專(zhuān)升本英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法教案真題版

英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法語(yǔ)法的三大根底：十大詞性：名詞noun(n.)表名稱例：teacher,book代詞pronoun(pron.)代替名詞例：we,he數(shù)詞numeral(num.)表數(shù)目例：two,second動(dòng)詞verb(v.)表動(dòng)作例：be,know,work形容詞adjective(adj.)作定語(yǔ)，譯為“…的〞例：beautiful,good副詞adverb(adv.)作狀語(yǔ)，譯為“…的〞例：slowly,beautifully冠詞article(art.)三個(gè)冠詞例：a,an,the介詞preposition(prep.)表詞與詞的關(guān)系例：in,on,from,against連詞conjunction(conj.)連接詞與詞，句與句例：and,or,but,if感慨詞interjection(interj.)表感情例：oh,ah副詞：用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、全句的詞。說(shuō)明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度、方式等。如：now,often,already,here,there,carefully,much,very…☆介詞和連詞的區(qū)別：介詞后跟“名詞〞，不能直接跟句子。連詞后可以直接跟句子。七大句子成分：主謂賓表定狀補(bǔ)〔同位語(yǔ)，插入語(yǔ)〕①主語(yǔ)：句首的“誰(shuí)〞或“什么〞，動(dòng)作發(fā)出者。e.g.Ilikeyou.②謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作。e.g.Ilikeyou.③賓語(yǔ)：動(dòng)作承受者。e.g.Ilikeyou.④表語(yǔ)：表主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)，be動(dòng)詞為標(biāo)志。e.g.Iamastudent.Sheisbeautiful.⑤定語(yǔ)：用來(lái)限定名詞，adj.為標(biāo)志。e.g.Sheisabeautifulgirl.⑥狀語(yǔ)：用來(lái)修飾詞或句子，有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、方式狀語(yǔ)等。e.g.Ieatbreadinthemorning.IstudyEnglishatschool.⑦補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：用來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。分為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。e.g.Weelected〔選舉〕himmonitor〔班長(zhǎng)〕.⑧同位語(yǔ)：解釋名詞的內(nèi)容。e.g.Tom,anEnglishteacher,loveshisjob.⑨插入語(yǔ)：附加解釋。e.g.Asaresult,〔結(jié)果〕Tobefrank(坦白地說(shuō)),Fortunately,〔幸運(yùn)的是〕五大根本句型：主+謂+賓↓↓↓動(dòng)作發(fā)出者謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作承受者例：ShelikesEnglish.(名詞)主謂賓Iloveyou.(代詞)主謂賓Heenjoysreading.(動(dòng)名詞-ing)主謂賓Theywanttogo.(不定式todo)主謂賓Iknowthatshehasaboyfriend.(句子)主謂賓二、主+謂〔不與物動(dòng)詞〕例：Theboycried.主謂Jimrunsintheparkeverymorning.主謂地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Iplaywithhimeveryday.主謂介詞賓時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)☆與物動(dòng)詞〔vt.〕與不與物動(dòng)詞〔vi.〕：與物動(dòng)詞：直接跟賓語(yǔ)，如：Icookfood…Ieatfood…Ibuyfood…不與物動(dòng)詞：不能直接跟賓語(yǔ)，如果跟，需加介詞。如：Italktohim…Iplaywithhim…Ilaughathim…三、主+系+表系動(dòng)詞：以be動(dòng)詞為首的一系列動(dòng)詞。1.be(am,is,are/was,were)強(qiáng)調(diào)用法可單獨(dú)使用，翻譯為“是〞。系動(dòng)詞be與助動(dòng)詞be(am,is,are/was,were)的區(qū)別：助動(dòng)詞be不可單獨(dú)使用：構(gòu)成進(jìn)展時(shí)：be+doing表正在進(jìn)展的動(dòng)作構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：be+done表“被…〞例：Heisahandsomeboy.主系表Heisswimming.主謂Heistoldabouttheaccident.〔被動(dòng)句〕2.感官系動(dòng)詞，譯為：“…起來(lái)〞look,sound,smell,taste,feel,appear(看起來(lái))考點(diǎn)：此時(shí)表語(yǔ)只能用adj.充當(dāng)。例1：Dinnersmellsgood.主系表Hisvoicesoundsstrange.主系表例2：—Doyoulikethematerial(布料，材料)？ —Yes,it____verysoft.(2021)A.isfeelingB.feltC.feelsD.isfelt3.表狀態(tài)變化類(lèi)的系動(dòng)詞：a.“保持〞stay(awake)b.“變得〞become(difficult)remain(silent) turn(cold)keep(warm) grow(old) get(fat) go(mad) fall(asleep) come(true)例：Hewentmadlastnight.四、主+謂+間賓+直賓↓↓間接賓語(yǔ)〔人〕直接賓語(yǔ)〔物〕例：Hegavemeabook.主謂間賓直賓主+謂+間賓+直賓→主+謂+直賓+介詞+間賓Ipassedmymotherthebox.→Ipassedtheboxtomymother.加to的動(dòng)詞有：bring〔帶來(lái)〕,show〔展示〕,sell〔賣(mài)〕,send〔寄〕,take〔拿〕,throw〔仍〕,give〔給〕,tell〔告訴〕,offer〔提供〕,pass〔傳遞〕…IboughtJohnabirthdaypresent.→IboughtabirthdaypresentforJohn.加for的動(dòng)詞有：book〔預(yù)訂〕，buy〔買(mǎi)〕,find〔為…找到〕,order〔訂購(gòu)〕,cook〔做飯〕,choose〔選擇〕,leave〔留下〕…五、主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)↓賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)例：Weelected(選舉)himmonitor.〔班長(zhǎng)〕↓Heismonitor.Iwillmakeyoucaption.(船長(zhǎng))Hesawtheboyplayingbytheriver.〔現(xiàn)在分詞doing〕主謂賓賓補(bǔ)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)ThemanageraskedAmadatoleave.〔不定式todo〕主謂賓賓補(bǔ)注:句型四與句型五的區(qū)分:句型四，在間賓與直賓之間加系動(dòng)詞be，語(yǔ)義不通順。 句型五，在賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)之間加系動(dòng)詞be，語(yǔ)義通順?？偨Y(jié)：兩大根本句型：主+系+表主+謂+賓變謂v.