語言學第十章

語言學第十章第1頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月FOCUSES：PsycholinguisticsLanguageacquisition:stagesandtheoriesLanguagecomprehensionLanguageproductionCognitivelinguisticsImageschemaMetaphorMetonymy2第2頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月1.WhatisCognition?什么是認知？Mentalprocessesofanindividual,informationprocessing信息加工過程Mentalprocessorfacultyofknowing,includingawareness察覺,perception感知,reasoning推理,andjudgment判斷.3第3頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Threeapproachestothestudyoflgeandcognition:Theformalapproach形式法:addressesthestructuralpatterns,includingthestudyofmorphological,syntactic,andlexicalstructure.4第4頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Thepsychologicalapproach:looksatlgefromtheperspectiveofgeneralcognitivesystemsrangingfromperception感知,memory記憶,attention注意力toreasoning推理.PSYCHOLOGICALLINGUISTICS心理語言學Theconceptualapproach:addresseshowlanguagestructures(processes&patterns)conceptualcontent.

COGNITIVELINGUISTICS認知語言學5第5頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月2.PsycholinguisticsThestudyofPsychologicalaspectsoflgePsychologicalstates心理狀態(tài)andmentalactivity思維活動withtheuseoflge6第6頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月StructurallinguisticsCognitivepsychologyAnthropologyNeurosciencesRelatedfields7第7頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Languageacquisition(L1/L2)LanguagecomprehensionLanguageproductionLanguagedisordersLanguageandThoughtNeurocognitionSixsubjectsofresearch8第8頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月2.1LanguageAcquisitionLgeacquisition:thelearninganddevelopmentofaperson’slge.FLA:thelearningofanativeorfirstlge.SLA:thelearningofasecondorforeignlge.9第9頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Stages:

Pre-linguisticstages(3-11months)cooing:3months,[k][g][i][u]babbling:6months,fricatives,nasals9months,intonationpatterns10-11months,expressemotions

10第10頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Holophrastic(One-word)stage:objects,actions,motions,routines.11第11頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Two-wordstage:around18monthsChildutteranceMaturespeakerPurposeWantcookieIwantacookieRequestMoremilkIwantsomemoremilkRequestJoeseeI(Joe)seeyouInformingMycupThisismycupWarningMommychairThischairbelongstoMWarningBigboyIamabigboyBraggingRedcarThatcarisredNamingThatcarThatisacarNaming12第12頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月ChildutteranceMaturespeakerPurposeNosleepIdon’twanttogotosleepRefusalNottiredIamnottiredRefusalWheredoll?Whereisthedoll?QuestionTrucktableThetruckisonthetableInformingDaddyrunDaddyisrunningInformingJoepushI(Joe)pushed(thecat)InformingPushcatIpushedthecarInformingGivecandyGivemethecandyRequest13第13頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Three-word-utterancestageGivedoggiepaper.Puttruckwindow.Tractorgofloor.14第14頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月FluentgrammaticalconversationstageEmbedoneconstituentinsideanother:Givedoggiepaper.Givebigdoggiepaper.Usemorefunctionwords:missingfunctionwordsandinflectioninthebeginningbutgooduse(90%)bytheageof3,withafullrangeofsentencetypes.Allpartsoflgeareacquiredbeforethechildturns4.15第15頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月LanguageacquisitiontheoriesReinforcementtheory強化論:stimulus-responsetheory(Bloomfield,Skinner)16第16頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Innatenesstheory內(nèi)在論：

childrenarebornwithlgeacquisitionsystem,lgedevelopmentmodelconsistsof2parts:lgeinformationandassessmentprocess.17第17頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Cognitivetheory認知論：

childrenacquirethelgethroughassimilationandadaptationandlearnfromtheenvironmentthroughinteractionwiththeenvironment.

18第18頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月2.2LanguagecomprehensionAprocessforustogetfamiliarwiththerealword.Mentallexicon:fromapsychologicalpointofview,westoreagreatdealof

infaboutthepropertiesofwords,retrievablewhenunderstandinglge.Wecaninstinctivelyconnecttheknownitemsstoredinourmindtotheunknownonesandaccesstomoreinfinprocessingandcomprehendinglge.19第19頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月e.g.,wemayusemorphologicalrulestodecomposeacomplexwordlikerewritablethefirstfewtimesweencounteritandafterseveralexposureswemaystoreandaccessitasaunitorword.Itmeansthatfrequencyofexposuredeterminesourabilitytorecallstoredinstances.

