備戰(zhàn)2014高考英語6年真題分項版精解精析專題17閱讀理解之文化藝術(shù)類解析

專題 閱讀理解之文化藝術(shù)【【2013高考試題】（2013·I卷）DTheNationalGalleryTheNationalGalleryistheBritishnationalartmuseumbuiltonthenorthsideofEuropeanartrangingfrom13th-centuryreligiouspaintingstomoremodernonesbyRenoirandVanGogh.TheoldercollectionsofthegalleryarereachedthroughthemainentrancewhilethemoremodernworksintheEastWingaremosteasilyreachedfromTrafalgarSquarebyagroundfloorentranceThemodernSainsburyWingonthewesternsideofthebuildinghouses13th-to15th-centurypaintings,andsincludeDuccio,Uccello,VanEyck,Lippi,Mantegna,BotticelliandMemling.ThemainWestWinghouses16th-centurypaintings,and sincludeLeonardodaVinci,Cranach,Michelangelo,Raphael,Bruegel,Bronzino,TitanandVeronest.TheNorthWinghouses17th-centurypaintings,andsincludeCaravaggio,Rubens,Poussin,VanDyck,Velazquez,ClaudeandVermeer.TheEastWinghouses18th-toearly20th-centurypaintings,andsincludeCetto,Goya,Turner,Constable,RenoirandVanGoghOpeningTheGalleryisopeneverydayfrom10amto6pm(Fridays10anmto9pm)andis,butchargesapplytosomespecialexhibitions.GettingNearestundergroundstations:CharingCross(2-minutewalk).LeicesterSquare(3-minutewalk),Embankment(7-minutewalk),andPiccadillyCircus(8-minutewalk).Inwhichcentury’scollectioncanyouseereligiousTheTheTheTheWhereareLeonardodaVinci’sworksIntheEastInthemainWestIntheSainsburyIntheNorthWhichundergroundstationisclosesttotheNationalPiccadillyLeicesterCharing【主旨大意】zxxk1947年，來自藝術(shù)界的一組知名決定在愛丁堡舉辦一次國際性的藝In1947agroupoffamouspeoplefromtheartworldheadedbyanAustrianconductordecidedtoholdanintemationalfestivalofmusic,danceandtheatreinEdinburgh.TheideawastoreuniteEuropeaftertheSecondWorldWar.Atthesametime,the“Fringe”appearedasachallengetotheofficialfestival.Eighttheatregroupsturnedupuninvitedin1947,inthebeliefthateveryoneshouldhavetherighttoperform,andtheydidsoinapublichousedisusedforyears.Soon,groupsofstudentsfirstlyfromEdinburghUniversity,andlaterfromtheuniversitiesofOxfordandCambridge,DurhamandBirminghamweremakingthejourneytotheScottishcapitaleachsummertoperformtheatrebylittle-knownwritersofysinsmallchurchhallstothepeopleofEdinburgh.Todaythe“Fringe”,oncelessrecognized,hasfaroutgrownthefestivalwitharound1,500performancesoftheatre,musicanddanceoneveryoneofthe21daysitlasts.Andyetasearlyas1959,withonly19theatregroupsperforming,somesaiditwasgettingtoobig.Apaidadministratorwasfirstemployedonlyin1971,andtodaythereareeightadministratorsworkingallyearroundandthenumberrisesto150duringAugustitself.In2004therewere200ceshousing1,695showsbyover600differentgroupsfrom50differentcountries.Morethan1,25millionticketsweresold.PointwasthepurposeofEdinburghFestivalatheTobringEuropetogetherTohonorheroesofWorldWarTointroduceyoungtheatreToattract sfromWhydidsomeuninvitedtheatregroupscome EdinburghinTheyownedapublichouseTheycametotakeupaTheythoughttheywerealsoTheywantedtotakepartintheWhojoinedthe"Fringe"afterittheyownedapublichouseUniversityrustsfromaroundthePerformersofmusicandWemaylearnfromthetextthatEdinburgh