→主+謂變賓語(yǔ)→主+謂+間賓+直賓加賓補(bǔ)→主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)注：在英語(yǔ)中，一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句有且只有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。名詞名詞：專(zhuān)有名詞，如人名、地名、機(jī)構(gòu)名等，首字母必須大寫(xiě)。例：JohnSmith,theUnitedStates,YaleUniversity,Children’sDay,theGreens(格林一家人)名詞的數(shù)〔可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞〕可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。注：1.單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞不可單獨(dú)使用，需在前面加a,an,the,my,his,one等。2.a用在輔音發(fā)音開(kāi)頭的名詞前，如adesk,acomputer,auniversity,atearan用在元音發(fā)音開(kāi)頭的名詞前，如anorange,anoffice,anapple單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)法則：一般直接加-s,如：books,caps(帽子)，trees…以-s,-x,-ch,-sh結(jié)尾的名詞，在詞尾加-es.如：glasses,boxes,watches,brushes…(以-th結(jié)尾的名詞直接加-s,如：months)以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾，把-y變-ies.如：stories,countries…以元音字母加-y結(jié)尾，在-y后直接加-s.如：boys,toys,days…以-o結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)：有生命，加-es.如：Negroes,heroes,tomatoes,potatoes…無(wú)生命，加-s.如：radios,zoos,photos,pianos…有生命口訣：黑人和英雄吃西紅柿和土豆以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)，直接加-s.但是以下名詞需要變-f或-fe為-ves,如：self---selves,life---lives(性命),thieves,wives,knives,loaf—loaves(一片),leaves,shelves,wolves,halves.口訣：為了自己活命，小偷和妻子拿刀子和一片樹(shù)葉站在架子上，把狼劈成兩半。復(fù)合名詞〔合成名詞〕變復(fù)數(shù)，變中心名詞，如：girlstudents,boyfriends,passers-by(過(guò)路人),sons-in-law(女婿)注：man/woman+n.變復(fù)數(shù)，兩個(gè)詞都變復(fù)數(shù)，如：mendoctors,womenteachers.不規(guī)則變化的名詞：man---men,woman---women,child---children,tooth---teeth,foot---feet,mouse---mice,ox---oxen,goose---geese口訣：男人和女人有小孩，小孩有牙齒和腳，小孩喜歡三種動(dòng)物：老鼠、公牛、鵝。單復(fù)同形的名詞：Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,sheep,deer,series,means,aircraft,works(工廠),species,fish,fruit…如：asheep,twosheep.注：American---Americans,German---Germans,Australian---Australians,Frenchman---Frenchmen,Englishman---Englishmen.只有復(fù)數(shù)的名詞：people,police,cattle(牛群)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例：Thepolicearecoming.成雙成對(duì)的名詞，如：shoes,socks,stockings(長(zhǎng)筒襪),trousers,gloves,glasses,chopsticks,scissors(剪刀),這些詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。注：但與pair(雙),suit(套裝),kind,sort(種類(lèi))等量詞連用且作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)與量詞保持一致。例：Glassesareexpensive.Thispairofglassesisexpensive.Thesepairsofglassesareexpensive.集體名詞：public,government,committee,crowd,class,audience,team,family,group.民眾政府委員會(huì)，人群班級(jí)聽(tīng)眾隊(duì)，再加家庭和小隊(duì)。作主語(yǔ)時(shí)：名詞作為一個(gè)整體時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。名詞指各個(gè)成員時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例：Hisfamilyisabigone.Hisfamilygetonwellwitheachother.二、不可數(shù)名詞1.無(wú)單復(fù)數(shù)變化，詞前不能用a/an，但可用the修飾。2.作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。3.常見(jiàn)的不可數(shù)名詞：bread,weather,water,advice,information,furniture,fun,traffic,equipment(設(shè)備),luggage=baggage(行李)4.既可數(shù)，又不可數(shù)的名詞：paper[C]報(bào)紙，論文room[C]房間experience[C]經(jīng)歷 [U]紙 [U]空間 [U]經(jīng)歷work[C]作品chicken[C]小雞hair[C](幾根)頭發(fā) [U]工作 [U]雞肉 [U]整頭頭發(fā)time[C]次數(shù)glass[C]玻璃杯orange[C]橙子 [U]時(shí)間 [U]玻璃 [U]橙汁名詞所有格有生命，用’s如：theboy’sbag,thechildren’srooms無(wú)生命，用of如：thewindowoftheroom注：1.以-s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞加’如：theworkers’wage(工資),不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞加’s如：thechildren’stoys2.分別所屬和共同所屬的表達(dá)：AandB’sA和B的(一個(gè)東西) A’sandB’sA的(一個(gè)東西)和B的(一個(gè)東西)3.雙重所有格：名詞+of+名詞’s例：afriendofTom’s(friends) 名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞例：somestudentsofmine注：表時(shí)間、國(guó)家、城市等名詞后，可加’s如：fiveminutes’walk=five-minutewalk例：MydaughterandItooka_____touraroundNewYorkCity.(2021)A.twodayB.twoday’sC.two-daysD.two-day名詞所有格后跟地點(diǎn)名詞時(shí)，往往省略地點(diǎn)。如：thedoctor’s(office),thetailor’s(shop)(裁縫店)，thebarber’s(shop)(理發(fā)店)4.修飾可數(shù)名詞數(shù)量的詞組：afew/few,many,a(large)numberof修飾不可數(shù)名詞數(shù)量的詞組：alittle/little,much,a(large)amountof,agreatdealof既修飾可數(shù)，又修飾不可數(shù)：some,alotof=lotsof,plentyof5.