20第20頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Connectionism聯(lián)結(jié)主義:readersusethesamesystemoflinksbetweenspellingunitsandsoundunitstogeneratethepronunciationsofwrittenwordsliketoveandtoaccessthepronunciationsoffamiliarwordslikestove,orwordsthatareexceptionstothesepatterns,likelove.Similarityandfrequencyplayimportantrolesinprocessingandcomprehendinglge,withthenovelitemsbeingprocessedbasedontheirsimilaritytotheknownones.21第21頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月AninitialstepinunderstandinganymessageHowdowegoaboutrecognizingwords?Assoonaspeoplehearspeech,theystartnarrowingdownthepossiblewordsthattheymaybehearing.Awordisidentifiedassoonasthereisonlyonepossibilityleft.speakWordrecognition22第22頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Cohorttheory(集群理論)

:Marslen-Wilson&Welsh(1978)Thefirstfewphonemesofaspokenwordactivateasetofwordcandidatesthatareconsistentwiththeinput.23第23頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Ithypothesizesthatauditorywordrecognitionbeginswiththeformationofagroupofwordsattheperceptionoftheinitialsoundandproceedssoundbysoundwiththecohortofwordsdecreasingasmoresoundsareperceived.24第24頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月交股模型：是Marslen-Wilson提出來的，它包括兩個階段。在詞辨認的第一個階段里，一個詞的聲學/語音信息激活了記憶中和它相近的詞，所以如果這個詞是“drive”，所有以[d]開始的詞，如“dive,drink,date,dunk”等，都會被激活。這些激活的詞構(gòu)成一個“股”；這些交股的詞是在一個目標詞的聲學信息的基礎(chǔ)上提取的，并沒有受到其他層面的分析所影響。一個交股結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生后，詞辨認的第二個階段就開始了。在第二階段里，所有可能的信息都會影響目標詞的選擇，這些交互作用的信息資源都起到排除那些和交股不相似的的詞的作用。例如進一步的聲學/語音信息可能排除一些交股的詞，如“date”和“dunk”，而高層次的信息源也可能產(chǎn)生，把別的語義和句法上不合適的詞，如“dive”和“drink”，加以排除。最后才辨認到目標詞。(桂詩春)25第25頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月26第26頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Factorsinvolvedinwordrecognition:Frequencyeffect(頻率效應，詞頻效應）

:

Oneofthemostimportantfactorsthataffectswordrecognitionishowfrequentlythewordisusedinagivendiscourseorcontext.FrequencyeffectdescribestheadditionaleasewithwhichawordisaccessedduetoitsmorefrequentusageintheL.27第27頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月RECENCYEFFECTS(近期效應,近現(xiàn)率）:Peoplerecognizeawordfasterwhentheyhavejusthearditorreaditthanwhentheyhavenotrecentlyencounteredit.Recencyeffectsdescribetheadditionaleasewithwhichawordisaccessedduetoitsrepeatedoccurrenceinthediscourseorcontext.例如在奧運會期間一些體育項目成為報章雜志和人們交談的熱點，成了高頻詞，辨認的閾限因而就降低。但是奧運會后，它們又慢慢降溫，辨認的閾限又升高。所以近現(xiàn)效應實際上是動態(tài)的頻率效應。28第28頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月AnotherfactorthatisinvolvedinwordrecognitionisCONTEXT.Peoplerecognizeawordmorereadilywhentheprecedingwordsprovideanappropriatecontextforit.e.g.Thisistheaorta主動脈.Theheartsurgeoncarefullycutintothewalloftherightaorta.29第29頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月

