【體育論文】社區(qū)網(wǎng)球發(fā)展的可行性分析和對策研究和【英語論文】《小王子》中文譯本語言差異對比研究

社區(qū)網(wǎng)球發(fā)展的可行性分析和對策研究（上海交通大學(xué)體育系）摘要：隨著上海市網(wǎng)球協(xié)會主辦的“上海網(wǎng)球123推廣計劃”的正式啟動，人們消費水平的提高，健身意識的增強，“打網(wǎng)球是一種普通大眾負擔(dān)不起的高消費”的概念顯然已不確切。網(wǎng)球是一項老少皆宜，集運動性與娛樂性于一體的體育運動。在社區(qū)內(nèi)普及網(wǎng)球運動對如今社會提倡的“全民健身”是十分有益的。網(wǎng)球運動的普及需要人們的健身觀念的進步，需要網(wǎng)球產(chǎn)業(yè)乃至中國整個體育產(chǎn)業(yè)的進步，而逐步形成一種發(fā)達的體育文化，社區(qū)網(wǎng)球一定會在不遠的將來枝繁葉茂。關(guān)鍵詞：社區(qū)網(wǎng)球運動；群眾體育活動；全民健身前言網(wǎng)球運動既是一種鍛煉身體的方式，也是一種生活的消遣，打網(wǎng)球可以提高人的速度、力量、耐力、靈敏度和反應(yīng)能力；網(wǎng)球運動老少皆宜，從兒童到中老年都可根據(jù)個人體力情況進行鍛煉；網(wǎng)球是隔網(wǎng)對抗項目，打網(wǎng)球的同時還可以廣交朋友，增進友誼、交流球技，是一種很好的社交方式。一個國家某項體育運動的競技水平歸根結(jié)底取決于這項運動的普及程度，但我國現(xiàn)在的網(wǎng)球競技水平和普及程度還很低，因此提高網(wǎng)球的普及程度是中國體育的迫切任務(wù)；由于社區(qū)網(wǎng)球在大眾健身上具有獨特的優(yōu)點和不可替代的作用，且目前我國的網(wǎng)球產(chǎn)業(yè)正在與國際接軌，所以普及社區(qū)網(wǎng)球運動是迫切的需要。近年來，隨著上海喜力網(wǎng)球賽的開辦，大師杯賽的舉行，為上海網(wǎng)球運動的推廣提供了極佳的氛圍，頂尖的賽事、大牌的球星、強勢的媒體宣傳，上海人紛紛關(guān)注起這一運動，在這樣一座充滿活力的城市，在這樣一個網(wǎng)球運動方興未艾的時刻，恰恰為推廣本市的社區(qū)網(wǎng)球運動創(chuàng)造了良好的契機。研究內(nèi)容本文對上海市社區(qū)網(wǎng)球的現(xiàn)狀及制約社區(qū)網(wǎng)球的開展因素進行調(diào)查統(tǒng)計分析，全為探討本市社區(qū)網(wǎng)球的開展獻計獻策。研究方法3．1文獻資料法3．2社會調(diào)查法3．3數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計法結(jié)果與分析3．1上海社區(qū)網(wǎng)球的現(xiàn)狀分析網(wǎng)球在國外是一項非常流行的運動項目，近年來，它在我國也有了蓬勃的發(fā)展。特別是在廣大高校，由于網(wǎng)球精彩激烈的程度和它本身帶來的樂趣以及高校網(wǎng)球場地的相對充足，培養(yǎng)出了一大批網(wǎng)球愛好者。遺憾的是相比在高校的流行，網(wǎng)球在社區(qū)的普及程度就遠遠不夠了，這的確是一個不爭的事實。根據(jù)搜集的有關(guān)資料表明（表1），我國社區(qū)體育從活動項目的選擇看，網(wǎng)球在所有項目中所占的百分比僅為1.80%。也就是說，在每100個經(jīng)常參加體育活動的人中，只有不到2個人選擇網(wǎng)球運動。由此可見，網(wǎng)球在社區(qū)體育中普及的程度還遠沒有氣功、健身操、武術(shù)這些具有非競技性、韻律性、傳統(tǒng)性、文體一體化特點的運動項目要高。分析下來，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，社區(qū)網(wǎng)球的現(xiàn)狀是在我國社區(qū)目前與發(fā)展的大環(huán)境下造成的。這與我國社區(qū)體育的基本特點（正規(guī)劃程度化較低）、群眾體育活動的成員的性別情況（男性42%，女性58%）、在職情況（非在職占69%，其中大多數(shù)位退休的中老年人）、年齡情況（60歲以上占74%）活動場所（體育場地嚴重匱乏，非正規(guī)活動的場所居多）等諸多因素有關(guān)。針對社區(qū)體育的這種年齡單一化、項目缺乏多元性、活動多為公益性等特點，而網(wǎng)球運動目前來看是一項中青年多于中老年人的特點，娛樂于競技一體化，運動費用個人自理等特點恰恰彌補了社區(qū)體育的不足。除此之外，我認為還有一些制約社區(qū)網(wǎng)球的潛在因素是不可忽視的。首先，許多人對網(wǎng)球還有一定認識上的誤區(qū)。諸如“網(wǎng)球是貴族運動”“力量不大不能打網(wǎng)球”。。。。其實，稍加涉足網(wǎng)球的人就知道根本不是這樣的。目前在社區(qū)中對網(wǎng)球的普及宣傳的確還不夠。其次，網(wǎng)球的花費方面。氣功、武術(shù)、健身操等操類運動，參與者可以利用公園、空地、花費少或不花錢。羽毛球、乒乓球等是一次性投入，購買的器具裝備花費也不是很大。相比之下，網(wǎng)球是需要一定的投入，球拍少則一百多則數(shù)百上千，球與球弦是耗用品，以后還需不斷追加投入，而場地在社區(qū)內(nèi)基本上還沒有免費的，也是需要考慮的開銷，這些花費對于一個忠實的網(wǎng)球愛好者來說可能會毫不猶豫，但在社區(qū)普及網(wǎng)球的過程中，對于大多數(shù)的人們來說，也許這筆開銷得經(jīng)過一番考慮的。再次。是技術(shù)指導(dǎo)的問題。許多人對網(wǎng)球確實抱有濃厚的興趣，花費對他們來說也不是很大的問題，但苦于找不到能在他們剛學(xué)習(xí)的時候給他們技術(shù)上支持的和指導(dǎo)的人，無奈只能放棄，同樣的問題也體現(xiàn)在對高級選手苦于沒有搭檔共同提高球技。表1：群眾體育活動項目統(tǒng)計表項目百分比（%）數(shù)量排序氣功46．701781健身操38．101452交誼舞29．901143武術(shù)29．101114秧歌26．801025廣播操16．30626羽毛球11．80457門球10．50408網(wǎng)球1．8079（引自“我國社區(qū)體育現(xiàn)狀分析”）3．2影響社區(qū)網(wǎng)球運動開展的主要方面開展社區(qū)網(wǎng)球，應(yīng)從社區(qū)網(wǎng)球的現(xiàn)狀出發(fā)，主要應(yīng)從三個方面入手：宣傳、硬件、還有軟件。3．2．1宣傳方面社區(qū)網(wǎng)球的普及需要宣傳。上海曾經(jīng)成功的舉辦過以及大師杯賽、喜力網(wǎng)球公開賽、WTA女子國際網(wǎng)球賽等重大賽事，完全可以借舉辦各項賽事之際，大力在社區(qū)內(nèi)宣傳網(wǎng)球運動，讓所有的人不僅使網(wǎng)球愛好者還有其他人體驗到網(wǎng)球所帶來的樂趣，從而讓社區(qū)內(nèi)更多的人投入到網(wǎng)球這項運動中是完全有可能的。在平時的宣傳中可以突出網(wǎng)球?qū)θ窠∩硭鸬淖饔茫斑m宜男女老少參加的運動?！