名詞作定語(yǔ)：theroomnumbern.定語(yǔ)(單數(shù))n.被限定詞當(dāng)名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，該名詞用單數(shù)形式。例：toothbrush,shoeshop,bookstore動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1.定義：表示習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性、規(guī)律性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。2.構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞be(am,is,are)+其他主語(yǔ)+實(shí)義動(dòng)詞+其他實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的變化規(guī)則：當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為I/其他人稱時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用原形。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)第三人稱時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變化規(guī)則如下：⑴一般動(dòng)詞，加-s.如：works,loves,likes…⑵以-s,-x,-sh,-ch,-o結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞加-es.如：kisses,fixes,washes,watches,goes…⑶以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，變-y為-ies.如：studies,worries,carries…以元音字母加-y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，直接加-s.如：plays,enjoys…3.常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：often,usually,always,seldom(很少),sometimes,everyday/week/month/year,onceaday,onMondays/Sundays/weekends4.否認(rèn)/疑問(wèn)形式：⑴當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為系動(dòng)詞be時(shí)：否認(rèn)形式：在be后加not主+be(am,is,are)+not+…疑問(wèn)形式：be動(dòng)詞提到主語(yǔ)前Is/Are+主+…⑵當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，變否認(rèn)/疑問(wèn)借助助動(dòng)詞do/does當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為I/其他人稱時(shí)，借助do否認(rèn)形式：主+donot(don’t)+動(dòng)原+…疑問(wèn)形式：Do+主+動(dòng)原+…當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)第三人稱時(shí)，借助does否認(rèn)形式：主+doesnot(doesn’t)+動(dòng)原+…疑問(wèn)形式：Does+主+動(dòng)原+…考點(diǎn)：⑴表示不受時(shí)間限制的客觀真理、客觀事實(shí)、自然規(guī)律以與名言警句，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例：Theearthmovesaroundthesun.⑵對(duì)列車(chē)、航班、時(shí)刻表的表述時(shí)，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例：Thetrainleavesat8o’clock.一般過(guò)去時(shí)定義：表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ)+be(was,were)+其他主語(yǔ)+V-ed+其他〔適用于所有人稱〕規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式的變化規(guī)則：⑴一般動(dòng)詞，加-ed.如：worked,finished,helped,followed…⑵以-e結(jié)尾的加-d.如：hoped,liked,agreed,believed…⑶以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，變-y為-ied.如：studied,worried…以元音字母加-y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，直接加-ed.如：played,enjoyed…⑷以輔音+元音+輔音字母結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，雙寫(xiě)最后的輔音字母，加-ed.如：stopped,admitted,begged…時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday(前天),theotherday(不久前的一天),justnow(剛剛),thismorning(今天早上),一段時(shí)間+ago,如：aweekago,in+過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn),如：in19904.否認(rèn)/疑問(wèn)形式：⑴當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為系動(dòng)詞be時(shí)：否認(rèn)形式：在be后加not主+be(was,were)+not+…疑問(wèn)形式：be動(dòng)詞提到主語(yǔ)前Was/Were+主+…⑵當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，變否認(rèn)/疑問(wèn)借助助動(dòng)詞did否認(rèn)形式：在動(dòng)詞前加didnot主+didnot(didn’t)+動(dòng)原+…疑問(wèn)形式：將did提到主語(yǔ)前Did+主+動(dòng)原+…☆考點(diǎn)：usedtodo過(guò)去常常做某事beusedtodoing習(xí)慣于做某事例：Iused____ontheleftinEngland,butIsoongotused____ontherightinChina.A.todriving...todriveB.todrive…todriving(2021)C.todrive…todriveD.todriving…todriving一般將來(lái)時(shí)定義：表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。構(gòu)成：主+will/shall+動(dòng)原+其他“心甘情愿做…〞注：will用于所有人稱；shall只用于I/We主+be(am,is,are)+goingto+動(dòng)原+其他“打算做…〞主+be(am,is,are)+todo“一定要做…〞注：beabouttodo=beonthepointofdoing“馬上要做…〞時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：tomorrow,thedayaftertomorrow,nextday/week/month/year,in+將來(lái)時(shí)間點(diǎn)：in2050someday〔將來(lái)有一天〕時(shí)間段：inaweek4.