語境可以促進詞的辨認，解決詞的歧義。

Thecarturnedright.OnemechanismthathasbeenproposedtoaccountforthiskindofcontexteffectisaSEMANTICASSOCIATIONNETWORK(語義關(guān)聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡).Itrepresentstherelationshipbetweenvarioussemanticallyrelatedwords.Wordrecognitionisthoughttobefasterwhenothermembersoftheassociationnetworkareprovidedinthediscourse.辨認有語義聯(lián)系的詞比無意義聯(lián)系的詞要快。butter-bread,nurse-doctor等30第30頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月LexicalambiguityHowareambiguouswordsunderstood?Twotheories:1)All

themeaningsassociatedwiththewordareaccessed2)Only

onemeaningisaccessedinitially.31第31頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Areyouengaged?Myfrienddrovemetothebank.Pleasegivemeacamel.32第32頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Theclerk(entering):Areyouengaged?Augustus:Whatbusinessisthatofyours?However,ifyouwilltakethetroubletoreadthesocietypapersforthisweek,youwillseethatIamengagedtotheHonourableLucyPopham,youngestdaughterof...Theclerk:Thatisn’twhatImean.Canyouseeafemale?Augustus:Ofcourse,Icanseeafemaleaseasilyasamale.DoyousupposeIamblind?(GeorgeBernardShaw:AugustusDoesHisBit)33第33頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Anexperiment:Whenpeopleareaskedtofinishasentence,theytakelongerwhenthefragmenttobefinishedcontainsanambiguouswordthanwhentheambiguouswordisreplacedbyanunambiguousterm.e.g.Aftertakingtherightturnattheintersection…AftertakingtheleftturnattheintersectionThisdelaysuggeststhatallmeaningsofambiguouswordsareaccessedandthattimehastobetakentodecideamongthem.34第34頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Otherexperimentssuggestthatundersomecircumstances,onlyonemeaningisinitiallyaccessed.Thefrequencyandcontexteffectshavebeenshowntobeimportanthere.First,ifoneofthemeaningsismuchmorefrequentthantheother,peopletendtoassumethatthewordhasthemorefrequentmeaning.ChairThesemanticcontexteffectalsoplaysasignificantpartindecidingwhichmeaningisthemostappropriate.Bug(spy,spidersandroaches)35第35頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月ComprehensionofsentencesOnceawordhasbeenidentified,itisusedtoconstructasyntacticstructure.Insomecasesthisisquitestraightforward.Thejealouswomanwentaway.However,therearecomplicationsduetotheambiguityofindividualwordsandtothedifferentpossiblewaysthatwordscanbefitintophrases.Sometimesthereisnowaytodeterminewhichstructureandmeaningasentencehas.36第36頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月SyntacticambiguityDifferentpossiblewaysinwhichwordscanbefitintophrases.Thecopsawthespywiththebinoculars.

ThePPwiththebinocularsisambiguous.Itcaneitherbeacomplementoftheverb

seeorbepartofthenounphrase.Someambiguitiesareduetotheambiguouscategoryofsomeofthewordsinthesentence.

thedeserttrains37第37頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Johnpaintedthecarinthegarage.38第38頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Maylikesthevaseonthecupboardwhichsheboughtyesterday.Thestudentswilldiscusstheirplantoholdadancingpartyintheclassroom.IknowSimonbetterthanyou.Tellmeifyouhavetime.39第39頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Mybrotherwasn’treadingallthetime.ThechairmanappointedMr.Brownanassistant.Thescholarwrotelongthesisandbooks.Flyingplanescanbedangerous.40第40頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月GardenpathsentenceThehorseracedpastthebarnfell.Themanwhohuntsducksout奇妙地抽出時間onweekends.ThecottonclothingisusuallymadeofgrowsinMississippi.Fatpeopleeataccumulates.41第41頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Asentenceinwhichthecomprehenderassumesaparticularmeaningofawordorphrasebutdiscoverslaterthattheassumptionwasincorrect,forcingthecomprehendertobebacktrackandreinterpretthesentence.42第42頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月agrammaticallycorrectsentencethatstartsinsuchawaythatareader'smostlikelyinterpretationisanincorrectone,luringhiminitiallyintoanimproperparsethatthenturnsouttobeadeadend.GPSsareusedinpsycholinguisticstoillustratethat,whilereading,humanbeingsprocesslgeonewordatatime.The"gardenpath"isareferencetothesaying"tobeleddownthegardenpath",meaning"tobemisled."43第43頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Themanpushedthroughthedoorfell.大多數(shù)聽者在語言處理過程的瞬間會傾向于將Themanpushedthroughthedoor理解為NP+V+PP的一個句子結(jié)構(gòu)。只有當聽到動詞fell時，才折回頭對語言輸入重新進行處理。這種現(xiàn)象被很形象地稱之為“花園路徑現(xiàn)象”，就像在花園中走錯了道，折回頭再尋路徑。一般認為，這類歧義現(xiàn)象會對語言的處理過程造成較大的困難。44第44頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Animportantquestioninsentenceprocessingishowpeopledecidewhichstructureanambiguoussentencehas.Peopleeitherconsiderallpossibilitiesanddecidewhichisthebest,orelsetheyusesomestrategytodecidewhichstructuretoconsiderfirst.Severalsuggestionshavebeenmadeabouthowpeopledecidewhichanalysistotryfirst.Oneguessisthatthereisastrongtendencytobuildaslittlestructureaspossible.

