定語從句;句子成分及練習(xí)課件

語法復(fù)習(xí)----

句子成分及練習(xí)一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語、同位語和插入語。二）主語：主語(Subject)

表示句子說的是什么人或什么事.

是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不疑問詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名詞）（代詞）（數(shù)詞）（不定式）（動(dòng)名詞）（名詞化的形容詞）7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytolearnaforeignlanguage.（主語從句）（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）（三）謂語

謂語(Predicate)說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如：

Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.（三）謂語

2、復(fù)合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如：

Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.（2）由助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形,現(xiàn)在分詞,過去分詞構(gòu)成。如：

Theyareworkinginafield.Hehascaughtabadcold.

（3）由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：

Wearestudents.注意：謂語與主語在人稱與數(shù)方面要保持一致。（四）表語

表語(Predicative)用以說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語及表語從句表示。例如：1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名詞）2.Isityours?（代詞）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容詞）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分詞）5.Threetimessevenistwentyone.（數(shù)詞）6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（動(dòng)名詞）8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.（介詞短語）9.Theclassisover.（副詞）10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表語從句）（五）賓語賓語（Object）表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如：1.Heisdoinghishomework.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（名詞）（代詞、動(dòng)名詞）（名詞、數(shù)詞）4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（名詞化形容詞，名詞）（不定式短語）（動(dòng)名詞短語）（賓語從句）賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語sb.+直接賓語sth.），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.=Lendyourdictionarytome,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：

HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,make,find,get,order,post,等，例如：

Sheboughtagiftforhermother.（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)），例如：Theychosehimtheirmonitor.下列動(dòng)詞只能接不定式做賓語

ask,agree,care,choose,,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,等，如：

Herefusedtolendmehisbike.下列動(dòng)詞只能接動(dòng)名詞做賓語

admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：

Johnhasadmittedbreakingthewindow.下列動(dòng)詞既可接不定式，也可接動(dòng)名詞做賓語，但意義不同，如mean,try,remember,forget等。

forgettodo表示“未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作”，forgetdoing表示“已完成的動(dòng)作”。如：

Don'tforgettocomehereearliertomorrow.(還沒來)

Iforgotreturningthebooktohim.(書已還給他了)

（六）賓語補(bǔ)足語

賓語補(bǔ)足語（ObjectComplement），用于補(bǔ)充說明賓語的動(dòng)作，一般位于賓語之后，賓語與賓語補(bǔ)足語一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。需接復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞有：tell，let，help，teach，ask，see，have，order，make等?！百e補(bǔ)”一般可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如：1.HisfathernamedhimXiaoming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.（名詞）（形容詞）（副詞）（不定式短語）（現(xiàn)在分詞）（七）定語

修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語(Attribute)。定語可由以下成分表示：1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容詞）2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分詞）3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.（名詞）4.HisprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代詞）5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短語）6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（動(dòng)名詞）7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介詞短語）8.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.(定語從句)說明1：當(dāng)定語修飾不定代詞如：nothing,anything,everything,something

等時(shí)，定語要放在其后作后置定語我告訴他一些有趣的事情。Itellhimsomethinginteresting.

說明2：不定式、短語或從句作定語時(shí)，也放在被修飾的名詞之后。這間屋子里的男孩子們是10班的。Theboys

intheroom

areinClassTen.

（八）狀語

修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語（Adverbial）?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆?.Lighttravelsmostquickly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedtheexam.（副詞及副詞性詞組）（介詞短語）（不定式短語）4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.5.Waitaminute.6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（分詞短語）（名詞）（狀語從句）9種狀語種類如下：1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.

4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.

5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（時(shí)間狀語）（原因狀語）（條件狀語）（地點(diǎn)狀語）（方式狀語）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.

7.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.

8.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.9.Iamtallerthanheis.（伴隨狀語）（目的狀語）（結(jié)果狀語）（讓步狀語）（比較狀語）

（九）同位語（Appositive）對(duì)前面的名詞或代詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋，通常由名詞、數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔(dān)任，如：ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.（十）插入語（Parenthesis）對(duì)一句話做一些附加的解釋，通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe---)等，如：Tobehonest,Idon’tquiteagreewithyou.TheAttributiveClause(定語從句)定語從句概念:在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的句子.Sheistheonlyonewho’sstudyingFrench.句子作定語,修飾代詞oneHeisateacherwho/thatteachesusChinese.句子作定語,修飾名詞ateacher先行詞關(guān)系詞定語從句Maryisagirl

who

haslonghair.關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞who,whom,whose,which,thatwhere,when,why被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。定語從句一般放在先行詞后面。2.引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞,在句中做句子成分。關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分，關(guān)系副詞在句中作狀語。關(guān)系詞的作用：

1.引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句；

2.在從句中代替先行詞；

3.在從句中擔(dān)任某一句子成份。Maryisagirl.