否認(rèn)/疑問(wèn)形式：否認(rèn)形式：在will,shall或be后加not主+will/shall+not+動(dòng)原+其他疑問(wèn)形式：將will,shall或be提到主語(yǔ)前Will/Shall+主+動(dòng)原+其他☆考點(diǎn)：⑴由if(如果),aslongas,unless,incase(萬(wàn)一),when,assoonas(一…就…),not…until(直到…才)引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句，主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)?！仓鲗默F(xiàn)〕注：引導(dǎo)詞后面的句子為從句；“逗號(hào)〞不能直接連接兩個(gè)句子。⑵固定句型：Itwillbe+時(shí)間段+before+…“再過(guò)多久才…〞⑶Therebe句型的將來(lái)時(shí)：Therewillbe…例：Therewillbeameetinginthreedays.(be)四、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)1.定義：表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。2.構(gòu)成：主+would/should+動(dòng)原+其他主+was/weregoingtodo…主+was/weretodo…3.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：thenextday/week/month/year,thefollowingday進(jìn)展時(shí)定義：表示某一時(shí)刻或階段內(nèi)正在進(jìn)展的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。構(gòu)成：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)展時(shí)：be(am,is,are)doing過(guò)去進(jìn)展時(shí)：be(was,were)doing將來(lái)進(jìn)展時(shí)：willbedoing時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：現(xiàn)進(jìn)：now,atpresent,thisweek,thesedays過(guò)進(jìn)：atthattime,atthistimeyesterday將進(jìn)：atthistimetomorrow,atninetomorrow考點(diǎn)：⑴現(xiàn)在進(jìn)展時(shí)與頻度副詞：often,always,allthetime等連用時(shí)，表達(dá)說(shuō)話人批評(píng)或贊揚(yáng)的情緒，譯為：“總是〞“老是〞。例：Sheisalwaysaskingquestions.⑵Look!Listen!多與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)展時(shí)連用。例：Listen!Thebirdissinging.⑶現(xiàn)在進(jìn)展時(shí)與表狀態(tài)變化的系動(dòng)詞become,get,turn,grow,go連用表示漸變的過(guò)程。例:Theweatherisbecomingcolderandcolder.⑷一些表“來(lái)〞“去〞的詞常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)展時(shí)表將來(lái)，如：come,leave,arrive,go,begin,start.例：I’mleavingforBeijingnextmonth.⑸發(fā)生在過(guò)去同一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作，長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作用進(jìn)展時(shí)，短動(dòng)作用一般態(tài)，由when,as,while引導(dǎo)。例：WhenIwasstudyinglastnight,mymothercameintomyroomwithoutknockingthedoor.⑹表示某一段時(shí)間都在進(jìn)展的動(dòng)作，可以是連續(xù)進(jìn)展的動(dòng)作。例：Wearemakingmodelplanesthesedays.Hewaswritinganovellastnight,butIdon’tknowwhetherhehasfinishedit.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1.定義：⑴動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去并一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。⑵發(fā)生在過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響。2.構(gòu)成：主+has/have+V-ed(單數(shù)第三人稱用has,其他人稱都用have)主動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞3.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：already(已經(jīng)),just(剛剛),yet(還)not…yet(還…沒(méi)有),ever(曾經(jīng)),never(從不),recently=lately(最近),sofar=bynow=up/tilltonow(直到現(xiàn)在,迄今為止),in/duringthelast/past+時(shí)間段“在過(guò)去…中〞如：inthepasttwoyears(在過(guò)去兩年里),duringthelasttwoweeks(在過(guò)去兩個(gè)星期里),since+過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)(since1990,sincethen)for+時(shí)間段(多與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用)句子(一般過(guò)去時(shí))4.否認(rèn)/疑問(wèn)形式：否認(rèn)形式：主+have/has+not+V-ed+…疑問(wèn)形式：Have/Has+主+V-ed+…☆考點(diǎn)：⑴have/hasbeento“去過(guò)…〞(現(xiàn)在人已經(jīng)回來(lái)了)have/hasgoneto“去了…〞(現(xiàn)在人不在這兒)例：IDtotheGreatWallthreetimes.A.hasgoneB.havegoneC.hasbeenD.havebeen⑵固定句型1：Itisthefirst/second/thirdtimethat+句子(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))“這是第幾次做…〞例：ThisisthefirsttimethatIhaveseenthis.(see)⑶固定句型2：Thisis+最高級(jí)+名詞+that+句子(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))例：ThisisthebestteathatIhavedrunk.(drink)⑷f(wàn)or+時(shí)間段/since…不能與短暫動(dòng)詞連用構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例：Hisgrandmotherhasdiedfortwoyears.(ⅹ)Hisgrandmotherhasbeendeadfortwoyears.(√)短暫動(dòng)詞需要變?yōu)閎e+形容詞/副詞表狀態(tài)的延續(xù)，如：die→bedead,begin/start→beon,come/join(參加)/arrive(到達(dá))→bein,leave→beaway七、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)展時(shí)1.定義：表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并極有可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。2.