eanon-officialhasgonebeyondanartgivesshowsallyearkeepsgrowingBelowisaselectionfromapopularscienceIfbloodisred,whyareveins（靜脈）Actually,veinsarenotblueatall.Theyaremoreofaclear,yellowishcolor.Althoughbloodlooksredwhenit’soutsidethebody,whenit’ssittingintheveinnearthesurfaceoftheskin,it’smoreofadarkreddishpurplecolor.Attherightdepth,theseblood-filledveinsreflectlessredlightthanthesurroundingskin,makingthemlookbluebycomparison.Whichworksharder,youheartoryourThatkindofdependsonwhetheryou’rebusythinkingorbusyexercising.Yourheartworksuptothreetimesharderduringexercise,andshiftsenoughbloodoveralifetimetofillasuper.Butinthelongrun,yourbrainprobablytipsit,becauseevenwhenyou’resittingstillyourbrainisusingtwiceasmuchenergyasyourheart,andittakesfourtofivetimesasmuchbloodtofeedit.Whydoteethfallout,andwhydon’ttheygrowbackingrown-Baby(or“milk”)teethdonotlastlong;theyfallouttomakebiggerroomforbigger,strongeradultteethlateron.Adultteethfallourwhenthey edamaged,decayedandinfectedbybacteria.Oncethissecondsetofteethhasgrownin,you’redone.Whenthey’regone,theyaregone.Thisisbecausenaturefiguresyou’resetforlife,andwhatcontrolsregrowthofyourteethswitchesDooldpeopleshrinkastheyYesandno.ManypeopledogetshorterastheyageBut,whentheydo,itisn’tbecausethey’reshrinkingalloverTheyloseheightastheirspine（脊柱）esshorterandmorecurvedduetodisuseandtheeffectofgravity(重力ManybutnotallmenandwomendoloseheightastheygetolderMenloseandaverageof3-4cminheightastheyage,whilewomenmaylose5cmormoreIfyoulivetobe200yearsold,wouldyoukeepshrinkingtillyouwere,like60cmtall,likealittleboyagain?No,becauseoldpeopledon’treallyshrink!Itisnotthattheyaregrowingbackwardstheirlegs,armsandbackbonesgettingshorter.Whentheydogetshorter,it’sbecausethespinehasshortenedalittle.Or,more morebentandWhydoesspinningmakeyoudizzy（眩暈的Becauseyourbraingetsconfusedbetweenwhatyou’reseeingandwhatyou’refeeling.Thebrainthatyou’respinningusingspecialgravity-and-motion-sensingorgansinyourinnerear,whichworktogetherwithyoureyestokeepyourvisionbalancestable.Butwhenyousuddenlystopspinningthesystemgoesoutofcontrol,andyourbrainthinksyou’removingwhileyou’renot.WheredofeelingsandemotionscomeMostlyfromanancientpartofthebraincalledthelimbicsystem.Allmlshavethisbrainareafrommicetodogs,cats,andhumans.Soallm lsfeelbasicemotionslikefear,painandpleasure.Butsincehumanfeelingsalsoinvolveother,newerbitsofthebrain,wefeelmorecomplexemotionsthananyotheranimalonthisnet.Ifexercisewearsyouout,howcanitbegoodforBecauseourbodiesadapttoeverythingwedotothem.Andasfarasyourbodyisconcerned,it’s“useit,orloseit”!It’snotthatexercisemakesyouhealthy,it’smorethatalackofexerciseleavesyourbodyweakandeasilyaffectedbydisease.Whatisthecolorofbloodinaveinnearthesurfaceoftheskin?BlueB.LightyellowC.RedD.DarkreddishpurpleWhydosomeoldpeoplelookalittleshrunkenastheyage?Becausetheirspineisinactiveuse.B.BecausetheyaremoreeasilyaffectedbyC.Becausetheykeepgrowing D.Becausetheir esmoreWhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutourbrainisA.Inthelongrun,ourbrainprobablyworksharderthanourB.Whenourbrainsensesthespinning,wewillfeelC.ThebrainsoftheothermlsareascomplexasthoseofD.OurfeelingsandemotionscomefromthemostdevelopedareainourWhatisthemainpurposeoftheA.TogiveadviceonhowtostayB.ToprovideinformationaboutourC.TochallengenewfindingsinmedicalD.Toreportthelatestdiscoveriesinmedical【考點定位】zxxk：考查社科類閱讀In1947agroupoffamouspeoplefromtheartworldheadedByanAustrianconductordecidedtoholdanintemationalfestivalofmusic,danceandtheatreinEdinBurgh.TheideawastoreuniteEuropeaftertheAtthesametime,the“Fringe”appearedasachallengetotheofficialfestival.Eighttheatregroupsturnedupuninvitedin1947,intheBeliefthateveryoneshouldhavetherighttoperform,andtheydidsoinapuBlichousedisusedforyears.Soon,groupsofstudentsfirstlyfromEdinBurghUniversity,andlaterfromtheuniversitiesofOxfordandCamBridge,DurhamandBirminghamweremakingthejourneytotheScottishcapitaleachsummertoperformtheatreBylittle-knownwritersofysinsmallchurchhallstothepeopleofEdinBurgh.Todaythe“Fringe”,oncelessrecognized,hasfaroutgrownthefestivalwitharound1,500performancesoftheatre,musicanddanceoneveryoneofthe21daysitlasts.Andyetasearlyas1959,withonly19theatregroupsperforming,somesaiditwasgettingtooBig.Apaidadministratorwasfirstemployedonlyin1971,andtodaythereareeightadministratorsworkingallyearroundandthenumBerrisesto150duringAugustitself.In2004therewere200ceshousing1,695showsByover600differentgroupsfrom50differentcountries.Morethan1,25millionticketsweresold.PointwasthepurposeofEdinBurghFestivalatheToBringEuropetogetherTohonorheroesofWorldWarTointroduceyoungtheatreToattractgreatsfromWhydidsomeuninvitedtheatregroupscome EdinBurghinTheyownedapuBlichouseTheycametotakeupaTheythoughttheywerealsoTheywantedtotakepartintheWhojoinedthe"Fringe"afterittheyownedapuBlichouseUniversityrustsfromaroundthePerformersofmusicandWemaylearnfromthetextthatEdinBurgh eanon-officialhasgoneBeyondanartgivesshowsallyearkeepsgrowingPrideandPrejudicefortheModernLetusimaginehowPrideandPrejudice,JaneAusten'smostfamouswork,mightbeupdated,200yearson.Austen'spopularityisrootedinherin ligence.Buttodayshewouldcertainlyhavehadaverydifferentlife,aswouldhercharacters.Here'smyownsuggestion...Itisatruthfinallyanduniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglewomanwithbrainsdeservestohaveequalopportunitiestomen,howeverdisadvantagedshemayfeelby "Mydearhusband,"saidhishopefulwifeoneday,"haveyouheardthatthelocalstore,standingemptyforsolong,istakenoverbyabrightyoungbusinesswoman?"Herdullandindifferent漠不關(guān)心的husbandrepliedthathehadnotButitisitis,sheexcitedly.MrDull-Husbandmadeno"Don'tyouwanttoknowherns?"shecriedwithsome"Well,clearlyyouthinkitmatterstoyoursillylittlehead...soI'dbetterlisten."Well,mydear,therumour(傳言)isthatshehasalreadysetupastringofsuccessfulbusinessesinnorthernEngland,thoughhowawomancanknowanythingaboutthatisbeyondmeShewillmoveinherselfnextmonth.""Whatishername?""Bingley.""Isshemarriedor"Whataquestion!Andnoneofyourbusiness.Buthercomingwillbeafinethingforourfiveboys.""Howso?Howcanitpossiblyaffectthem?""Mydearlove;thoselazyboysneedsomethingtowakethemup.Thereareboundtobejobsgoing.""Isthatherpointinsettlinghere?Surelyasawomanshehassimplytakenafancytothece.""Nonsense,mylove,howlittleyou'venoticedtheworldhaschanged.She'sgotafirst-ratedegreeandsomesortofbusinessqualification,I'mtold.Shesurelyneedsoneofourboys!Perhapsyoumightgiveheracall.""Me?No.Perhapsyoucantakeaninterest.Youstillhaveyourlooks,afterall.Shemayevenofferyouajob.""Oh,that'snotlikely.Thesenewchancesbelongtotheyoungergeneration.Butnowyoumentionit,IthinkI'llgoalongallthesame."AndMrsBennetwentalong.Thatwas10yearsago.SheisnowmanagingdirectorofaFTSE-Itwouldremainthecase,ofcourse,thatMrsBennetwouldbeoneofveryfewwomenonboard,thathersalarywouldbelowerthanhermalecolleaguesherbonusofamore"femaledimensionandherlifespan(年限)amongthecity'sbusinessleadersshorterthantheirs.Still,she'dnodoubthaveenjoyedDavos—andmightevenhavehobnobbed(攀談)withinfluentialfigures.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtotheAustenwasborn200yearsAustenrewrotePrideandAusten'ssuccessliesinherAusten'supdatedworkgainsTheunderlinedpartinthepassagesuggeststhatMrsBennet hadmixedfeelingsofadmirationandsurpriseaboutfeltkindofworriedanddoubtfulaboutwasextremelyanxioustomeethadagreatcuriosityaboutIntheeyesofMrsBennet,Bingleysurelyneededoneoftheirboysto getmarried B.workforC.helphermoveinD.takeoverherWhatdoesthewriterintend lWomenwithbrainscanalsobeassuccessfulasWomenhavetopayahighpriceforAjudgmentmustbe fromdiscriminationstillexists（2013·卷Imaginationandfantasycanyanimportantroleinachievingthethingswefear.Childrenknowthisverywell.FredEpstein,inhisbookIfIMakeIttoFive, lsastoryheheardfromoneoffriendsaboutTom,afour-year-oldboywithacancerinhisbackbone.Hecamethroughseveraloperationsandalotofpainbymasteringhisimagination.Tomlovedtopretend,andheparticularlylovedtoysuperheroes,Dr.Epsteinexinedthatitwasactuallyabrilliantwayforhisyoungmindtohandletheterrifyingandpainfullifeheled.ThedaybeforehisthirdtriptotheoperatingroomTomwasterriblyafraid.”MaybeIcouldgoasSupermanhewhisperedtohismomHearingthisthemotherhesitatedforawhileShehadavoidedbuyingtheexpensivecostume（戲裝，finallysheagreed.ThenextdayTomappearedasthepowerfulSuperman,showingoffthroughthehospitalhallsandwavinghishandtothepeoplegreetinghimalongtheway.AndTom,withthestrengthofhisfantasy,successfullymadeitthroughtheoperation.Thepowerofimaginationneednotbeforchildrenonly.Weallhavethepowertouseourfantasiestoattemptthingsweneverthoughtpossible,togothroughthosethingsthatseemimpossible,andtoachievewhatweneverbelievedwecould.JustasDr.Epsteinputsit,”Ifyoucandreamit,youcandoItdoesn‘tmeanthatyoushoulddressasasuperheroforyournextjobinterview.But,nexttimeyouaretextedinawaythatseemsimpossible,imaginewhatitwouldtaketo eit ethe needto etowinoveryourchallengeanddoitinyourmindfirst.So,letyourimaginationrunwild,anddaretodream.WhatdoweknowaboutHewasseriously B.HewasadishonestC.Hewascrazyabout D.HewasDr.Epstein’sWhatcanbeinferredaboutTom’sShewasarich C.ShewantedTomtobea WhenTomwentforthethirdoperation,he A.pretendedtobepainful B.actedlikeasuperheroC.appearedinpoor D.arguedwithhisInthelastparagraph,youare togothroughsomedifficulttowakeupfromyourwild ea inyourtowearexpensiveclothesforjobinterviews30.Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?TolusaninterestingTohelpusmakerightToadviseustocareaboutToencourageustouseourIt’ssuchahappy-lookinglibrary,paintedyellow,decoratedwithpalm-treestickersandshelteredfromtheFloridasunbyitsownroof.Aboutthesizeofamicrowaveoven,it’spedestrian-friendly,too,waitingforbookloversnexttoasidewalkinPalmBeachcountryEstates,alongthenorthernboundaryofPalmBeachIt’salibrarybuiltwithAyearago,shortlyafterJaneyHenriksensawaBrianWilliamsreportabouttheLittle organization,aWisconsin-basednonprofitthataimstopromoteli cyandbuildasenseofcommunityinaneighborhoodbymakingbooks lyavailable,sheannouncedtoherfamilyoffour,“That’swhatwe’regoingtodoforourspringbreak!”SonAustin,nowa10th-grader,didn’tseethepointofbuildingalibrarythatresemblesamailbox.ButJaneyinsisted,andhusbandPeterunwillinglygottowork.The51-year-oldownerofashipsupplymodifiedasmallwoodenhousethathe’dbuiltyearsearlierfordaughterAbbie’stoyhorses,andmadeadoorofglass.Afteraddingthelibrary’sfinaltouches裝點thefamilyhungasignboardonthefrontinstructingto“takeabook,returnabook,”andmakingtheHenriksenlibrary,nowoneofseveralhundredlikeitnationwideandamongmorethan2,500intheworld,theonlyLittleLibraryinPalmBeachCounty.Theystockeditwith20orsobooksthey’dalreadyread,amixofsciencefiction,referencetitles,novelsandkids’favorites.“Itoldthem,keepinmindthatyoumightnotseeitagain,”saidJaney,astay-at-homeSincethen,thecollectionkeepsreplenishing補充itselfthankstoongoingdonationsfromThelibrarynowgetsanaverageoffivevisitsaTheproject’sbestpayoff,saysPeter,arethethank-younotesleftbehind.“Wehadnoideainthebeginningthatitwouldbesopopular.” (317words)Inwhatwayisthelibrary“pedestrian-Itownsayellow B.ItstandsnearaC.Itprotectsbookloversfromthe D.Itusespalm-treestickersasJaneygottheideatobuildalibraryfrom A.avisittoBrian B.aspringbreakwithherC.abooksentbyoneofher D.areportonaWisconsin-basedThelibrarywasbuilt byaship B.onthebasisoftoyC.likea D.withWhatcanweinferabouttheItwasmadebyauserofthe B.ItmarkedafinaltouchtotheC.Itaimedatmakingthelibrarylast D.Itindicatedthelibrarywasafamily【考點定位】zxxk考查段意理解題70.Thepassagelsusthattheusers donatebookstothegetpaidtocollectbooksforthereceivethank-younotesforusingthevisitthelibraryover5timesonaverageInmylivingroom,thereisaque(匾)thatadvisesmeto“Bloom(開花)whereyouarented.”ItremindsmeofDorothyIgottoknowDorothyintheearly1980s,whenIwasteachingEarlyChildhoodDevelopmentthroughaprogramwithUnionCollegeinBarbourvilleKentuckyThejobresponsibilitiesrequiredoccasionalvisitstotheclassroomofeachteacherintheprogram.Dorothystandsoutinmymemoryasonewho“bloomed”inherremotearea.DorothytaughtinaschoolInHarlanCounty,Kentucky,AppalachianMountainarea.TogettoherschoolfromthetownofHarlan,Ifollowedaroadwindingaroundthemountain.Intheeight- journey,Icrossedthesamerailroadtrackfivetimes,givingthepossibilityofgettingcaughtbythesametrainfivetimes.Ratherthanfeelingexcitedbythisdrivethroughthemountains,Ifounditdepressing.Thepovertylevelwasshockingandthesmallshabbyhousesgavemethegreatestfeelingofhopelessness.Fromthemomentofmyarrivalatthelittleschoolallgloom憂郁disappeared.UponarrivingDorothy’sclassroom.Iwasgreetedwithsmilingfacesandtreatedlikeaqueen.Thechildrenhadbeenpreparedtoshowmetheirlatestprojects.Dorothytoldmewithabigs thattheywereservingpokegreenssaladandcornbreadfor“dinner”(lunch).Incaseyoudon’tknow,pokegreensareaweed-typentthatgrowswild,especiallyonpoorground.Dorothyneverranoutofreportsofexcitingactivitiesofherstudents.Herenthusiasmnevercooleddown.WhenitcametimetositforthetestingandinterviewingrequiredtoreceiveherChildDevelopmentAssociateCertification,Dorothywasready.Shecametotheassessmentandpassedinallareas.Afterward,sheinvitedmetotheone-and-onlysteakhouseintheareatocelebratehervictory,asifshehadreceivedherPh.D.degree.Afterthemeal,shecedalittleboxcontaininganoldpeninmyhand.Shesaiditwasafamilyheirloom(傳家寶),buttomeitisatreasuredsymbolofappreciationandpridethatcannotbematchedwiththings. (360words)“EarlyChildhoodDevelopment”inParagraph1refersto A.aprogramdirectedby B.acoursegivenbytheC.anactivityheldbythe D.anorganizationsponsoredbyUnionInthejourney,theauthorwasmostdisappointedatseeing thelong B.thepoorC.thesame D.thewindingUponarrivingattheclassroom,theauthorwascheeredupby A.a B.thesightofpokeC.Dorothy’slatest D.abigdinnermadeforWhatcanweknowaboutDorothyfromthelastShewasinvitedtoacelebrationataShegotapenasagiftfromtheShepassedtherequiredShereceivedherPh.D.Whatdoestheauthormainlyintend lWhateveryoudo,youmustdoitWhoeveryouare,youdeserveequalHoweverpooryouare,youhavetherighttoWhereveryouare,you plishyourMarkTwainhasbeencalledtheinventoroftheAmericannovel.Andhesurelydeservesadditionalpraise:themanwhopopularizedthecleverli ryattackonracism.Isaycleverbecauseanti-slaveryfictionhadbeentheimportantpartoftheli tureintheyearsbeforetheCivilWar.H.B.Stowe’sUncleTom’sCabinisonlythemostfamousexample.Theseearlystoriesdealtdirectlywithslavery.Withminorexceptions,Twainntedhisattacksonslaveryandprejudiceintotalesthatwereonthesurfaceaboutsomethingelseentirely.Hedrewhisreadersintotheargumentbydrawingthemintothestory.Againandagain,inthepostwaryears,Twainseemeddtodealwiththechallengeofrace.Considerthemostcontroversial,atleasttoday,ofTwain’snovels,AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.OnlyafewbookshavebeenkickedofftheshelvesasoftenasHuckleberryFinn,Twain’smostwidelyreadtale.Onceuponatime,peoplehatedthebookbecauseitstruckthemasrude.Twainhimselfwrotethatthosewhobannedthebookconsideredthenoveltrashandsuitableonlyfortheslums貧民窟).”MorerecentlythebookhasbeenattackedbecauseofthecharacterJimtheescapedslaveandmanyoccurencesofthewordnigger.(ThetermNiggerJim,forwhichthenovelisoftenseverelycriticized,neverappearsinit.)Buttheattackswereandaresilly—andmissthepoint.Thenovelisstronglyanti-slavery.Jim’ssearchthroughtheslavestatesforthefamilyfromwhomhehasbeenforciblypartedisheroic.AsJ.Chadwickhaspointedout,thecharacterofJimwasafirstinAmericanfiction—arecognitionthattheslavehadtwoalities,“thevoiceofsurvivalwithinawhiteslavecultureandthevoiceoftheindividual:Jim,thefatherandtheman.”Thereismuchmore.Twain’smysterynovelPudd’nheadWilsonstoodasachallengetotheracialbeliefsofevenmanyoftheliberalsofhisday.WrittenatatimewhentheacceptedwisdomheldNegroestobeinferior(的)towhites,especiallyinin