俺情_杯”業(yè)余巡回賽的成功舉辦，21世紀奧運之光網(wǎng)球計劃等一系列網(wǎng)球推廣宣傳活動的進行，國際賽事的舉辦及各國網(wǎng)球明星的紛至沓來，相信會有越來越多人加入到網(wǎng)球愛好者的行列中。3．2．2硬件方面針對目前的情況，本人認為有必要在社區(qū)中增加網(wǎng)球場（館），以下的數(shù)據(jù)可以說明這一點。例如上海市的長寧區(qū)，從資料上看，位于長寧區(qū)內(nèi)的網(wǎng)球場有仙霞網(wǎng)球中心，萬體館網(wǎng)球場等11個不同規(guī)模和檔次的球場。相比其他的區(qū)縣，除浦東有10多個網(wǎng)球場館外，其他區(qū)縣的網(wǎng)球場館數(shù)目不多于4個，這算是多的了。但是就算是場館數(shù)目比較多的長寧區(qū)，10多個場館的場地加起來也只有40多片左右，這還遠遠不能滿足開展社區(qū)網(wǎng)球的要求，更別說其他的縣區(qū)了。所以普及社區(qū)網(wǎng)球的當(dāng)務(wù)之急之一就是要增加硬件設(shè)施，畢竟有了足夠的硬件實施，才能談得上開展推廣。表2：長寧區(qū)網(wǎng)球場地情況場館名稱地點數(shù)量長寧網(wǎng)球中心華山路1038弄三片仙霞網(wǎng)球中心虹橋路1881號七片天鷺網(wǎng)球場虹橋機場內(nèi)四片華東政法學(xué)院外行渡路1575號兩片外貿(mào)學(xué)院古北路620兩片工人療養(yǎng)院延安西路2558號兩片富都花園定西路一片康東網(wǎng)球館浦北路270號兩片室內(nèi)上海新興網(wǎng)球沙龍宜山路1101號兩片華東理工大學(xué)梅隆路130號三片萬體館網(wǎng)球場漕溪北路1111號六片3．2．3軟件方面困擾社區(qū)網(wǎng)球不能有效開展的另外一重要因素就是缺少相關(guān)的教練和指導(dǎo)人員，縱使人人都有熱情開展社區(qū)網(wǎng)球，可卻沒有人來教，這樣的話也是開展不起來的。其實，在網(wǎng)球的愛好者中，具有一定水平的人還是不少的，問題的關(guān)鍵是讓這些有一定水平的人作為教練或指導(dǎo)與那些想學(xué)網(wǎng)球的人們建立起長期穩(wěn)定的“教”與“學(xué)”的關(guān)系。建議各個小區(qū)可以開設(shè)社區(qū)網(wǎng)球俱樂部，定期聘請教練或是社區(qū)的高手來指導(dǎo)，也可以開展一些社區(qū)內(nèi)以及不同社區(qū)間的比賽，讓網(wǎng)球愛好者真正的享受網(wǎng)球給他們帶來的樂趣。4．小結(jié)現(xiàn)今我國社區(qū)體育存在著以中老年人群為主，以進行氣功、健身操、武術(shù)這些具有非競技性、韻律性、傳統(tǒng)性、文體一體化特點的運動項目為主，年齡缺乏層次性、項目缺乏多元性、活動多為公益性等特點，社區(qū)網(wǎng)球的推廣主要是以中青年及少年為活動對象，避免了活動人群的單一性，從而滿足社區(qū)體育中各個消費層次的需求，及充分選擇他們喜歡項目的自由。社區(qū)網(wǎng)球的開展雖然存在著許多方面的制約因素，但推廣社區(qū)網(wǎng)球有著它自身的優(yōu)勢，它可以豐富社區(qū)體育的內(nèi)容，促進社區(qū)體育的全面發(fā)展，對貫徹全民健身會起到重要的作用。發(fā)展社區(qū)網(wǎng)球運動的對策建議5．1普及網(wǎng)球知識，提高大家對網(wǎng)球的認識和增加參與的興趣。在小區(qū)里張貼相關(guān)海報和宣傳資料，吸引居民的注意；定期開展有關(guān)網(wǎng)球活動的知識講座，聘請附近學(xué)校的網(wǎng)球老師或教練來作指導(dǎo)；提高市民對網(wǎng)球的認識，把網(wǎng)球從“貴族運動”轉(zhuǎn)變成“大眾運動”；有條件的話，還可以建立社區(qū)健身網(wǎng)站，在上面進一步推廣網(wǎng)球運動。5．2整合社區(qū)體育設(shè)施增加區(qū)縣網(wǎng)球場館的建設(shè)，對市民開放社區(qū)內(nèi)網(wǎng)球運動設(shè)施更新觀念，以服務(wù)市民為主體；配合全民健身計劃，充分利用附近學(xué)校的體育資源，改變學(xué)校體育設(shè)施使用局限性的狀況，確立資源共享、服務(wù)社會的意識，使學(xué)校體育設(shè)施發(fā)揮出應(yīng)有的社會功能和效益，使之成為廣大市民日益增長的健身需求和不斷提高生活質(zhì)量的重要場所。5．3健全和完善區(qū)、街道、各級網(wǎng)球運動協(xié)會吸收和推薦優(yōu)秀網(wǎng)球運動人才到各級網(wǎng)球協(xié)會任職，充分發(fā)揮優(yōu)秀體育人才在社區(qū)網(wǎng)球運動發(fā)展中的作用。創(chuàng)造由體育專家學(xué)者、體育教練員、體育教師、體育企業(yè)經(jīng)營者等多方面人才組成的學(xué)術(shù)交流平臺，促進學(xué)術(shù)交流活動，發(fā)展社區(qū)體育文化事業(yè)。5.4建立社區(qū)網(wǎng)球俱樂部，調(diào)動居民的主觀能動性。針對目前中青年，尤其是白領(lǐng)這個層次的年輕人，他們觀念新、消費水平高，在社區(qū)健身的機會也較少，而網(wǎng)球卻符合他們層次特點，以及青少年，要從小培養(yǎng)，起到開發(fā)智力、增強體質(zhì)、鍛煉身心、茁壯的成長等作用。上海承辦了大量的網(wǎng)球國際賽事，越來越多的年輕人已經(jīng)對這項運動產(chǎn)生了濃厚的興趣，而大批的高尚住宅區(qū)建成后，大約有80%的配套網(wǎng)球場卻始終閑置，另一方面，網(wǎng)球具有著自身的特殊性，只有通過系統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)才能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)來回對抗，所以建立社區(qū)網(wǎng)球俱樂部，開展網(wǎng)球培訓(xùn)活動，組織社區(qū)的居民定期進行網(wǎng)球活動，舉辦小規(guī)模的網(wǎng)球比賽，對網(wǎng)球普及工作及提高大家對網(wǎng)球運動的熱情無疑能起到良好的促進效果。5．5高校網(wǎng)球的發(fā)展是社區(qū)網(wǎng)球開展的基礎(chǔ)作為潛在的網(wǎng)球消費者，大學(xué)生是網(wǎng)球運動的中堅力量，對大學(xué)網(wǎng)球運動的推廣是普及網(wǎng)球運動的重要環(huán)節(jié)。“東方商廈“杯陽光網(wǎng)球大學(xué)行活動在上海大學(xué)一經(jīng)推出就得到了滬上眾多高校的熱情響應(yīng)，在同濟大學(xué)，復(fù)旦大學(xué)，上海交通大學(xué)的巡回活動都非常成功。大力開展高校網(wǎng)球活動可以為社區(qū)網(wǎng)球運動的普及打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。6．參考文獻[1]中國網(wǎng)球協(xié)會，《網(wǎng)球天地》1999—2003年各期[2]中國體育年鑒(1949-1963)，(1966-1973)人民體育出版社1964、1983[3]社區(qū)體育與全民健身之關(guān)系，上海體育學(xué)院學(xué)報，1995，第三期《小王子》中文譯本語言差異對比研究ALanguageComparativeStudyoftheTwoChineseVersionsofTheLittlePrinceApapersubmittedinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsofthedegreeofBachelorofArtsBeijingForeignStudies