Agirlhaslonghair.Maryisagirl

who

haslonghair.Ilikemusic

that/whichIcandanceto.先行詞關(guān)系代詞定語從句Ilikethesingerwhoisbeautiful.Ilikethemoviethatisfunny.找一找IstillrememberthefirsttimewhenImether.定語從句構(gòu)成：先行詞+關(guān)系詞+從句關(guān)系詞關(guān)系代詞:that,which,who,whom,whose關(guān)系副詞:when,where,why關(guān)系代詞：

指物：thatwhichwhose(所有格）

指人：who(主/賓格)that

whom（賓格）

whose(所有格）Theboys

whoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.Theman

whomtheywantedtovisitisascientist.1.who指人,在從句中做主語(不能省)或賓語（?？墒÷裕?.whom指人,在從句中充當(dāng)賓語(?？墒?who,whom,which,that,whose,用法區(qū)別.Theboy

whotheyaretalkingaboutisLiLei.

1)Footballisagame

whichislikedbymostboys.3.which指物，在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時(shí)可省略主語，不能省2)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.賓語，可省4.that指人時(shí),相當(dāng)于who或whom;指物時(shí),相當(dāng)于which。在定語從句中做主語或者賓語,做賓語時(shí)可省略。Thegirl(who/whom/that)wesawyesterdayisAnna.2)Aplaneisamachine

that/whichcanfly.

1.Hehasafriend

whosefatherisadoctor.2.Ihaveboughtahouse

whosewindowsfacesouth.

5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定語從句中做定語3.Pleasepassmethebook

whosecoverisgreen.

定語從句關(guān)系代詞的用法:1)當(dāng)先行詞是物時(shí),用which/that引導(dǎo).

Thesearethetrees

which/thatwere

plantedlastyear.2)當(dāng)先行詞是人時(shí),用who/that/whom引導(dǎo).Maryisagirl

who/that

haslonghair.that既可以指人又可以指物

who/that/which在定語從句中做主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞保持一致。

1)

Iprefershoes

that

arecool.2)Ilikeapizza

that

isreallydelicious.3)Ilovesingers

who

arebeautiful.4)Ihaveafriend

whoplayssports.

Thisistheteacher_________

willgo

tothesouthwithustomorrow.(2)Isthatthestudent______________

the

teacher

istalkingwith?(3)

Ilikethepresent_________

you’vesent

tome.(4)Thenurse

_______________

wetalked

aboutcanspeakEnglishwell.(5)Thisisthejob___________

we’venever

donebefore.who/thatwho/that/whomthat/whichwho/that/whomthat/which(6)

Thisistheman________________Imetyesterday.(7)

Thisisthebag___________mymother

boughtyesterday.(8)

Theman_________

livesnexttousis

myEnglishteacher.(9)

Thegirl______________yousawinthe

streetisMary.who/that/whomthat/whichwho/thatwho/that/whom定語從句關(guān)系副詞的用法:

1、where指地點(diǎn)，在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語。

Thisistheplace

where(inwhich)welivedtenyearsago.2、

when指時(shí)間，在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語。

Hetoldmethedate

when(onwhich)hejoinedtheParty.3、why指原因，在定語從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語。

Iknowthereason

why(forwhich)shewassoangry.關(guān)系副詞when,where和關(guān)系代詞that,which的區(qū)別:同樣是修飾一個(gè)地點(diǎn)，有時(shí)使用where,有時(shí)使用that/which；同樣是修飾一個(gè)時(shí)間，有時(shí)使用when，有時(shí)使用that/which。這主要看兩點(diǎn)：一：先行詞在定語從句中所作成分；二：定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是否一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞。1.Thisisthepark(that)wevisitedlast

year.Thisistheparkwhereweheldabirthdayparty.2.Shewon’tforgetthedays(that)shespentontheisland.Shewon’tforgetthedayswhentheystayedtogether.Thisistheplacewhereyouworked.Thisistheplacewhich/thatyouvisited.