ligence,Twain’stalecenteredinpartaroundtwobabiesswitchedatbirth.Aslavegavebirthtohermaster’sbabyand,forfearthatthechildshouldbesoldSouth,switchedhimforthemaster’sbabybyhiswife.Theslave’slightskinnedchildwastakentobewhiteandgrewupwithboththeattitudesandtheeducationoftheslave-holdingclass.Themaster’swife’sbabywastakenforblackandgrewupwiththeattitudesandintonationsoftheslave.Thepointwasdifficulttomissnurture(養(yǎng)育notnaturewasthekeytosocialstatus.Thefeaturesoftheblackmanthatprovidedthestuffofprejudice—mannerofspeech,forexample—were,toTwain,indicativeofnothingotherthantheconditioningthatslaverydonitsvictims.Twain’sracialtonewasnotperfect.Oneisleftuneasy,forexample,bythelengthypassageinhisautobiography(自傳)abouthowmuchhelovedwhatwerecalled“niggershows”inhisyouth—mostlywithwhitemenperforminginblack-face—andhisdelightingettinghismothertolaughatthemYetthereisnoreasontothinkTwainsawtheshowsasrepresentingreality.Hisfrequentattacksonslaveryandprejudicesuggesthiskeenawarenessthattheydidnot.WasTwainaracist?Askingthequestioninthe21stcenturyisaswiseasaskingthesameofLincoln.Ifwereadthewordsandattitudesofthepastthroughthe“wisdom”oftheconsideredmoraljudgmentsofthepresent,wewillfindnothingbuterror.Lincoln,whobelievedtheblackmantheinferiorofthewhite,foughtandwonawartohim.AndTwain,raisedinaslavestate,brieflyasoldier,andinventorofJim,mayhavedonemoretoangerthenationoverracialinjusticeandawakenitscollectiveconsciencethananyothernovelistinthepastcentury.HowdoTwain’snovelsonslaverydifferfromTwainwasmorewillingtodealwithTwain’sattackonracismwasmuchlessTwain’sthemesseemedtoagreewithTwainwasopenlyconcernedwithRecentcriticismofAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnarosepartlyfromits targetreadersattheanti-slaveryratherimpolitefrequentuseofWhatbestprovesTwain’santi-slaverystandaccordingtotheJim’ssearchforhisfamilywasdescribedinTheslave’svoicewasfirstheardinAmericanJimgrewupintoamanandafatherinthewhiteTwainedthattheslaveswerelessinThestoryoftwobabiesswitchedmainlyindicatesthat slavesweredtogiveuptheirbabiestotheirslaves’babiescouldpickupslave-holders’wayofblacks’socialpositionwasshapedbyhowtheywerebroughtblackswerebornwithcertainfeaturesofWhatdoestheunderlinedword“they”inParagraph7referThe B.SlaveryandC.White D.TheWhatdoestheauthormainlyargueTwainhaddonemorethanhiscontemporarywriterstoattackTwainwasanadmirablefigurecomparabletoAbrahamTwain’sworkshadbeenbannedonunreasonableTwain’sworksshouldbereadfromahistoricalpointofAlmosteverymachinewithmovingpartshaswheels,yetnooneknowsexactlywhenthefirstwheelwasinventedorwhatitwasusedfor.Wedoknow,however,thattheyexistedover5,500yearsagoinancientTheoldestknowntransportwheelwasdiscoveredin2002inSlovenia.Itisover5,100yearsold.Evidencesuggeststhatwheelsfortransportdidn’t epopularforawhile,though.Thiscouldbebecauseanimalsdidaperfectlygoodjobofcarryingfarmingtoolsandhumansaround.Butitcouldalsobebecauseofadifficultsituation.Whilewheelsneedtorollonsmoothsurfaces,roadswithsmoothsurfacesweren’tgoingtobeconstructeduntiltherewasplentyofdemandforthem.Eventually,roadsurfacesdid esmoother,butthisdifficultsituationappearedagainafewcenturieslater.TherehadbeennoimportantchangesinwheelandvehicledesignbeforethearrivalofmodemroadInthemid-1700s,aFrenancameupwithanewdesignofroad—abaselayer(層)oflargecoveredwithathinlayerofsmallerstonesAScotsmanimprovedonthisdesigninthe1820sandastrong,lastingroadsurfacebecamearealityAtaroundthesamelime,metalhubs(thecentralpartofawheel)cameintobeing,followedbythepatictyre(充氣輪胎)in1846.Alloywheelswereinventedinsixtyyearsaftertheappearanceoftarmackedroads柏油路AswheeldesigntookoffvehiclesgotandWhatmightexinwhytransportwheels