòu)和句意表達(dá)。Design設(shè)計；routine行程，流程；prescription處方。SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET(40points)Text1HowcanBritain'strainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear'sriseanaverageof2.7percent,maybeafactionlowerthanlastyear’s,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceInd-er(CPI)measureofinflation.Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetwork.Shouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincoln-shirehavetosubscribethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromsurvey?Equally,thereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersinthesouthEast,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativitypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthetestwaveofstrikesrestsonthewines.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirement,sothatevenwhenstrikesoccurservicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldfrompartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain’srailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservicesinterruptedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Theythreatofnationalizationmayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.21.Theauthorholdsthatthisyear'sincreaseinrailpassengerfares[A]haskeptpacewithinflation.[B]isabigsurprisetocommuters.[C]remainsanunreasonablemeasure.[D]willeasetrainoperatorsburden.答案：C22.ThestockbrokerinParagraph2isusedtostandfor[A]railtravelers.[B]cardrivers.[C]localinvestors.[D]ordinarytaxpayers.答案：A23.ItisindicatedinParagraph3thattrainoperators[A]havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes.[B]havefailedtoprovideanadequateservice.[C]areofferingcompensationtocommuters.[D]aretryingtorepairrelationswiththeunions答案：B24.Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface[A]thelossofinvestment.[B]thecollapseofoperations.[C]areductionofrevenue.[D]achangeofownership.答案：D25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?[B]ConstantComplainingDoesn'tWork[C]CanNationalizationBringHope?[D]Ever-risingFaresAren'tSustainable答案：DText2LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowthatIndonesia'sbleakratedeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountry'santipovertyprogram.In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.Theyarealreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogrammehasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.ButtheCCTprogramsdon'tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infact,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnnsHopkinsUniversity.That'sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.However,thosecorrelationsdon'tprovecauseandeffect,Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosays.Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia'spoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012-includingduringIndonesia'sphaseinoftheantipovertyprogram-in7,468forestedvillagesacross15provinces.“Weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestation,”Farrowsays.That'slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically.ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheirharvest.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupplementtheirharvests.Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody'sguess.FarrowsuggeststheresultsmaytransfertootherpartsofAsia,duetocommonalitiessuchastheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat'sgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodfortheenvironment.Evenifthisprogramdidn'treducepoverty.Ferrarosays,“thevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts”26.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,CCTprogrammesaimto_____.[A]Facilitatehealth-carereform[B]helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff[C]Improvelocaleducationsystems[D]lowerdeforestationrates答案：B27.ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoexcitedtoshowthat_____.[A]cattleraisinghasbeenamajorlivelihoodforthepoor[B]CCTprogramshavehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyles[C]antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmers[D]economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation答案：D28.InhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Farrowintendstofindout_____.[A]itsacceptancelevelofCCTs[B]itsannualrateofpovertyalleviation[C]therelationofCCTstoitsforestloss[D]theroleofitsforestsinclimatechange答案：C29.AccordingtoFerraro,theCCTprograminIndonesiaisvaluableinthat_____.[A]itwillbenefitotherAsiancountries[B]itwillreduceregionalinequality[C]itcanprotecttheenvironment[D]itcanbenefitgrainproduction答案：A30.Whatisthetextcentredon?[A]Theeffectsofaprogram.[B]Thedebatesoveraprogram.[C]Theprocessofastudy.[D]Thetransferabilityofastudy.