1)還原后為:youworkedintheplace,Work為不及物動(dòng)詞，先行詞theplace做狀語,所以用副詞where作狀語。

2)還原后為:youvisitedtheplace，visit為及物動(dòng)詞,先行詞theplace做visited的賓語，所以用代詞which/that做賓語。關(guān)系副詞可轉(zhuǎn)化為介詞+which結(jié)構(gòu)。1)Thisisthehouse______

onceLuXunlived.Thisisthehouse__________onceLuXunlivedin.這就是魯迅曾經(jīng)住過的房子。=inwhichwherewhich/that2)Beijingistheplace________Iwas

born.Beijingistheplace_________Iwasbornin.北京是我出生的地方。=inwhichwherewhich/that

A.whereB.whichC.whomD.whose1)Thisisthefactory____Ivisitedlastyear.2)Thisisthefactory____Iworkedlastyear.3)Thisisthefactory_____producesallkindsofTVsets.BAB3.Canyoulendmethenovel_____theotherday?A.thatyoutalkedB.youtalkedaboutitC.whichyoutalkedwithD.youtalkedabout

D2.Hehasafriend_______fatherisadoctor.whoseSheisthegirl_________talkedwithmeyesterday.who/thatA.whereB.whichC.whomD.whoseTheplace____intereststhechildrenmostistheChildren'sPalace.

A.whatB.thatC.whereD.inwhich2.Themountain____wevisitedlastsummeristhehighestmountaininEurope.

A.whereB.onwhichC.whatD.which3.Thisisthepark____Ivisitedlastweek.

A.whichB.whenC.whatD.whereBDA1)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí);只用that不用which2)先行詞前面有最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí);①Heisthefirstpersonthatpassedtheexam.②Heisthehardestman(that)Ihaveevermet.

Thefilm

star(人)andher

film

(物)thatyouhavejusttalkedaboutiswell-known.3)當(dāng)先行詞前面有theonly,thesame,thelast,thevery時(shí);Theonlything(that)Iwanttodoistohavearest.5.當(dāng)先行詞是anything,everything,nothing，few,all,none,little,theone

等不定代詞，或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much

等修飾時(shí);4.在who,which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句中,定語從句中避免重復(fù),一般也只用that.1)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?

2)WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?

Imeanthe

one____youtalkedaboutjustnow.Isthereanything

________youdon’tknow?Iwanttoreadallthebooks________werewrittenbyLuXun.thatthatthat注：

當(dāng)one,ones,anybody,anyone,all,none,those,he,they,that,you等作先行詞時(shí)（

指人）一般用who，不用that.

Those

whowanttogotothecinemawillhavetowaitatthegateoftheschool.

想去看電影的人必須在校門口等。

He

whodoesn'treachtheGreatWallisnotareal/trueman.

小結(jié)：that－既可指人，也可指物，作主語，不能省略；作賓語，可以省略。which－指物，作主語，不能省略；作賓語，可以省略。

who－指人，作主語，不能省略；作賓語，可以省略,（常用whom）。whose－既可指人，也可指物，不能省略，作定語。注:當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí),定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞形式由先行詞決定。Exercise1:用關(guān)系代詞填空Theboy____________isplayingping-pongismyclassmate.Thee-mail___________Ireceivedyesterdaywasfrommysister.Ihatepeople______________talkmuchbutdolittle.Thecar_____________myfatherboughtlastmonthisverybeautiful.who/thatwhich/thatwho/thatwhich/that5.Theman______hairiswhiteishisgrandfather.6.Isthereastudent_________fatherisabusinessman?7.Thisisthehousein________wehavelivedfor10years.8.I’veneverheardofthepeopleandthings________youtalkedaboutjustnow.whosewhosewhichthat9.Theman______legbrokeinamatchusedtobeafootballplayer.10.Isthereanything______Icandoforyou?11.Ihaveafriend________likeslisteningtoclassicalmusic.

12.Thisisthebestnovel_______Ihaveread.13.Whoisthegirl_______isstandingunderthetree?whosethatthatthatthat/who14.Haveyoureadthebook_____isaboutthemoon?A.what

B.it

C./

D.which15.Thepolicemancaughtthethief______hasstolenMr.Li’scomputer.A.which

B.whose

C.whom

D.who16.Tony,tellmetheresultofthediscussion_____youhadwithyourdadyesterday.A.

what

B.which

C.when

D.whoDBD17.Thisisthecamera______myunclegavemeformybirthday.A.

which

B.who

C.whatD.whose18.—Wheredidyougolastweek?—IwenttoZhangAiping’shometownandvisitedthehouse

hewasbornin.

A.that

B.there

C.who

D.whose19.—Wheredidyougolastweek?—IwenttoZhangAiping’shometownandvisitedthehouse

hewasborn。A.that

B.where

C.who

D.whoseABA20.Isthattheman_______helpedusalotaftertheearthquake?which

B.who

C.whomD.there21.Wedon'tlikepeople____talktoomuchbutneverdoanything.A.whose

B.who

C.when

D.whichBB22.–Doyouknowtheboy___isstandingunderthet