epopularforsomeFewknewhowtousetransportHumanscarriedfarmingtoolsjustasAnimalswereagoodmeansofTheexistenceoftransportwheelswasnotWhatdoweknowaboutroaddesignfromtheItwaseasierthanwheelItimprovedafterbigchangesinvehicleItwaspromotedbyfast-movingItprovidedconditionsforwheeldesigntoHowisthelastparagraphmainlyBygivingBymakingByfollowingtimeBymakingWhatisthepassagemainlyThebeginningofroadThedevelopmentoftransportThehistoryofpublicTheinventionoffast-moving67.BNotallbodiesofwateraresoevidentlyaliveastheAtlanticOcean,anS-shapedbodyofwatercovering33millionsquare .TheAtlantichas,inasense,recedtheMediterraneanastheinlandseaofWesterncivilization.Unlikerealinlandseas,whichseemstrangelystill,theAtlanticisrichinoceanicliveliness.Itisperhapsnotsurprisingthatitsvitalityhasbeenmuchwrittenaboutbyancientpoets.“StormatSea”,ashortpoemwrittenaround700,isgenerallyregardedasoneofmankind’searliesticrepresentationsoftheAtlantic.WhenthewindisfromthewestAllthewavesthatcannotrestTotheeastmustthunderonWherethebrighttreeofthesunIsrootedintheocean’sbreast.Asthepoemsuggests,theAtlanticisneverdeadanddull.Itisanoceanthatmoves,impressivelyandendlessly.Itmakesallkindsofnoise—itisforeverthundering,boiling,crashing,andwhistling.ItiseasytoimaginetheAtlantictryingtodrawbreath—perhapsnotsonoticeablyoutinmid-ocean,butwhereitmeetsland,itswatersbathingupanddownasandybeach.Itmimics(模仿)nearlyperfectlythesteadybreathingofalivingcreature.Itisfilledwithsymbioticexistences,too:unimaginabletiesofcreatures,littleandlargealike,mixwithinitsdepthsinakindofoceanicharmony,givingtothewatersafeelingofheartbeat,akindofsub-oceanvitality.Andithasapsychology.Ithasalities:sometimespeacefulandpleasant,onrareoccasionsroughandwild;alwaysitisstrongandstriking.Unlikerealinlandseas,theAtlanticOcean alwayslackinginshapedlikeafavoredbyancientWhatisthepurposeofusingthepoem“StormatSea”intheTodescribethemovementoftheToshowthestrengthoftheTorepresentthepoweroftheToprovethevastnessoftheWhatdoestheunderlinedword“symbiotic”LivingGrowingMovingBreathingInthelastparagraph,theAtlanticiscompared abeautifulandpoeticafleshandawonderfulalovelyItiswidelyknownthatanyEnglishconversationbeginswithTheWeather.SuchafixationwiththeweatherfindsexpressioninDr.Johnson’sfamouscommentthat“WhentwoEnglishmeet,theirfirsttalkisofweather.”ThoughJohnson’sobservationisasaccuratenowasitwasovertwohundredyearsago,mostcommentatorsfailtocomeupwithaconvincingexnationforthisEnglishweather-speak.BillBryson,forexample,concludesthat,astheEnglishweatherisnotatallexciting,theobsessionwithitcanhardlybeunderstood.Hearguesthat“Toanoutsider,themoststrikingthingabouttheEnglishweatheristhatthereisnotverymuchofit.”Simply,thereasonisthattheunusualandunpredictableweatherisalmostunknownintheBritishIsles.JeremyPaxman,however,disagreeswithBryson,arguingthattheEnglishweatherisbynatureattractive.Brysoniswrong,hesays,becauset