答案：AText3Asahistorianwho'salwayssearchingforthetextortheimagethatmakesusre-evaluatethepast,I'vebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthatshowourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof19th-centuryprudery?).I'vefoundquiteafew,and-sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter一theyhavebeencausingquiteastir.PeoplehavebeensurprisedtoseeevidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould,anddid,laugh.TheyarenotingthattheVictorianssuddenlyseemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-Soyearsthatseparateusfadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.Ofcourse,Ineedtoconcedethatmycollectionof‘SmilingVictorians'makesuponlyatinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween1840and1900,themajorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyandstifflyinfrontofpaintedbackdrops,orstaringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.Howdoweexplainthistrend?Duringthe1840sand1850s,intheearlydaysofphotography,exposuretimeswerenotoriouslylong:thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producinganimageonasilveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete,resultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate,andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s,andtheintroductionoftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytoday'sdigitalstandards,theexposurewasalmostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s,sowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin.“Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth.”ranonepopularVictorianmaxim,alludingtothefactthatbeforethebirthofproperdentistrymouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingsetofhealthyandclean,regular“pearlywhites”wasararesightinVictoriansociety,thepreserveofthesuper-rich(andeventhen,dentalhygienewasnotguaranteed).Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedgnashers)lackedclass:drunks,trampsandmusichallperformersmightgurnandgrinwithasmileaswideasLewisCarroll'sgum-exposingCheshireCat,butitwasnotabecominglookforproperlybredpersons.EvenMarkTwain,amanwhoenjoyedaheartylaugh,saidthatwhenitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldbe“nothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixedforever”.31.Accordingtoparagraph1,theauthor'spostsonTwitter______.A.illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotographyB.highlightedsocialmedia'stoleinVictorianstudiesC.re-evaluatedtheVictorian'snotionofpublicimageD.changedpeople'simpressionoftheVictorians.答案：D32.WhatdoestheauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?A.TheyarerareamongphotographofthatageB.TheyshoweffectofdifferentexposuretimesC.Theymirror19th-centurysocialconventionsD.Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians答案：A33.WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingpicturesinthe1890s?A.TheirinherentsocialsensitivenessB.TheirtensionbeforethecameraC.TheirunhealthydentalconditionD.Theirdistrustofnewinventions答案：C34.MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswas______.A.athought-provokingideaB.amisguideattitudeC.acontroversialviesD.adeep-rottedbelief10答案：D35.Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?A.WhydidmostVictorianslooksteminphotographs?B.WhendidtheVictoriansstarttoviewphotographdifferently?C.WhatmadephotographdevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod?D.Howdidsmilinginphotographbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?答案：AText4FromtheearlydaysofbroadbandadvocatesforconsumersandWeb-basedcompaniesworriedthatthecableandphonecompaniessellingbroadbandconnectionshadthepowerandincentivetofavoraffiliatedwebsitesovertheirrivals.That'swhytherehasbeensuchastrongdemandforrulesthatwouldpreventbroadbandprovidersfrompickingwinnersandlosersonline,preservingthefreedomandinnovationfromwhathavebeenthelifebloodoftheInternet.Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofl-inpartbecauseofpush-backfrombroadbandprovidersanti-regulatoryconservativesandthecourts.Afederalappealscourtunchangedinagain.Tuesday,butinsteadofprovidingabadlyneededresolution.Itonlyprolongedthefight.AtissuebeforetheU.S.CourtofAppealsforthedirtinessofColumbiaCourtwasthelatesttakeoftheFederalCommunications(FCC)omnetneutrality,adoptedonaparty-linevotein2017.ThepublicanpennedordernotonlyeliminatedthestrictnetneutralityrulestheFCChadadopted.Whenithadademocraticmajorityin2015.Butrejectedthecommission'sauthority.Torequirebroadbandproviderstodomuchofanything.Theorderalsodeclaredthatstateandlocalgovernmentscouldn'tregulatebroadbandproviderseither.TheCommissionarguethatotheragencieswouldprotectagainstanti-competitivebehavior,suchasabroadband-providingconglornerablelikeATRTfavorsitsownvideo-stressingserviceattheexpenseofNotfishandAppieTOcapsontheirrivalsstreamingservicesbutnottheirown.OnTuesday.theappealscourt.Unanimouslyupheldthe2017orderderegulatingbroadband.providescitingaSupremeCourtrulingfrom2005thatupheldasimilarlyderegulatingmore.ButJudge.PatriciaMillettrightlyarguedinaconcurringopinionthat"theresultisunhingedfromtherealitiesofmodembroadbandservice”,andsaidCongressontheSupremeCourtcouldintervenetoavoidtrappingInternetregulationsintechnological.Inthemeantime,thecourtthrewouttheFCC’sattempttoblockallstaterules.Onnotneutrality,whilepreservingtheCommission'spowertopromptindividualgoingonbetweentheJusticeDepartmentandCaliforniawhenenactedatoughnetneutrallylawsintheworldoftheFCC'sabdication.Theendlesslegalbattlesandback-and-forthattheFCCcryoutforCongresstoact.Itneedstogivethecommissionexplicitauthorityonceandforalltobarbroadbandprovidersfrommeddlinginthetrafficontheirnetworkandtocreateclearrulesprotectingopennessandinnovationonline.36.TherehaslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandproviderswouldA.bringweb-basedfirmsundercontrolB.showpartialityintreatingclientsC.slowdownthetrafficontheirnetworkD.intensifycompetitionwiththeirrivals答案：B37.Facedwiththedemandfornetneutralityrules,theFCCA.takesananti-regulatorystanceB.stickstoanout-of-dateorderC.hasissuedaspecialresolutionD.hasallowedthestatestointervene答案：B38.WhatcanbelearnedaboutAT&TfromParagraph3?A.Itengagesinanti-competitivepracticesB.ItprotectsagainstunfaircompetitionC.ItisundertheFCC'sinvestigationD.Itisinpursuitofqualityservice答案：A39.JudgePatriciaMillettarguesthattheappealscourt'sdecisionA.focusesontrivialitiesB.conveysanambiguousmessage.CisoutoftouchwithrealityD.isatoddswithitsearlierrulings.