托福寫作100分課件修改版toefl writing

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Writing武漢新航道學校一、托福寫作簡介和評分標準二、寫作結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)思三、首段寫作

四、主體段寫作五、結(jié)尾+語言提升1六、語言提升2七、綜合寫作（1）八、綜合寫作（2）九、作文修改+復習備考課程安排首段主體段末段經(jīng)典五段式結(jié)構(gòu)引出主題+總論點分論點1+(←)論證(80-100)分論點2+(←)論證(80-100)分論點3+(←)論證(80-100)重申總論點+補充說明主體段講解思路1.Topic

sentence3.concluding

sentence2.supporting

sentencesBodyParagraph1.主題句的寫法（復習）First,

luck

has

helped

a

great

number

of

people

inventand

discover

things.Also,

luck

helps

people e

famous.Finally,

luck

has

helped

many

people

secure

jobs.010

When

people

succeed,

it

is

because

of

hard

work.

Luckhas

nothing

to

do

with

success."

Do

you

agree

or

disagreewith

the

quotation

above?A√A√A√B√A√A√A√A√B×A√B√常見結(jié)構(gòu)Ⅰ一邊倒Ⅱ.1+2Ⅲ.

2+1Ⅲ.

1+11.主題句之間的銜接（順接和逆接）A.順接(一邊倒的內(nèi)部)首先first,

in

the

first

place,

first

of

all,

to

begin

with,

to

startwith,

first

and

foremost,

for

one

thing,

initially第二（再者）second,

also,

in

the

second

place,

next,

also,

besides,furthermore,

moreover,

in

addition,

what

is

more,beyond

that,

on

top

of

that,

for

another最后：third,

finally,ultimately,in

a

nutshell,last

but

notleast…Topic

sentencesFirst

→The

primary

reason

for

my

view

is

that…Second

→Another

reason

why

I

believe…is

that…Third

→A

third

reason

used

to

support

my

opinion

is...主題句：順接The

primary

reason

for

studying

science

and

mathematicsis

that

those

who

do

so

land

jobs

more

easily

than

thosewho

study

history

and

literature.

(26

words)The

second

reason

why

it

is

more

important

to

studyscience

and

mathematics

is

that

scientists

andmathematicians

are

valued

more

than

experts

in

historyand

literature.

(28

words)The

third

reason

for

such

a

choice

is

that

scientists

andmathematicians

generally

make

more

money

than

peoplein

other

professions.

(22

words)Topic124:

study

history

and

literature

VS

study

science

andmathematics.句型應(yīng)用First,

luck

has

helped

a

great

number

of

people

inventand

discover

things.Also,

luck

helps

people e

famous.Finally,

luck

has

helped

many

people

secure

jobs.First

of

all,

luck

is

essential

to

success

because

it

hashelped

a

great

number

of

people

invent

and

discoverthings.Another

reason

why

luck

is

important

to

success

is

that

ithelps

people

e

famous.Finally,

luck

has

helped

many

people

secure

jobs.1.主題句的寫法（復習）首段1.提反方合理性，轉(zhuǎn)折表明總論點主體段讓步，簡述反方合理性轉(zhuǎn)折，詳述自己支持的觀點遞進，詳述自己支持的觀點末段重申總論點+補充說明B.逆接：1+2（讓步轉(zhuǎn)折遞進）首段It

is

true

that

the

investment

in

improving

the

workskills

of

employees

is

essential.

.主體段However,

spending

money

in

that

area

is

by

nomeans

the

most

crucial

investment

a

companyshould

make.

In

fact,

the

investment

in

advertisingcan

be

equally

important

as,

if

not

more

importantthan,

the

spending

in

workers’

skills

.末段Another

area

that

deserves

more

investment

thanemployees’

skills

is

research

and

development.B.逆接：1+2（讓步轉(zhuǎn)折遞進）“最重要的投資是員工技能”110820NA1.主題句之間的銜接（逆接）B.逆接(讓步-轉(zhuǎn)折-遞進的內(nèi)部)讓步Admittedly,

it

is

true

that...,

do...轉(zhuǎn)折nevertheless,however,but,yet;

in

spite

of;although,even

though...,

granted

taht...(即使)遞進futher,

furthermore,

besides,

what's

more,

moreover,in

addition;

beyond

that,

on

top

of

that,

equallyimportant

is...主體段講解思路1.Topic

sentence3.concluding

sentence2.supporting

sentencesBodyParagraphSupportingsentences思路+語言1.因果論證（段落示列+句型）2.舉例論證（段落示列+句型）3.對比論證（段落示列+句型）因果鏈The

