世界地理-英文課件

WorldGeographyChapter1ExploringGeographyCopyright?2003byPearsonEducation,Inc.,publishingasPrenticeHall,UpperSaddleRiver,NJ.Allrightsreserved.WorldGeographyCopyright?2003byPearsonEducation,Inc.,publishingasPrenticeHall,UpperSaddleRiver,NJ.Allrightsreserved.Section1: TheStudyofGeographySection2:

ChangesWithintheEarthSection3: ChangesontheEarth'sSurfaceChapter1:ExploringGeographyTheStudyofGeographyHowdogeographersusetoolstounderstandtheworld?Whatarethefivethemesofgeography?Howdogeographersidentifylocation,place,andregion?Whydogeographersstudymovementandhuman-environmentinteraction?1GeographicTools11GeographicToolsGeographymeans“writingabout”or“describing”theearth.Geographersusetechnologicaltoolssuchassonar,satellites,andtheglobalpositioningsystem(GPS)tostudylocationsontheearth’ssurface.Growinginimportancearegraphicinformationsystems(GIS),whichusecomputertechnologytoanalyzeanddisplaydataabouttheearth’ssurfacetosolvegeographicproblems.Geographicconceptshelporganizethewaypeoplethinkaboutgeography.Fivequestionscanhelporganizeinformationaboutplaces:(5themes)Geography’sFiveThemesWhatisthelocationofaplace?(location-absolute/relative)Whatisthecharacterofaplace?(place-physical/humancharacteristics)Howareplacessimilartoanddifferentfromotherplaces?(regions-formal/functional/perceptual)Howdopeople,goods,andideasmovebetweenplaces?(movement-transportation/communication)Howdopeopleinteractwiththenaturalenvironmentofaplace?(humanenvironmentinteraction)1Location,Place,andRegionAbsolutelocationdescribesthepositionofaplaceontheglobeusingthegridoflongitudeandlatitudelines.Relativelocationdescribesthelocationofaplacecomparedtootherplaces.Thecharacterofaplaceconsistsoftheplace’sphysicalandhumancharacteristics.Aregionisagroupofplaceswithatleastonecommonphysicalorhumancharacteristic,andmaybedeterminedbypeople’sperceptions,orviewpointsinfluencedbyone’sowncultureandexperiences.Formalregionsareareasinwhichacertaincharacteristicisfoundthroughoutthem.Functionalregionsconsistofacentralplaceandthesurroundingplacesaffectedbyit.Perceptualregionsaredefinedbypeople’sattitudesandfeelingsaboutareas.1 Map2of76WorldMap:

ContinentsandOceanswithLatitudeandLongitudeMovementandHuman-EnvironmentInteractionPeople,goods(TRANSPORTATION),andideas(COMMUNICATION)movebetweenplaces.Humanbeingshavemadeenormouschangesintheirenvironment,bothintentionalandaccidental.Changestotheenvironmentcanbefavorable,makingsomeplacesmorehabitable.Changescanalsobedestructive,alteringanarea’secosystemandstraininglocalresources.1WanttoconnecttotheWorldGeographylinkforthissection?ClickHere!Section1ReviewHowdogeographersusegeographicinformationsystems(GIS)?a) Theyuseittomapthebottomsoftheoceans.b) Theyuseittocollect,analyze,anddisplaygeographicinformation.c) Theyuseittoprovideaccurateinformationaboutlocation.d) Theyuseittorecordimagesoftheearth’ssurface.Howisabsolutelocationdescribed?a) Itisdescribedbyitsrelationtootherplaces.b) Itisdescribedasagroupofplacessharingacommoncharacteristic.c) Itisdescribedbyitsphysicalandhumancharacteristics.d) Itisdescribedbythegridformedbylongitudeandlatitudelines.1Section1ReviewHowdogeographersusegeographicinformationsystems(GIS)?a) Theyuseittomapthebottomsoftheoceans.b) Theyuseittocollect,analyze,anddisplaygeographicinformation.c) Theyuseittoprovideaccurateinformationaboutlocation.d) Theyuseittorecordimagesoftheearth’ssurface.Howisabsolutelocationdescribed?a) Itisdescribedbyitsrelationtootherplaces.b) Itisdescribedasagroupofplacessharingacommoncharacteristic.c) Itisdescribedbyitsphysicalandhumancharacteristics.d) Itisdescribedbythegridformedbylongitudeandlatitudelines.WanttoconnecttotheWorldGeographylinkforthissection?ClickHere!1ChangesWithintheEarthHowdoscientistsclassifytheearth’smajorphysicalcharacteristics?Whatphysicalprocessesaffecttheearth’scrust?Whattheorieshelpscientistsunderstandtheearth’spast?2PhysicalCharacteristicsGeologistsenvisionthreelayerstotheearth:thecore,orcenter,themantle,orathicklayerofrockaroundthecore,andthecrust,thethinrockylayeronthesurface.Landformsandothersurfacefeaturesmakeupthelithosphere.Theatmosphereisthelayerofair,water,andothersubstancesabovethesurface.Thewaterinlakes,rivers,andoceans,andwaterbeneaththesurfaceisthehydrosphere.Thelargelandmassesintheoceansarethecontinents.Landformsarecategorizedbytheirdifferencesinrelief,orthedifferencesinelevationfromthehighesttothelowestpoints.2Landformsareshapedfirstbyforcesthatoriginateintheearth’sinterior.PhysicalProcessesVolcanoesVolcanoesformwhenmagmabreaksthroughtheearth’scrust.Whenlavaflowsevenly,itformsaplateau-likeshieldvolcano.Anashandcindereruptioncanproducesmallcinderconevolcanoes.Alternatingexplosive