答案：C40.Whatdoestheauthorargueinthelastparagraph?A.Broadbandproviders'rightsshouldbeprotected.B.TheFCCshouldbeputunderstrictsupervisionC.RulesneedtobesettodiversifyonlineservicesD.Congressneedstotakeactiont0ensurenetneutrality.答案：DPartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthefistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Inthemoviesandontelevision,artificialintelligence(AI)istypicallydepictedassomethingsinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.WhenitcomestoAIinbusiness,weoftenhearaboutitinrelationtoautomationandtheimpendinglossofjobs,butinwhatwaysisAIchangingcompaniesandthelargereconomythatdon'tinvolvedoom-and-gloommassunemploymentpredictions?ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesfromTataConsultancyServicesfoundthatcompaniescurrentlyuseAImoreoftenincomputer-to-computeractivitiesthaninautomatinghumanactivities.HereareafewwaysAIisaidingcompanieswithoutreplacingemployees:BetterhiringpracticesCompaniesareusingartificialintelligencetoremovesomeoftheunconsciousbiasfromhiringdecisions.“Thereareexperimentsthatshowthat,naturally,theresultsofinterviewsaremuchmorebiasedthanwhatAIdoes,”saysPedroDomingos,authorofTheMasterAlgorithm:HowtheQuestfortheUltimateLearningMachineWillRemakeOurWorldandacomputerscienceprofessorattheUniversityofWashington.Inaddition,“(41)________”O(jiān)necompanythat'sdoingthisiscalledBlendoor.ItusesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretheremaybebiasinthehiringprocessMoreeffectivemarketingSomeAIsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingemailsubjectlinestoincreaseopenrates.OnecompanyintheUK,Phrasee,claimstheirsoftwarecanoutperformhumansbyupto10percentwhenitcomestoemailopenrates.Thiscanmeanmillionsmoreinrevenue.(42)_______Theseare“toolsthathelppeopleusedata,notareplacementforpeople,”saysPatrickH.Winston,aprofessorofartificialintelligenceandcomputerscienceatMIT.SavingcustomersmoneyEnergycompaniescanuseAItohelpcustomersreducetheirelectricitybills,savingthemmoneywhilehelpingtheenvironment.Companiescanalsooptimizetheirownenergyuseandcutdownonthecostofelectricity.Insurancecompanies,meanwhile,canbasetheirpremiumsonAImodelsthatmoreaccuratelyassessrisk.Domingossays,“(43)________”Improvedaccuracy“Machineleaningoftenprovidesamorereliableformofstatistics,whichmakesdatamorevaluable,”saysWinston.It“helpspeoplemakesmarterdecisions.”(44)________ProtectingandmaintaininginfrastructureAnumberofcompanies,particularlyinenergyandtransportation,useAIimageprocessingtechnologytoinspectinfrastructureandpreventequipmentfailureorleaksbeforetheyhappen.“Iftheyfailfirstandthenyoufixthem,it'sveryexpensive,”saysDomingos.“(45)________”A.AIreplacestheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou'redoingresearch,youcanhaveAIgooutandlookforrelevantsourcesandinformationthatotherwiseyoujustwouldn'thavetimefor.B.TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisio,whichanalyzesadvertisingperformanceacrossmultiplechannelslikeAdwords,Bingandsocialmediaandmakesadjustmentsorsuggestionsaboutwhereadvertisingfundswillyieldbestresults.C.Oneaccountingfirm,EY,usesanAIsystemthathelpsreviewcontractsduringanaudit.Thisprocess,alongwithemployeesreviewingthecontracts,isfasterandmoreaccurate.D.We'realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelsversuspickingupthephonetoaccomplishsomethingbeyondhumanscale.E.Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereit'susefulforemployeestogoto.F.AIlooksatresumesingreaternumbersthanhumanswouldbeableto,andselectsthemorepromisingcandidates.G.Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch,ortheywouldchargethemtoolittleandthenitwouldcostthecompanymoney.41.F42.B43.G44.C45.EPartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET(10points)WorldWarIIwasthewatershedeventforhighereducationinmodernWesternsocieties.(46)Thosesocietiescameoutofthewarwithlevelsofenrollmentthathadbeenroughlyconstantat3-5%oftherelevantagegroupsduringthedecadesbeforethewar.Butafterthewar,greatsocialandpoliticalchangesarisingoutofthesuccessfulwaragainstFascismcreatedagrowingdemandinEuropeanandAmericaneconomiesforincreasingnumbersofgraduateswithmorethanasecondaryschooleducation.(47)Andthedemandthatroseinthosesocietiesforentrytohighereducationextendedtogroupsandsocialclassesthathadnotthoughtofattendingauniversitybeforethewar.Thesedemandsresultedinaveryrapidexpansionofthesystemsofhighereducation,beginninginthe1960sanddevelopingveryrapidly(thoughunevenly)duringthe1970sand1980s.Thegrowthofhighereducationmanifestsitselfinatleastthreequitedifferentways,andtheseinturnhavegivenrisetodifferentsetsofproblems.Therewasfirsttherateofgrowth:(48)InmanycountiesofWesternEurope,thenumbersofstudentsinhighereducationdoubledwithinfive-yearperiodsduringthe1960sanddoubledagaininseven,eight,or10yearsbythemiddleofthe1970s.Second,growthobviouslyaffectedtheabsolutesizebothofsystemsandindividualinstitutions.Andthird,growthwasreflectedinchangesintheproportionoftherelevantagegroupenrolledininstitutionsofhighereducation.Eachofthe