構(gòu)成：主+have/hasbeendoing與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：表示該動(dòng)作有可能繼續(xù)，也有可能不繼續(xù)。現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)展時(shí)：表示該動(dòng)作極有可能繼續(xù)下去。例1：Ihavewashedmyclothesfortwohours.(有可能繼續(xù)洗，有可能不洗了)Ihavebeenwashingmyclothesfortwohours.(極有可能繼續(xù)洗下去)例2：She_____Englishsinceshewasachild.(2003)A.learningB.hadlearnedC.islearningD.hasbeenlearning過(guò)去完成時(shí)定義：在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完畢的動(dòng)作。過(guò)去完成時(shí)必須有過(guò)去的時(shí)間參考點(diǎn)，表“過(guò)去的過(guò)去〞。構(gòu)成：主+hadV-ed+其他時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：by/until+過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)(到…為止)bytheendof+過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)(到…完畢的時(shí)候)before+過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)句子(一般過(guò)去時(shí))bythetime…+句子(一般過(guò)去時(shí))4.否認(rèn)/疑問(wèn)形式：否認(rèn)形式：主+had+not+V-ed+…疑問(wèn)形式：Had+主+V-ed+…例1：⑴Hesaidthathehadbeenabroadforthreeyears.(be)⑵ShehadlearnedsomeEnglishbeforeshecametotheschool.(learn)⑶Bythen,hehadlearnedEnglishforthreeyears.(learn)例2：⑴JohnandI___friendsforeightyears.WefirstgottoknoweachotherataChristmasparty.Butwe___eachotheracoupleoftimesbeforethat.(2021)A.hadbeen,havebeenB.havebeen,haveseenC.hadbeen,hadseenD.havebeen,hadseen⑵Untilthen,hisfamily____fromhimforsixmonths.(2021)A.didn’thearB.hasn’tbeenhearingC.hasn’theardD.hadn’theard將來(lái)完成時(shí)定義：在將來(lái)的時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。構(gòu)成：主+will/shallhaveV-ed時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：by/until+將來(lái)的時(shí)間點(diǎn)(到…為止)bytheendof+將來(lái)時(shí)間點(diǎn)(到…完畢的時(shí)候)before+將來(lái)時(shí)間點(diǎn)句子(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))bythetime…+句子(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))例：We_____buildingthebridgebytheendofnextmonth.(2021)A.arefinishingB.wouldfinishC.havefinishedD.willhavefinished動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：be(助動(dòng)詞)+done(過(guò)去分詞)二、3ⅹ3時(shí)態(tài)變化表：時(shí)現(xiàn)在過(guò)去將來(lái)體一般dodidwill/shalldo進(jìn)展am,is,aredoingwas,weredoingwill/shallbedoing完成have/hasdonehaddonewill/shallhavedone加bedone變被動(dòng)：時(shí)現(xiàn)在過(guò)去將來(lái)體一般am,is,aredonewas,weredonewill/shallbedone進(jìn)展am,is,arebeingdonewas,werebeingdone-----------完成have/hasbeendonehadbeendonewill/shallhavebeendone三、主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句的規(guī)律：賓語(yǔ)提前主語(yǔ)變，人稱時(shí)態(tài)be關(guān)鍵。過(guò)去分詞勿用錯(cuò)，主語(yǔ)變賓by后見(jiàn)。被動(dòng)條件：誰(shuí)做的動(dòng)作不知道，說(shuō)出誰(shuí)做的沒(méi)必要，突出承受者很重要，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)錯(cuò)不了。主動(dòng)句：Theboybrokethewindowyesterday.被動(dòng)句：Thewindowwasbrokenyesterday(bytheboy).注：被動(dòng)句中be的單復(fù)要與新主語(yǔ)保持一致，但時(shí)態(tài)要與主動(dòng)句的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致?？键c(diǎn)1.不與物動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)，一些詞組無(wú)被動(dòng)：takeplace=happen(發(fā)生)breakout(火災(zāi)，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā))appear(出現(xiàn))disappear(消失)breakdown(壞掉，拋錨)cometrue(實(shí)現(xiàn))belongto(屬于)consistof(由…組成)occurto(使想起)例：He_____byhissisteratthatmoment.(2021)A.happenedtoseeB.washappenedtoseeC.washappenedtobeseenD.happenedtobeseen2.個(gè)別與物動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)：fit(適合),wish,cost(花費(fèi))例：Thiskeyjustfitsthelock.3.系動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，感官類(lèi)系動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。例：Thesilkfeelssick.4.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：構(gòu)成：主+情動(dòng)+be+V-ed例：NewbookscanbedownloadedfromtheInternet.5.表示事物屬性的動(dòng)詞：read,write,dry,wear,wash,open,shut…主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，一般這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞后有一個(gè)修飾詞。例1：Thecoatdrieseasily.Thebooksellswell.例2：Thepenwriteswell.(write)ThebookwaswrittenbyShakespeare.(write)6.sthneed/want/require(需要)doing，主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。