北京外國語大學(xué)網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文誠信聲明本人鄭重聲明：所呈交的學(xué)士學(xué)位論文，是本人在導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo)下，獨立進行研究工作所取得的成果。論文所涉及的項目為本人親自負責(zé)或者參與實施的項目。除文中已經(jīng)注明引用的內(nèi)容外，本論文不含任何其他個人或集體已經(jīng)發(fā)表或撰寫過的作品成果。本人完全了解本聲明的法律結(jié)果由本人承擔(dān)。學(xué)士學(xué)位論文作者簽名：日期：年月日

AcknowledgementsWritingaBApaperislaboriousandcomplicatedworkasIhavetobalancewithmydailyjobandlife.Butitisnodoubtinvolvesencouragement,helpandsupportofmanypeople,likemyparents,friends,onlinetutorsandclassmates.IwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetomyparentsfortheirwillingnesstosharehouseholdchoresandcareformeduringmystudyatBFSU.IshouldalsoliketothanktheteachersandtutorsbothinShenzhenandBeijingfortheirprofessionalinstructionovermyfour-yearonlinestudy.Iamheartilythankfultomysupervisor,ProfessorBaoXudongandProfessorCaiJing,whooffermuchsupportwhennecessary.Finally,Ipresentmybestregardsandblessingstoallofthosewhoalwaysreadytohelpmeinanyrespectduringthecompletionoftheproject.

摘要英漢兩種語言以及中西文化之間的巨大差異，使得翻譯成為溝通的必要途徑。而譯者在翻譯過程中所起的“媒”作用，是溝通得以順利進行的關(guān)鍵。同時，譯者的個人審美觀也會對譯文產(chǎn)生重大的影響。但是，譯者即便字字斟酌，仔細選詞造句，譯文往往仍不免出現(xiàn)存在歧義或失真的地方。本論文從譯者和語言的角度出發(fā)，通過比較《小王子》的兩個中譯本的語言差異，嘗試分析和探討譯者和語言對譯本的影響。本論文主要由以下三個部分組成:第一部分簡要介紹《小王子》的內(nèi)容、風(fēng)格，及其譯本的大概情況，為后面的對比研究提供了相關(guān)的背景知識。第二部分回顧相關(guān)的翻譯理論，歸納總結(jié)不同譯本，譯者所運用的翻譯策略。第三部分對《小王子》兩種中譯本進行詞匯、句法、和風(fēng)格三個方面的系統(tǒng)研究。通過對《小王子》兩種中譯本的比較分析，可以推斷出不同譯本間的差異在很大程度上是由于譯者的翻譯原則和翻譯策略的不同，是受譯者和所使用的語言影響。在進行文學(xué)評論時,除了要關(guān)注譯者,也要深化對相關(guān)語言和文化的研究。關(guān)鍵詞:譯者語言差異《小王子》

AbstractTranslatingbecomesanecessaryapproachtocommunicationastherearehugedifferencesbetweenEnglishlanguageandChineselanguage,alsobetweentheircultures.Andasamedium,translatorsarethekeyforsmoothlycommunicationintheprocessingoftranslation.However,eventranslatorsthinkovereachwordagainandagain,andselectwordsandphrasescarefully;therearestillambiguitiesandmisunderstandingstobefoundfromthetranslations.ThispaperisacasestudyofthelanguagedifferencesofthetwoChineseversionsofTheLittlePrince,andtriestoexploretheissueofhowtranslatorsandwhatlanguageareinvolvedinthetranslationprocessandthusinfluencesthetargettranslationtexts.Thisthesisconsistsofthefollowing3parts:Part#1introducebrieflyaboutthecontextandstyleofTheLittlePrince,andthegeneralsituationofitstranslations,thenofferrelativebackgroundinformationforlatercomparativestudy.RelevanttranslationtheoriestobereviewedinPart#2,toconcludeandsumupthetranslationstrategiesthetranslatorsusedindifferenttranslations.Part#3makesasystematiccomparisonofthetwoChineseversions,fromtheaspectsofsemantics,syntaxandstyle.ThroughcomparativeanalysisofthetwoChinesetranslationsofTheLittlePrince,wecandeducethatthediscrepanciesbetweendifferenttranslationsarelargelyduetothedifferenttranslationprinciplesandstrategiesthetranslatorsused,andareinfluencedbythetranslatorandlanguagediscrepancies.Sowhenmakingliteraturecriticism,notonlyshouldwefocusonthetranslator,butalsoshoulddeepenstudyinrelevantlanguagesandcultures.Keywords:thetranslator;languagediscrepancies;TheLittlePrince