Butterfly

EffectThe

flap

of

a

butterfly’s

wings

in

Brazil

set

off

a

tornadoin

Texas.丟失一顆釘子，壞了一只蹄鐵壞了一只蹄鐵，折了一匹戰(zhàn)馬折了一匹戰(zhàn)馬，傷了一位騎士傷了一位騎士，輸了一場戰(zhàn)斗輸了一場戰(zhàn)斗，亡了一個帝國；；；；。論述：Thisisbecause丟失一顆釘子，壞了一只蹄鐵；壞了一只蹄鐵，折了一匹戰(zhàn)馬；折了一匹戰(zhàn)馬，傷了一位騎士；傷了一位騎士，輸了一場戰(zhàn)斗；輸了一場戰(zhàn)斗，亡了一個帝國。主題句：丟失一顆釘子會導致一個帝國的衰亡。因果鏈1.因果論證Topic

Sentence:

Making

public

transportationfree

of

charge

is

beneficial

for

theenvironment.?

公共交通免費

更多的人可能使用公共交通

減少小汽車的使用

減少尾氣排放

降低空氣污染

同時減少燃料使用

利于環(huán)境保護所以，公共交通應(yīng)該免費因果論證常用句型This

is

becauseThis

is

largely

due

to

the

fact

thatThis

is

partly

/

primarily

/

because因為thus,

hence,

this

meansconsequently,

therefore,

as

a

resultfor

this

reason,

for

such

reasonsclearly

/

Therefore,

it

is

clear

that

…所以Practice1Topic

Sentence:

Making

public

transportationfree

of

charge

is

beneficial

for

theenvironment.?

公共交通免費

更多的人可能使用公共交通

減少小汽車的使用

減少尾氣排放

降低空氣污染

同時減少燃料使用

利于環(huán)境保護所以，公共交通應(yīng)該免費Practice1-EnglishparagraphFirst

of

all,

making

public

transportation

free

of

charge

is

beneficial

for

the

environment.

This

is

primarily

becausefree

public

transportation

may

encourage

some

of

privatecar

users

to

take

public

transportation

vehicles

as

analternative.

This

means

that

a

large

number

of

car

owners,especially

those

who

tend

to

complain

about

the

rising

oilprices,

may

give

up

driving

private

cars.

The

reduction

inthe

number

of

private

cars

not

only

helps

to

cut

down

on

greenhouse

gas

emissions,

but

also

helps

decrease

thedemand

for

fossil

fuels.

It

is,

therefore,

clear

that

/

For

such

reasons,

free

public

transportation

is

conducive

to

protecting

our

environment.(102

words)Practice21.First

of

all,

raising

the

salaries

of

professors

canmotivate

them

to

be

committed

to

research

andteaching.

收入提高

自我價值提高

更多心理滿足

促使更加努力

另外，有足夠的收入就意味著不用擔心家庭開支所以提高工資有助于激勵教師努力投入教學和科研。101113

To

improve

the

quality

of

education，universitiesshould

spend

more

money

on

professors'

salaries.Practice2-English

paragraph1.First

of

all,

raising

the

salaries

of

professors

can

motivate

them

to

be

more

committed

to

research

and

teaching.This

is

because

generous

financial

rewards

could

give

teachers

anincreased

sense

of

self-worth

that

can

propel

them

to

devotemore

time

and

efforts

to

improving

their

teaching.

In

addition,

higher e

gives

them

a

sense

of

financial

security.

In

other

words,

they

are

likely

toworry

less

about

living

expenses

that

may

distract

their

attention

away

from

their

professional

responsibilities.

For

example,

if

theyhave

stress

about

paying

billsevery

month,

then

it

is

very

likely

that

they

will

shift

their

attention

from

teaching

and

research

to

taking

somepart-time

jobs

to

earn

extra

money. It

is,

therefore,

reasonable

to

believe

that

the

higher

the

salaries

are,

the

more

the

teachers

will

bemotivated.

(Clearly,

decent

salaries

can

help

them

better

fulfill

theirresponsibilities

in

teaching

and

research.)

(138words)101113

To

improve

the

quality

of

education，universitiesshould

spend

more

money

on

professors'

salaries.Summary因果論證法優(yōu)點論證更加嚴謹缺點論證難度稍大Supportingsentences思路+語言1.因果論證（段落示列+句型）2.舉例論證（段落示列+句型）3.對比論證（段落示列+句型）例子的引入For

example,

for

instanceTake

…

for

example.A

good

example

of

this

is

…A

typical

illustration

of

this

can

be

seen

in…A

particularly

salient

example

of

this

can

beseen…A

aptly

illustrates

the

point.A

is

a

case

in

point.A

is

a

pertinent

example.There

is

no

better

illustration

of

the

idea

than

thefact

that...There

is

no

better

illustration

of

the

point

than

theexample

of

A.原句：The

Chinese

people

are

compassionate.For

example,

after

the

Wenchuanearthquake,

…句型：…can

be

seen

in….應(yīng)用：The

Chinese

people’s

compassion

canbe

seen

in

the

rescue

efforts

following

themassive

8-magnitude

Wenchuan

earthquakethat

hit

Sichuan,

a

province

located

in

thesouthwestern

part

of

China.