tobedone例：Thisshirtneedswashing/tobewashed.(wash)7.在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，make,let,hear,see,watch,observe,notice其后跟省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式〔即動(dòng)詞原形〕，在變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，必須復(fù)原動(dòng)詞不定式的to.例：Weheardhimsingthissonginthatroom.→Hewasheardtosingthissonginthatroom.Thebossmadehimwork14hoursaday.→Hewasmadetowork14hoursaday.8.帶雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞give,send,teach,lend,show,pass,tell等，在變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，可以有兩種情況：直賓變成主語(yǔ)，間賓前加to；間賓變主語(yǔ)，不加to.例：Myfriendgavemeapenyesterday.→Apenwasgiventome(bymyfriend)yesterday.→Iwasgivenapen(bymyfriend)yesterday.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞:不能作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞形式，可以作除謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞外的任何成分，即主謂賓表定狀補(bǔ)。三種根本形式：doing,done,todoDoing:一、作主語(yǔ)1.doing作主語(yǔ),位于句首，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。doing表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。Climbingmountainsisagoodwaytokeepfit.(保持安康)主系Walkingdogishishobby.主系2.當(dāng)doing作主語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng)時(shí)，用it作形式主語(yǔ)代替doing放在句首，doing放在句尾?！卜乐诡^重腳輕〕Cryingoverthespiltmilkisnouse.主→Itisnousecryingoverthespiltmilk.形式主語(yǔ)真正主語(yǔ)固定句型：Itisnouse/nogood/useless/senselessdoing…Itisworthdoingsth…Itisawasteoftimedoing…Itisfun/enjoyable/pleasant/agoodpleasuredoing…例：It’snouse_____withhimsincehehasmadeuphismind.(2021)A.toargueB.arguingC.tobearguedD.argued二、作賓語(yǔ)1.動(dòng)詞+doingconsider(考慮),suggest(建議),lookforwardto(盼),excuse(原諒),admit(成認(rèn)),delay/putoff(推遲),得,fancy(想象)，avoid(防止),miss(錯(cuò)過(guò)),keep(繼續(xù)),practice(練),deny(否認(rèn)),finish(完成),就,enjoy/appreciate(欣賞),forbid(制止),imagine(想象),才,risk(冒險(xiǎn)),stand(忍受),mind(介意),allow/permit(準(zhǔn)),escape(逃亡).固定搭配：1.advise/forbid/allow,permit+doingsth建議制止兩允許sbtodosth2.need/want/require+doing需要tobedone例：⑴Heenjoys_____popmusicwhileIpreferclassicalmusic.(2021)A.tolistentoB.tolistenC.listeningD.listeningto⑵Thegardenrequires_____.(2021)A.wateringB.beingwateredC.towaterD.havingwatered⑶Iappreciate____toyourbirthdayparty.(2003)A.tobeinvitedB.tohaveinvitedC.havinginvitedD.beinginvited⑷Idon’tmind____outforawalkinsuchabadweather.(2006)A.goB.togoC.goingD.gone⑸Idon’tmind____intheoffice.A.tosmokeB.smokedC.hissmokingD.smokes注：1.doing的被動(dòng)形式：beingdone(第3題只有被動(dòng)的含義)2.doing的復(fù)合構(gòu)造：在doing前面加形容詞性物主代詞：hissmoking名詞所有格：Tom’ssmoking代詞的賓格形式(口語(yǔ))：himsmoking(doing動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者)如果hissmoking與himsmoking同時(shí)出現(xiàn)，選擇更加正式的hissmoking.3.doing的否認(rèn)形式：緊挨著doing前加not:notdoing例1：I’msorryfornotbeingthere.例2：⑴Noonecanavoid____byadvertisements.(2021)A.influencedB.influencingC.toinfluenceD.beinginfluenced⑵Whatisthereasonfor____ontime(2021)A.notyourcomingB.younotcomeC.yournotcomingD.younottocome2.作介詞賓語(yǔ)〔所有的介詞后跟動(dòng)詞的-ing形式〕介詞：at,for,against,on,by,to,(in)…⑴to為介詞的短語(yǔ)：〔～todoing〕be/getusedto=beaccustomedto習(xí)慣于getdownto開(kāi)場(chǎng)做…payattentionto關(guān)注 contributeto有助于devoteoneselfto投身于 beaddictedto沉溺于lookforwardto盼望 objectto反對(duì)stickto堅(jiān)持 leadto導(dǎo)致thekeyto…的關(guān)鍵 confessto坦白☆prefer的用法：prefer+doing(長(zhǎng)期的動(dòng)作)todo(一次性的動(dòng)作)prefertodoAratherthandoB=preferdoingAtodoingB寧愿做A而不愿做B例：Ipreferwalking______.(2007)A.todriveB.todrivingC.thandriveD.thandriving⑵省略介詞in的短語(yǔ)：sbspend時(shí)間(in)doingsth花〔時(shí)間〕做…sbbebusy(in)doingsth忙于sbhavetrouble/difficulty/aproblem/ahardtime(in)doingsth做…有困難Thereisnopoint(in)doing…做…是沒(méi)有用的。sblosenotime(in)doingsth不失時(shí)機(jī)做…succeedindoing成功做…(in不可省略)例：⑴Asalawyerhespentalotoftime_____investigations.(2006)A.conductedB.toconductC.conductD.conducting⑵Thereisno____arguingaboutit,justdoasyouaretold.(2005)A.reasonB.wayC.pointD.meaning3.