TableofContentsPages1.Introduction………….……11.1ASummaryoftheAuthor’sLifeandhisWorks…………………11.2ABriefingofTheLittlePrince……………………21.3TheThemeoftheNovella…………….22.Rationale……………….…………….………………..…...32.1BasicTranslationTheories………….32.1.1Translationtheoriesinthewest………………..32.1.2TranslationtheoriesinChina…………………..52.2LanguageandCultural…………62.2.1Definitionoflanguage……………62.2.2Definitionofculture………………72.2.3Therelationoflanguageandcultureintranslation………….73.DataDescription……………..…………...73.1BriefIntroductiontotheTwoTranslatorsandTheirTranslation……………….84.DataAnalysis……………..………….……84.1Lexicon………………..……………84.2Syntax……………………94.3StylisticFeatures………..……………..125.ResultsandSuggestions…..…………...145.1Results……………………145.2SuggestionsontheUseofTranslatingStrategies….……………146.Conclusion………………..……………….15Bibliography……………..……………………16Appendix………………………17ALanguageComparativeStudyoftheTwoChineseVersionsofTheLittlePrinceIntroductionASummaryoftheAuthor’sLifeandhisWorksAntoinedeSaint-ExupérywasborninLyon,Francein1900.HewasanaristocratFrenchwriter,poetandpioneeringaviator.HebecamealaureateofseveralofFrance'shighest\o"Literaryaward"literaryawardsandalsowontheU.S.\o"ListofNationalBookAwardwinners"NationalBookAward.Heisbestrememberedforhisnovella\o"TheLittlePrince"TheLittlePrince(LePetitPrince)andforhislyricalaviationwritings,including\o"Wind,SandandStars"Wind,SandandStarsand\o"NightFlight(novel)"NightFlight.Muchofhisworkisinspiredbyhisexperiencesasapilot.Hewasasuccessfulcommercialpilotbefore\o"WorldWarII"WorldWarII,working\o"Airmail"airmailroutesinEurope,AfricaandSouthAmerica.AttheoutbreakofwarhejoinedtheFrenchAirForce,flyingreconnaissancemissionsuntil\o"ArmisticewithFrance(SecondCompiègne)"France'sarmisticewithGermanyin1940.AfterbeingdemobilizedfromtheFrenchAirForcehevoyagedtotheUnitedStatestoconvinceitsgovernmenttoquicklyenterthewaragainst\o"NaziGermany"NaziGermany.Following27monthslivinginNorthAmerica,duringwhichhewrotethreeofhismostimportantworks,hejoinedthe\o"FreeFrenchAirForce"FreeFrenchAirForceinNorthAfrica,althoughhewasoverageforsuchpilotsandindeclininghealth.HedisappearedovertheMediterraneanonhislastassignedmissioninJuly1944,andisbelievedtohavediedatthattime.PriortothewarhehadachievedfameinFranceasanaviator.HisliteraryworkspropelledhisstatureposthumouslyallowinghimtoachievenationalherostatusinFrance.Heearnedfurtherwidespreadrecognitionwithinternationaltranslationsofhisotherworks.ABriefingofTheLittlePrinceTheLittlePrincehasbeentranslatedintomorethan250languagesanddialectsforitisoneofthebest-sellingbooksaroundtheworld.ItsfirstEnglishtranslationisdonebyKatherineWoodsandwaspublishedintheUnitedStatesin1943,approximatelyoneweekpriortoitsfirstFrenchprintingbythesamepublisher,Reynal&Hitchcock.SuchabookisnodoubtcatchingmanyChinesetranslators’eyes,especiallythosewholovethestory,andwanttosharewithmuchmoreChinese.Thencomesabout50differenttranslationsinChinese(producedinbothmainlandChinaandinTaiwan)summedupin2011accordingtoW.ThemanuscriptofTheLittlePrincewaswrittenandillustratedbySaint-ExupérywhilehewasexiledintheUnitedStatesafterthe\o"BattleofFrance"FallofFrance.Andaccordingtotheauthor’searliermemoir,herecountedhisaviationexperiencesinthe\o"Sahara"SaharadesertandTheLittlePrinceisthoughttousethosesameexperiencesasplotelements.Thoughostensiblya\o"Children'sliterature"children'sbook,TheLittlePrincemakesseveralprofoundandidealisticobservationsaboutlifeandhumannature.Forexample,Saint-ExupérytellsofthelittleprinceencounterafoxduringhistravelsonEarth.Thestory'sessenceiscontainedinthelinesutteredbythefoxtothelittleprince:Oneseesclearlyonlywiththeheart.Whatisessentialisinvisibletotheeye.Otherkeythematicmessagesarebeingsaidbythefox,suchas:"Youbecomeresponsible,forever,forwhatyouhavetamed"and"Itisthetimeyouhavedevotedtoyourrosethatmakesyourrosesoimportant."TheThemeoftheNovellaThenarratordrivesaplaneandcrashintheSaharadesert.Therehemeetsthelittleprinceandknowhisadventurelittlebylittleafterseveraldaysofcommunication.ThenarratorbelievesthelittleprinceiscomefromanasteroidtobecalledB-612.Andheisquarrelwithhisroseanddecidestotravelintheuniversetofindoutthesecretoflife.Hetravelsto7planets,andmeetsdifferentadults,butcan’tgettheanswer.Finally,inthe7thplanet–theearth,hemeetsafox.Itisthefoxtellhimthatlifeisakindofresponsibility,peoplemustbetamedtogettruefriendshipandhappiness,andthemostimportantthingsareinvisibletoeyes,butonlybyheart.Afterknowingthis,hegoesbacktohisplanetinthewayofbeingbittedbyasnake.RationaleBasicTranslationTheoriesTranslationisapartofthecommunicationprocessbetweensourcelanguage(SL)writerandtargetlanguage(TL)readeraccordingtoHatim&Mason.(2001)Theyalsopointedoutthatasamediator,thetranslatorstandsatthecentreofthedynamicprocessofcommunication,linksbetweensourcetextproducersandTLreceivers.Thatis,thetranslatorisnodoubtveryimportantinthisprocessingandwillmoreorlessinfluencethequalityofatranslation,especiallyinliteraturetranslation.AndTytler(1791:8-9)believedthatagoodtranslationistheonethattheoriginalworkiscompletelyapprehendedandtransfusedintoanotherlanguage,andmadethereadersoftargetlanguagehaveequivalentstrongfeelingsoftheoriginalwork.Whatismore,awell-madetranslationisabletogreatlyenrichaTL.TranslationtheoriesinthewestTranslatinghasexistedeversincetheancienttimes.Theformulationoftranslationtheories,however,involvesprimarilythewestworld.So,variouslawsandprincipleshavebeencreatedbytranslationtheorists.Forexample,Cicero(55BC)andQuintilian(96)arebothagreedthatwhentranslateonelanguagetoanother,thetranslatorsshouldnotfollowSLinallthings,but“coinnewexpression”whentranslatesomenotexistitemsoftheTL.Sothattranslators“enrichedtheirnativelanguagesnotonlywithnewvocabularybutalso,inPliny’swords,withan'abundanceofstylisticfiguresandresources'”(QuotedinAndréLefevere,2004:46).Suchviewpointisfocusonfreetranslation.TheythoughtthatthekeyoftranslationistomakepeoplewellunderstandtheinsidemeaningoftheSL,andwordforwordtranslationcan’tmeettherequest.LaterHieronymus(405-410)expressedhissimilarviewtosupportfreetranslation,andopposedtoliteraltranslation,withtheexamplelikethis:“aliteraltranslationfromonelanguageintoanotherobscuresthesenseinthesamewayasthethrivingweedssmothertheseeds.”Hedeemedalanguagewillchangeintranslationasitdependsoncasesandimageswhichneedthetranslatortowastetimeandmakeadetourtoexpresswhatexactlyitsaid,butoftentoexpressitwithgreatimprecision.ForthesyntaxlooksridiculousandtheTLmaylackinbothsubstanceandwords(Hieronymus,QuotedinBacon,1267).AftertheMiddleAge,JuanLuisVives(1531),aSpanishhumanist,statedtherelationshipbetweenthetranslatorsandtheirtranslationas:“Translationstendtobecomeunfaithfulbecausetranslatorsdonotknowthelanguageorthetopictheyaredealingwith…ignoranttranslatorsaredeceivedanddeceivethosewhotrustthem,sometimesonthelevelofstyleanddictionandsometimesonthelevelofcontentorthatofthecharacteristicfeaturesanauthoruse.”Soitisquiteevidentthattranslatorsthemselves’knowledgetotheSLandTLisagreatinfluencetothetranslationfromabovestatement.ThenisthetheoryofJacquesPelletierDuMans(1555)todescribethetranslators’status.Heclaimedthatifatranslatorrenderedtheoriginalfaithfullywithhisbestability,hewillonlygainrespectforhavingredrawntheoriginalportrait,butfameremainswiththeoriginal.Ifherendereditbadly,alltheblamefallsonlyonthetranslatorhimself.Afterthat,A.F.Tytlerwhodevotedtotranslationstudies,propoundsthreebasicprinciplesinhisbookEssayonthePrinciplesofTranslation,firstpublishedin1791,asbelow:Thatthetranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.Thatthestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal.Thatthetranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoforiginalcomposition.(Tytler,1907,9)ThenE.A.Nida(1964:164),echoedTytler’srequirementwithsimilaropinionsandaddedonemorepointtoTytler’slist,indicatedthataresponsesimilarityshouldbeproduced.Nidaisalsoanadvocatortohisfunctionalequivalencetheory.Thecoreofthisthoughtistomaketheoriginaltextandtargettextequalontheleveloflanguagefunction,butnottheequalityoflanguagestyle.Foratranslationshouldfirsttorevealtheoriginal’sinformation(ormeaning)inthemostnaturalway,andthenthestyle.Modernwesterntranslationtheorists,inthewakeoflinguisticsstudy,areturningtheireyestofocustherelationandinfluencebetweenlinguisticsandtranslation.Theauthorwillextractsomewhennecessaryinthefollowingparts.TranslationtheoriesinChinaAlthoughtranslationhasaverylonghistoryinChina,relevanttheoriesareseldom,untilearlyofthe19thcentury.Translationwaspracticedbymanypatriotsatthattime.Theybelieveditcansavethecountryandintroducenewthoughtandliteraturesfromthewest.Amongthem,YanFu(嚴復(fù))istherepresentativepersonage.Hecontributehisideasaboutfaithfulnessorfidelity(信),fluencyorcomprehensibility(達),andelegance(雅)intheprefaceofhistranslationworkTianyanlun(EvolutionandEthics),publishedin1901.Theseideasareoftenregardsasthemostimportantstatementontranslationandrepeatedlydebatedbyscholarsthroughoutthepastcentury.Later,intheperiodoftheMay4thMovementtonewChina,translationtheories,especialliterarytranslationtheoriesgaingreatlydevelopment.Translationissueslike:thenecessityoftranslation,translatabilityanduntranslatability,therelationbetweentranslationandliterarycreation,theimprovementoftranslationqualityandsoon,wereraisedanddiscussedbytranslationpractitioners.LinYutang(林語堂,1933)inhisarticleOnTranslation(論翻譯,translatedbyauthor),pointedoutthattheartoftranslationisrelyonthreeaspects:Firstofall,thetranslatormustfullyunderstandtheoriginaltext;thenhemustmasterhisownmotherlanguageverywellandcanwriteitclearlyandcoherently;finally,hemusthavefairlyinsighttothecriteriaandtechniqueoftranslation.HeindicatedthatthetranslatorshouldtakeresponsibilitytohisreaderanddothetranslationwiththemindofTLtotally.FurthertoLinYutang’sopinion,FuLei(傅雷,1957)expressedhisinsightsconcerningtherelationofliteraryobjectanditstranslator.Hebelievedthattheliteraturesarefocusonhumanbeing,ifthetranslatorhaslittleexperienceaboutlife,hecan’tfullyexploretheadvantageofawork.Soatranslatorshouldnotonlytobeabilingual,butalsohastotrainhisabilityofdiscovery,feeling,andimagine.Besides,heshouldgointothethickoflife,andthenhecancatchupwiththemindofgreatwriters.Forthetranslationproblem,FuLei(1951)alsomentionedthatsinceeverylanguagehasitsowncharacteristics,inimitablemeritsirremediablefaults,andinviolablerules,todoatranslationisliketocopyapainting;theessentialistocopythespiritofthepainting.AndYangJiang(楊絳,1998),whoisalsoafamoustranslatorinChina,proposedthejoboftranslationisquitehard,forshethoughtatranslatormustconsiderseriouslyofboththeoriginaltextandthetargetreader.Thetranslatormustunderstandallwordsandsentencesoforiginal,furthermore,healsoneedtoknowtheirinsidemeaningsandtheextratonebeyond.Heshouldusetargetreader’slanguagetoexpressexactlythesamecontent,tone,insidemeanings.Heshouldn’taddwithhisownexplanationorhisownstatementintranslation.Forthetheoriesofcriteriatoliteraturetranslation,thereisnodoubtthateveryonewillfirstthinkofQianZhongshu(錢鐘書,1964,translatedbyGeorgeKao).HemadecommentsaboutthisinhisfamousessayTheTranslationsofLinShu(林紓的翻譯)like:“Thehigheststandardinliterarytranslationishua(化),transformingaworkfromthelanguageofonecountryintothatofanother.Ifthiscouldbedonewithoutbetrayinganyevidenceofartificebyvirtueofdivergencesinlanguageandspeechhabits,whileatthesametimepreservingintacttheflavoroftheoriginal,thenwesaythatsuchaperformancehasattaintedhuajing(化境),‘theultimateoftransmutation.’…Inotherwords,alanguageshouldcleavetotheoriginalwithsuchfidelitythatitwouldnotreadlikeatranslation,foraliteraryworkinitsownlanguagewillneverreadasthoughithasbeenthroughaprocessoftranslation.”AlotofpractitionersandfamouswritersinthisperiodlikeLuXun,MaoDun,LuoXinzhang,YuGuangzhong,SiGuo,JiDi,etc…arealsocontributetheirdifferentviewsanddiscussionsontranslation.Theauthorwilltakesomeofthemwhennecessaryondataanalysisofthispaper.LanguageandCultureDefinitionoflanguage“Languageisasetofverbalsymbolsthatareprimarilyauditory,butsecondarilywritten.”(Nida,2001:139)Andnowthereareabout4000to5000differentlanguagesintheworld.DefinitionofcultureCultureaccordingtoLongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish(1995Edition),istheideas,beliefs,andcustomsthataresharedandacceptedbypeopleinasociety.TherelationoflanguageandcultureintranslationNida(2001:140),inhisbookLanguageandCulture:contextsintranslating,pointedoutthat“Bothlanguageandcultureareacquiredataveryearlyageandinthelargelyunstructuredcontextsofhomeandplayground.”Theyaregroups,andthereisnoonepersonevercontrolscompletelyalanguageoraculture.Sowhenacultureexperiencesradicalchange,thevocabularyalsoundergoescorrespondingalterations.Asadistinctivepartofculture,languagerepresentstheculturebecausethewordsrefertotheculture.Itisclearlytruethatlanguageandculturearecloselyintertwined.Muchofthecultureiscreated,maintained,andexpressedthroughlanguage,andlanguageislikewiseshapedbytheculture(s)thatdeveloped. (Sawyer&Smith1994:302)Tostudytherelationbetweenlanguageandculture,canbegreathelpfulforatranslatorwhenrenderingaliteraturefullwithdifferentcultureandlanguagefeatures.3.DataDescriptionThedatatobeselectedforanalysisisfromthreeaspects:lexicon,syntax,anddiscourse,eachofwhichrepresentsfundamentalelementsinE-Ctranslation,eachofthemtobediscussedinthescopeoflanguagebycomparebetweentheirtwoChineseversions.Inthefollowingsection,total28wordsandphrase,sentencesandparagraphsfromsourcelanguagetext(SLT)andtargetlanguagetext(TLT)havebeenselectedasexamples.FirstTLTofTheLittlePrinceistranslatedbyMaAinong(馬愛農(nóng),2006)andpublishedbyChinaRadioInternationalPress(中國國際廣播出版社),andtheSLTiscomefromthesamebook.ThesecondTLTisrenderedbyHongYou(洪友),publishedbyQunyanPress(群言出版社)inthesameyear.Otherrelevantsourcesincluding:LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish(Englishversion,1995Edition),LarousseFrench-ChineseBilingualDictionary(《拉魯斯法漢雙解詞典》,1999).Moreover,alltheexamplesaretobeanalyzedfromtheangleoftranslatorsandthetranslationstrategies,andalsotobecomparedwiththeirlanguagefeatures.BriefIntroductiontotheTwoTranslatorsandTheirTranslationsThetwotranslationsarepublishedin2006,whileMa’sversionislaunchedatJanuary,andHong’sversionconsistofChinese,EnglishandFrenchpublishedatSeptemberforcelebratingits60thanniversaryfromthefirstpublishinginFrance.MaisafamoustranslatorincurrentChina.Shemainlyworksonthetranslationofchildren’sliterature.Andsheiswell-knownforrenderingseriesofHarryPottywithhersister.Hongisalsoaproductivetranslator,butdifferentfromMa,histranslationreferstovariousaspects,includingpsychologicalworks,sociologicalbooks,andeducationalwritings,etc...ItshouldbesaidthatMaandHongarebothexperiencedtranslators.DataAnalysisAgoodliteratureshouldbesharedbyreadersallaroundtheworld.Sothetranslationmustbenaturalandaccurate,andcanrevealthecontentandspiritoftheoriginalwork.Butthereisnoperfecttranslationatall,nomatterhowgreatthetranslatoris.Fortherewillnevercanbethewriterhimselftodoallthetranslationsofhisownworkatthesametime.Meanwhile,thetranslatorhimselfwillalwaysaffectbyhisknowledge,hislanguageapplicationskill,andtheabilityhecontrolofbothSLandTL.AndmostproblemsoftranslationarecreatedbythediscrepancybetweentheSLandTL.Translationactivityisprocessedbycomparingeachlevelofthetwolanguages,andfindouttheirsimilarityanddifference(Ye,2001;Translatedbytheauthor).TheauthorwilltakeseveralexamplesfromthetwotranslationsofTheLittlePrincetodocomparisoninthefollowingtext.LexiconTheLittlePrinceiswrittenmainlywithshortsentencesandinconversationstyle.Thewordsandphrasesinitarenotcomplicated.ButasFuLeimentioned,themosttoughworkintranslationistorenderthemostsimpleandshortsentences(QuotedinJin,1994;Translatedbytheauthor).ForasimpleEnglishwordorphrasemayhavemanydifferentmeanings,whi