eruptionsandsmooth

lavaflowsproduce

distinctivecone-shaped

volcanoes.MovementsintheCrust(Earthquakes)Stressesbetweenlayersofrockcancreatefoldsandfaults.Thehardnessoftherockandthestrengthofthemovementdeterminewhetherafoldorfaultisformed.Slowmovementsofrocklayersalongafaultproducealmostunnoticeablechanges.Large,suddenmovementssendoutshockwaves,causinganearthquake.2 Map6of76WorldMap:

TectonicPlates Map7of76WorldMap:

MountainsandMountainRanges Map8of76WorldMap:

EarthquakeZonesandActiveVolcanoesUnderstandingthePastAccordingtothetheoryofplatetectonics,thelithosphereisbrokenupintoanumberofmovingplates,onwhichcontinentsandoceansride.Thetheoriesofcontinentaldriftandseafloorspreadingsupportthetheoryofplatetectonics,anditisthoughtthattheforceofconvectiondrivesthemovementoftectonicplates.2-Japan-SouthAmerica-Mid-AtlanticRidge(Iceland)-NorthAfricaEarthquakesVolcanoesEarthquakesVolcanoesAll3theorieshavethesameConclusion!UnderstandingthePastThemovementofplatescancreateriftvalleys,mountainranges,volcanoes,faults,andearthquakes,dependingthehowtheplatesaremoving.TheRingofFireisagroupofvolcanoesandvolcanicislandsaroundtherimofthePacificOcean.2-HimalayaMts-Greece/Italy-California-Greece/TurkeyEarthquakezonesEarthquakezonesSection2ReviewWhattermisusedtodescribethewateronandbelowthesurface?a) lithosphereb) atmospherec) hydrosphered) biosphereWhichprocessisusedtodescribethemovementsoftectonicplates?a) subductionb) convergencec) faultingd) convectionWanttoconnecttotheWorldGeographylinkforthissection?ClickHere!2Section2ReviewWanttoconnecttotheWorldGeographylinkforthissection?ClickHere!Whattermisusedtodescribethewateronandbelowthesurface?a) lithosphereb) atmospherec) hydrosphered) biosphereWhichprocessisusedtodescribethemovementsoftectonicplates?a) subductionb) convergencec) faultingd) convection2ChangesontheEarth’sSurfaceWhatarethelastingeffectsofthetwokindsofweathering—mechanicalandchemical—onthephysicallandscapeofaplace?Howdothethreemostcommoncausesoferosion—water,wind,andglaciers—alterthephysicallandscapeofaplace?3WeatheringMechanicalWeatheringMechanicalweatheringoccurswhentherockisphysicallyweakenedorbroken.Themostcommonmechanicalweatheringoccurswhenwaterfreezesincracksinrock(frostwedging)SeedstakingrootincracksChemicalWeatheringChemicalweatheringaltersthechemicalmakeupofrock.Waterandcarbondioxidearethemostimportantfactors.(carbonicacid–cavesareformedthisway)Acidrainisatypeofchemicalweatheringcausedbyairpollutionandwater.ObservingWeatheringThewearingeffectsofweathercanbeseeninanyoldstonestructure.Weatheringchangesnaturallandformsovermillionsofyears.Weatheringisthebreakdownofrockatorneartheearth’ssurfaceintosmallerandsmallerpieces.3ErosionErosionisthemovementofweatheredmaterialsuchasgravel,soil,andsand.Movingwateristhesinglegreatestcauseoferosion,especiallywhencarryingsediment.Wind,thesecondmajorcauseoferosion,canstripawayexposedsoil,butwindblowndepositsofloess,mineral-richdustandsilt,canalsobenefitfarmers.Glaciers,huge,slow-movingsheetsofice,arealsomajoragentsoferosion,astheypickupanddragalongdirt,rocks,andboulders.DuringtheIceAges,glacierscovereduptoathirdoftheearth’ssurface.Inplaceswhereglaciershavemelted