既跟doing又跟todo的詞：⑴用法一樣：start/begindoingtodo⑵用法不同：a.love/like/hate+doing(長(zhǎng)期的動(dòng)作)todo(一次性的動(dòng)作)b.forgetdoing忘記已經(jīng)做過(guò)某事(失憶) todo忘記去做某事(健忘)rememberdoing記得曾經(jīng)做過(guò)某事 todo記住要做某事regretdoing懊悔做過(guò)某事 todo遺憾要去做某事c.stopdoing停頓正在做的事 todo停下來(lái)做另一件事goondoing繼續(xù)做同一件事 todo接著做另一件事d.trydoing嘗試著做某事 todo努力做某事meandoing意味著做某事 todo打算做某事can’thelpdoing情不自禁做某事(to)do不能幫助做某事e.feellikedoing想做某事wouldliketodo想做某事三、作表語(yǔ)doing作表語(yǔ)，對(duì)主語(yǔ)進(jìn)展解釋說(shuō)明或表示主語(yǔ)的特征。例：Myaunt’sjobislayingeggs.(主語(yǔ)等于表語(yǔ))Themusicsoundsexciting.(doing表主語(yǔ)的特征，譯為“令人…的〞)四、作定語(yǔ)1.doing作定語(yǔ)，放在名詞前，表示該名詞的用途，或doing的動(dòng)作由該名詞發(fā)出。diningroom(餐廳)readingroom(閱覽室)walkingstick(手杖)boilingwater(正沸騰的水)sleepingbaby(正在睡覺(jué)的嬰兒)developingcountry(開(kāi)展中國(guó)家)2.doing作定語(yǔ)，放在名詞前，表示該名詞的一種客觀狀態(tài)，譯為：“令人…的〞exciting,boring,tiring,puzzling,confusing,moving…例：anexcitingvoice一個(gè)令人興奮的聲音apuzzlingexpression一個(gè)令人困惑的表情囧amovingmovie一部令人感動(dòng)的電影doing作表語(yǔ)→Themovieismoving.3.doing短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，放在名詞后，表示該名詞與doing構(gòu)成主動(dòng)進(jìn)展的關(guān)系。⑴Thegirlismyex.↘Thegirlwearsapinkhat.↗Thegirlwearingapinkhatismyex.⑵Theyliveinamansion.(豪宅)↘Themansionfacesnorth.↗Theyliveinamansionfacingnorth.⑶ThemanisBaldheadStrong.↘Themanisbeingbeaten.↗ThemanbeingbeatenisBaldheadStrong.注：beingdone作定語(yǔ)時(shí)：表示“正在被…〞五、作狀語(yǔ)1.doing作狀語(yǔ)，句子中有“，〞表示主句主語(yǔ)與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成主動(dòng)進(jìn)展的關(guān)系?？碱}形式：⑴非ⅹⅹ，SVO.SVO,非ⅹⅹ.主語(yǔ)S與非謂doing構(gòu)成主動(dòng)進(jìn)展的關(guān)系。S,非ⅹⅹ,VO.⑵(With)+名詞非，SVO.名詞與非謂doing構(gòu)成主動(dòng)進(jìn)展的關(guān)系。注：形式⑵又被稱為獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造。例1：Weatherpermitting(允許),wewillvisityoutomorrow.例2：⑴_(tái)____inBeijing,hewasmetbyhisgoodfriend.A.HearrivedB.ArrivingC.BeingarrivedD.Arrived⑵HelivedinBeijing,____asawriter.A.workedB.beingworkedC.workingD.work⑶Myuncle,____inBeijing,isadoctor.A.helivesB.livingC.beinglivedD.lived⑷Theday____hot,wedecidedtogoswimming.A.wasB.beingC.beenD.be2.doing與havingdone的區(qū)別：兩者都表示主動(dòng)，但是havingdone強(qiáng)調(diào)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作明顯先于主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生。例：⑴_(tái)___dinner,hewenttotherestroom.A.HadB.HavingC.HavinghadD.Tohave⑵____hisfather,thebabybegantocryatonce(馬上).A.SeenB.SeeingC.HavingseenD.Saw⑶____severaltimes,thedogdiedatlast.A.DesertingB.TodesertC.HavingdesertedD.Havingbeendeserted注：doing的被動(dòng)形式為beingdone,作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)表示：“正在被…〞doing的完成形式：havingdone(主動(dòng))doing的被動(dòng)完成形式：havingbeendone六、作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)〔見(jiàn)非謂語(yǔ)總結(jié)〕Done：過(guò)去分詞〔done不作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)〕一、作表語(yǔ)done作表語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)通常是人，done表達(dá)一種主觀感受，譯為：“感到…的〞，此時(shí)done相當(dāng)于adj.excited,bored,tired,confused,annoyed…例：Themovieisboring,soIfeelbored.(bore)Iamtiredofthetiringwork.(tire)二、作定語(yǔ)1.單個(gè)過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，位于名詞前，表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。boiledwater開(kāi)好的水fallenleaves已經(jīng)落下的葉子boilingwater正沸騰的水fallingleaves正在落下的葉子developedcountry興旺國(guó)家developingcountry開(kāi)展中國(guó)家2.done的短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，位于名詞后，表示該名詞與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間構(gòu)成被動(dòng)完成的關(guān)系?？碱}形式：名詞非ⅹⅹVO.或SVO非ⅹⅹ.例1：IhavearadiomadeinChina.例2：⑴Thefirsttextbook____forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.(2021)A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written⑵I’veneverseentheyoungman____nexttothedirector.(2006)A.sitsB.satC.sittingD.tosit⑶Davidsenthisgirlfriendaring____byhisgrandmotherforallherlife.A.havekeptB.keptC.haskeptD.hasbeenkept(2021)三、作狀語(yǔ)1.done作狀語(yǔ)，句子中有“，〞表示主句主語(yǔ)與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)完成的關(guān)系。考題形式：⑴非ⅹⅹ，SVO.SVO,非ⅹⅹ.主語(yǔ)S與非謂doing構(gòu)成被動(dòng)完成的關(guān)系。S,非ⅹⅹ,VO.⑵(With)+名詞非，SVO.