(a

southwesternprovince

of

China.)應(yīng)用表達“例子含義”句型As

the

example/casesuggests/shows/indicates/illustrates/demonstrates,...The

example/casesuggests/shows/indicates/illustrates/demonstrates

that...The

examplehighlights/underlines/accentuates...多樣性具體性趣味性來源：閱讀時事自身經(jīng)歷舉例論證中例子的特點dinner

at

home

vs.

eat

outThe

first

reason

is

that

when

it

comes

to

food,

I

prefersimplicity

and

healthy

eating.

This

is

so

easy

when

weeat

out,

especially

when

we

eat

Chinese

dishes,

most

ofwhich

seem

to

be

fried,

or

deep-fried,

with

far

more

oiland

seasoning

than

I

care

for.

Of

course

one

can

findsome

steamed

dishes,

but

when

eating

with

friends

onewishes

to

order

dishes

to

everyone's

taste,

and

most

ofmy

friends

prefer

spicier

and

tastier

dishes.

When

eatingat

home,

I

keep

preparation

time

to

a

minimum

andfollow

the

dictum

"keep

it

simple".

I

usually

only

eat

fruitsfor

breakfast

and

mostly

salads

or

vegetables

for

lunchand

dinner.

For

protein

I

eat

eggs,

tuna

and

tofu.

And,

ohyas,

I

do

bring

home

steamed

jiao

zi

at

least

once

aweek,

which

I

can

simply

pop

into

the

microwave.舉例論證范例Supportingsentences思路+語言1.因果論證（段落示列+句型）2.舉例論證（段落示列+句型）3.對比論證（段落示列+句型）3.對比論證(compare

and

contrast)正反對比A

VS

BA+

VS

A-對比論證古今對比對比論證中實用表達but,

yet,

although,

though,

whereas,on

the

contrary,

by

comparison,

on

the

otherhand,

in

contrast,

as

opposed

to,however,

nevertheless,

notwithstanding,when

compared

to,

balanced

against,conversely,

meanwhile,

after

all,although

this

may

be

true,

still,

despite,1).有無對比eg1.The

reasons

for

this

trend

may

involve

the

recognition

that

a

young

adult

who

passes

directly

from

school

to

universityis

rather

restricted

in

terms

of

general

knowledge

andexperience

of

the

world.

By

contrast,

those

who

have

spentsome

time

earning

a

living

or

traveling

to

other

places

have

a

broader

view

of

life

and

better

personal

resources

to

drawon.081101

gap

year1).兩面對比eg2.On

the

personal

level,

as

for

the

friendship,

when

a

friend

isfeeling

unwell

or

even

depressed,

it

seems

reasonable

totell

him

that

he

looks

ill.

Doing

so

can

make

him

feel

worse,and

even

cause

him

to

really

fall

ill.

Conversely,

by

telling

awhite

lie

and

saying

that

he

looks

fine,

you

will

make

himfeel

better

and

probably

help

him

to

recover

and e

theirdiseases.Always

telling

the

truth

is

the

most

important

consideration

inany

relations.2).古今對比2).古今對比In

the

past

century,

the

equality

of

men

and

women

hasgrown

to

an

increasingly

accepted

universal

principle.Unlike

in

times

past,

when

women

were

often

viewedwith

prejudice

as

inferior

second-class

citizens,today’s

women

have

broken

free

of

old

dogmas

andshowcased

their

abilities

in

all

fields.Practice12.08.19CN

Cars

have

had

a

great

effect

on

society

thanairplanes.段落展開標志詞(引子詞)Topic

sentence.This

is

because…For

example,….By

contrast…Therefore,….綜合運用Another

advantage

of

working

in

the

office

is

higher

workingefficiency.This

is

because(原因解釋)Reason1Reason2By

contrast,

if

a

person

works

at

home…Another

advantage

of

working

in

the

office

is

higher

workingefficiency.

Office

employees

are

generally

more

likely

tofocus

on

their

work

and

improve

working

efficiency.