名詞與非謂doing構(gòu)成被動(dòng)完成的關(guān)系。例：⑴_(tái)____thepark,wefounditbeautiful.A.SeeB.SeeingC.SeenD.Saw⑵Theteachercameintothelab,____bysomestudents.A.followingB.followedC.followD.havingfollowed⑶Thepark,____fromthebuilding,isverybeautiful.A.SeeB.SeeingC.SeenD.Saw⑷Withthehardwork____,hewenttobed.A.finishingB.havingfinishedC.finishedD.finishes2.done與havingbeendone的區(qū)別：兩者都表示被動(dòng)，但是havingbeendone強(qiáng)調(diào)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作明顯先于主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生。例：⑴Anewtechnique____,theoutputasawholeincreasedby20percent.(2021)A.workingoutB.havingworkedoutC.tohavebeenworkedoutD.havingbeenworkedout⑵Alltheofficials____,themeetingwasdeclared(宣布)open.A.arrivedB.arrivingC.beingarrivedD.havingarrived⑶____manytimes,hestillrepeatedthesamemistake.A.ToldB.BeingtoldC.HavingbeentoldD.Havingtold☆一個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)：compareAwithB變被動(dòng)→AiscomparedwithB所以A與compare為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。ComparedwithB,A…同理的還有：CoveredwithB,A…四、作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)〔見(jiàn)非謂語(yǔ)的總結(jié)〕Todo:不定式一、作主語(yǔ)1.todo作主語(yǔ)，位于句首，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，表示一次性具體的動(dòng)作。例：Tofinishsomuchworkinashorttimeisimpossible.2.當(dāng)todo作主語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng)時(shí)，用it作形式主語(yǔ)代替todo放句首，真正的主語(yǔ)todo放句尾。〔防止頭重腳輕〕例：Itisimpossibletofinishsomuchworkinashorttime.[固定句型]1.Ittakessb+時(shí)間+todosth.“花費(fèi)某人多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間做某事〞例：IttookhimtenyearstolearnEnglish.2.Itis+adj.+forsbtodosth.“對(duì)于某人來(lái)說(shuō)，做…是…的〞此類(lèi)adj.有：important,possible,difficult(hard),necessary,interesting,easy…其中adj.是形容todosth.的。例：ItiseasyformetolearnEnglish.3.Itis+adj.+ofsbtodosth.“某人做某事是…的〞此類(lèi)adj.有：wise,polite,kind,clever,honest…其中adj.是形容sb的。例：Itiswiseofhimtoleavethatcompany,ItisverykindofyoutoteachmehowtoplayPlantsVSZombies.二、作賓語(yǔ)1.動(dòng)詞+tododecide/determine(決心),learn(學(xué)會(huì)),want(想),expect/hope/wish(希望),refuse(拒絕),manage(設(shè)法),demand(要),pretend(假裝),promise(容許),offer(提供),choose(選),plan(方案),agree(同意),ask/beg(請(qǐng)求),help(幫一幫).注：help(to)dowishtodohopetodohelpsb(to)dowishsbtodohopesbtodo(ⅹ)例：⑴Mylittlesonwouldlike____tohisgrandmatoday.A.totakeB.takingC.tobetakenD.taken⑵Icouldn’tunderstandwhyhepretended_____inthegarden.(2006)A.nottoseemeB.notseemeC.toseemenotD.toseenotme⑶Whenhismothercameintotheroom,theboypretended____books.A.toreadB.readingC.beingreadD.tobereading注：⑴todo的否認(rèn)形式：nottodo⑵todo的進(jìn)展式：tobedoing,表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí),不定式的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)展。2.it作形式賓語(yǔ)，把真正的賓語(yǔ)todo放在句尾。〔在英語(yǔ)中，有且只有it可以充當(dāng)形式賓語(yǔ)/形式主語(yǔ)〕構(gòu)造：主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)主+謂+it+賓補(bǔ)+todo例:Iconsidertoobeythelawsimportant.Iconsideritimportanttoobeythelaws.注：此類(lèi)常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：believe,consider,find,regard…“do巴do〞原則當(dāng)介詞but,except,besides前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do(譯為“做〞)，后無(wú)to；前無(wú)do,后有to.以but為例：有do+butdo無(wú)do+buttodo例：⑴Thedeparturetimeoftheplanehasbeenpostponed,sowehavenothingtodonowbut_____.(2006)A.waitB.tobewaitingC.towaitD.waiting⑵ThatwassoseriousamatterthatIhadnochoicebut____thepolice.(2021)A.calledinB.callinginC.callinD.tocallin4.固定句型：⑴hadbetter(not)dosth.最好〔不〕干…⑵Whynot+do(動(dòng)原)為什么不…？⑶sbhappentodo某人碰巧…⑷wouldrather(not)do寧愿做…⑸wouldratherdoAthandoB=woulddoAratherthandoB⑹平行構(gòu)造ratherthan:todoratherthan(to)do例：Idecidedtowriteratherthanmakeaphonecall.5.疑問(wèn)詞+todo也可作賓語(yǔ)疑問(wèn)代詞：what,which,whom疑問(wèn)副詞：how,where,when,why例：Idon’tknowwhattodo.注：疑問(wèn)代詞中todo的do為vt./vi.+介詞疑問(wèn)副詞中todo的do為vi.例：Idon’tknowwhom____.A.workB.toworkC.workingD.toworkwithIdon’tknowwhattodo.what與todo為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，即：todowhatIdon’tknowwhomto