This

ismainly

because

in

an

office

environment,

employees,whether

consciously

or

not,

tend

to

be

motivated

by

a

desireto

do

better

than

others;

this

creates

a

competitiveatmosphere

that

can

motivate

employees

to

constantly

focuson

their

tasks

and

thus

improve

working

performance.Furthermore,

employees

working

in

an

office

environmentmay

feel

pressured

to

work

hard

because

of

supervision

from

their

supervisors.

However,

both

the

competitiveelement

and

the

supervision

are

not

available

when

oneworks

at

home,

and

because

of

this,

one

may

not

be

sostrongly

motivated

as

he

or

she

does

in

a

professional

setting

and

the

work

performance

will

suffer

as

aconsequence.

(135words)Take

myself

for

example.…Concluding

sentenceAnother

advantage

of

travelling

is

that

it

helps

to

reducestress.綜合運用Another

advantage

of

travelling

is

that

it

helps

to

reducestress

and

gives

us

an

opportunity

to

relax.

College

lifedemands

a

huge

amount

of

time

and

energy

to

attendclasses

and

finish

course

assignments,

which

makes

ouracademic

life

boring

and

stressful.

Take

myself

forexample.

Since

last

summer

vacation,

I

have

beenworking

really

hard

on

my

regular

school

subjects

plusTOEFL

preparation,

and

I

became

increasingly

worn

outas

time

went

by.

However,

thankfully,

we

had

a

seven-day

National

Day

holiday,

during

which

I

travelled

with

my

parents

to

Taipei,

where

we

had

a

great

deal

of

funand

relaxation.

After

the

trip,

I

felt

fully

refreshed

andrelaxed,

and

I

returned

to

the

classroom

with

renewedvigor

and

vitality.

This

trip

helped

restore

my

enthusiasmfor

studying

and

enabled

me

to

regain

learning

efficiency.(138

words)A

particularly

salient

example

of

this

can

beseen

in…Three

decades

ago,

…These

days,however,

…Finally,

it

is

much

easier

for

people

today

to e

educatedbecause

of

improvements

in

the

quality

of

teaching.綜合運用Finally,

it

is

much

easier

for

people

today

to e

educatedbecause

of

improvements

in

the

quality

of

teaching.

Aparticularly

salient

example

of

this

can

be

seen

in

theprogress

made

in

the

academic

qualifications

andprofessional

training

of

teachers

in

China,

two

crucial

factorsaffecting

the

quality

of

teaching.

Three

decades

ago,teachers,

especially

teachers

in

rural

areas

at

primary

ormiddle

school

levels,

generally

lacked

the

academiccredentials

and

training

needed

to

undertake

the

teachingprofession.

These

days,

however,

teachers

are

generallybetter-educated

and

better-trained;

they

need

to

go

throughdemanding

tests

and

training

before

they

can

be

qualified

asteachers.

With

more

professional

teachers,

students

aremore

likely

to

learn

more

and

better,

and

develop

goodlearning

habits

that

may

have

a

long-term

influence

on

theirlearning

throughout

their

lives.

(134

words)主體段講解思路1.Topic

sentence3.concluding

sentence2.supporting

sentencesBodyParagraphConcluding

sentence1.可以寫，也可以省2.重申總論點3.重申主題句要求：語言表達不重復1.所以：eg(1)Going

to

classes

also

helps

students

learn

how

to

workwith

their

classmates.

In

class,

students

need

to

putforward

their

ideas.

They

have

to

take

questions

fromtheir

classmates

and

when

their

classmates

have

adifferent

point

of

view,

they

have

to

defend

their

own.All

these

conduct

to

a

friendly

manner.

Clearly,interaction

of

this

kind

teaches

students

about

how

towork

with

other

people.014

going

to

class:

required

or

optional?1.所以：eg(2)1.First

of

all,

raising

the

salaries

of

professors

could

motivatethem

to

be

more

committed

to

research

and

teaching.

This

isbecause

generous

financial

rewards

can

give

teachers

an

increased

sense

of

self-worth

that

can

propel

them

to

devotemore

time

and

efforts

to

improving

their

teaching.

In

addition,higher e

gives

thema

sense

of

financialsecurity.Inotherwords,

they

are

likely

to

worry

less

about

living

expenses

that

may

distract

their

attention

away

from

their

professional

responsibilities.

Itis,therefore,

clearthatthehigherthesalariesare,themore

the

teacherswill

be

motivated.

(Clearly,decent

salaries

can

help

them

better

fulfill

their

responsibilities

in

teaching

and

research.)101113

To

improve

the

quality

of

education，universitiesshould

spend

more

money

on

professors'

salaries.段落展開標志詞(引子詞)Topic

sentence.According

to

a

survey

conducted

by…This

is

because…For

example,….By

contrast…Theref