45第45頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月MINIMALATTACHMENTTHEORY(最少接觸理論):Peoplearemostlikelytochoosethesimplest.Theideaisthatpeopleinitiallyconstructthesimplestsyntacticstructurewheninterpretingthestructureofsentences.46第46頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月ComprehensionoftextSentencescomeintextsanddiscourses,andtheentiretextordiscourseisrelevanttothemessagesconveyed.Textisthenetofpropositions命題

thatmakeupthesemanticinterpretationsofindividualsentences.47第47頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Readersabstractthemainthreadsofadiscourseandinfermissingconnections,constrainedbylimitationsofshort-termmemoryandguidedbyhowargumentsoverlapacrosspropositionsandbylinguisticcuessignaledbythetext.讀者受短期記憶的限制，在文本命題中重疊論元和語言線索的引導下抽象出語篇的主要思路并推斷出潛在的聯(lián)系。48第48頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Discourseinterpretation

Resonancemodel共振模式:informationinlong-termmemoryisautomaticallyactivatedbythepresenceofmaterialthatapparentlybearsaroughsemanticrelationtoit.SchemataanddrawinginferencesSchema圖式:apre-existingknowledgestructureinmemorytypicallyinvolvingthenormalexpectedpatternsofthings.49第49頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月[RESTAURANT]Schema:Entering,ordering,eatingandexiting.EnteringScene:Thecustomerentersarestaurant,looksforatable,decideswheretosit,walkstothetable…50第50頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Johnwentintoarestaurant.Heaskedthewaitressforcoqauvin酒悶仔雞.Heateit,paidthebillandleft.(perfectlyunderstandable)Johnwentintoarestaurant.Hesawawaitress.Hegotupandwenthome.(doesnotseemtomakesense)51第51頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Apartmentforrent.$500.Istoppedtogetsomegroceriesbutthereweren'tanybasketsleftsobythetimeIarrivedatthecheck-outcounterImusthavelookedlikeajugglerhavingabadday.52第52頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月2.3LanguageproductionTheabilitytoproducewordsisacoreingredientoftheabilitytoproducelargerutterances.Singlewordaccesshasbeenandstillisacentralresearchtopic.Accesstowords詞的生成Conceptualization:whattoexpressWordselection:acompetitiveprocessMorpho-phonologicalencoding:targetwords53第53頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月GenerationofsentencesConceptualpreparation:decidingwhattosay–aglobalplanisneededWordretrievalandapplicationofsyntacticknowledgeProcessesofsentencegenerationFunctionalplanning:assigninggrammaticalfunctionsPositionalencoding:gettingintopositionsforeachunit54第54頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WrittenlanguageproductionSimilartospokenlanguage.Orthographicforminsteadofphonologicalform.However,phonologyplaysanimportantroleinthisprocess.Writershavemoretimeavailableforconceptualpreparationandplanning.55第55頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月3.CognitiveLinguisticsCognitivelinguistics:AnewlyestablishedapproachtothestudyoflgeItisthescientificstudyoftherelationbetweenthewaywecommunicateandthewaywethink.Itisanapproachtolgethatisbasedonourexperienceoftheworldandthewayweperceiveandconceptualizeit.

56第56頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月3.1Construal識解（方法）Construal:theabilitytoconceiveandportraythesamesituationindifferentways.57第57頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Construaloperation識解操作:conceptualizingprocessesusedinlgeprocessbyhumanbeings.Theunderlyingpsychologicalprocessesandresourcesemployedintheinterpretationoflinguisticexpressions.58第58頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月1）Attention/salience(注意∕突顯)Weactivatethemostrelevantconceptsmorethanconceptsthatareirrelevanttowhatwearethinkingabout.Wedrovealongtheroad.Sheranacrosstheroad.Theworkersdugthroughtheroad.在知覺中，我們把注意力集中在感知到的情景部分。馬路被概念化為一條線（一維），一個平面（二維），一個立體（三維）59第59頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月a.Hecleanedthewindow.（玻璃）b.Heopenedthewindow.（窗扇）a.I’vebrokenthewindow.（我）b.Astonehasbrokenthewindow.（石頭）60第60頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月2）Judgment/Comparison

判斷∕比較Wecannotattendtoallfacetsofasceneatthesametime.Wecannotpayattentiontoeverything.Instead,wefocusoneventsofparticularsalience.61第61頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Figure-ground（圖形-背景）62第62頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Figure-groundThegroundseemstobeplacedbehindthefigureextendinginthebackground.Thefigureisthusmoreprominent,orevenmoreinteresting,thantheground.63第63頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Figure-groundalsoseemstoapplytoourperceptionofmovingobjects.Inordertodistinguishbetweenstationaryanddynamicfigure-groundrelations,somecognitivelinguists(egLangacker)usethetermtrajector

（射體）foramovingfigureandlandmark

（界標）forthegroundofamovingfigure.64第64頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月There’sacat[figure]onthemat[ground]Therearestillsomepeanuts[figure]inthebag[ground]Batman[figure]wasstandingontheroof[ground]Thecomputer[figure]underthetable[ground]ismineThespacecraft[figure]washoveringoverMetropolis[ground]65第65頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Tarzan[trajector]jumpedintotheriver[landmark]Spiderman[trajector]climbedupthewall[landmark]Thebird[trajector]wingeditswayoutthewindow[landmark]We[trajector]wentacrossthefield[landmark]I[trajector]’mgoingtoLondon[landmark]66第66頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月3）Perspective∕Situatedness視點∕情景Perspective

：thewayinwhichweviewasceneintermsofoursituatedness.dependingontwothings:wherewearesituatedinrelationtothescenewe'reviewinghowthesceneisarrangedinrelationtooursituatedness.67第67頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Thetreeisbehindtheman.Themanisinfrontofthetree.68第68頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Thetreeisinfrontoftheman.Themanisbehindthetree.69第69頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月3.2Categorization（范疇化）Theprocessofclassifyingourexperiencesintodifferentcategoriesbasedoncommonalitiesanddifferences.Amajoringredientinthecreationofhumanknowledge;Allowsustorelatepresentexperiencestopastones.70第70頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月PrototypeTheory原型理論：amodeofgradedcategorizationincognitivescience,wheresomemembersofacategoryaremorecentralthanothers.eg,whenaskedtogiveanexampleoftheconceptbird,robinismorefrequentlycitedthan,say,penguin.71第71頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Threelevels:basiclevelsuperordinatelevelsubordinatelevel72第72頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Basiclevel Superordinatelevel

Animal

Horse Dog Cat

Chihuahua German dachshund

shepherd

Subordinatelevel

Verticalorganization73第73頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月BLC:thosethataremostculturallysalientandarerequiredtofulfillourcognitiveneedsthebest.Thisisthelevelwhereweperceivethemostdifferencesbetween“objects”intheworld.Allcategoriesofdogsaredifferent,buttheystillshareenoughtobedistinguishedfromcats,birds,snakes,primates,etc.Soitisatthislevelthatwecanfindtheidealizedconfigurationoffeatureofacategory范疇特性的最理想化的結(jié)構(gòu).74第74頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月SPLC:themostgeneralones.Themembersofasuperordinatecategorydonothaveenoughfeaturesincommontoconjureupacommongestaltatthislevel.ButifsomeoneasksyoutothinkofaVEHICLEyoumightthinkofaCARoraBUSorifsomeoneasksyoutothinkofaPLANTyoumightthinkofaTREEoraFLOWER.Thisisparasiticalcategorization寄生范疇.75第75頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月SLC:Theyhaveclearlyidentifiablegestalts完形andlotsofindividualspecificfeatures.Atthislevelweperceivethedifferencesbetweenthemembersofthebasiclevelcategories.OftenthenamesforSUBORDINATELEVELcategoriesaremorphologicallycomplex.Theyaretypicallycompositeforms.raincoat,applejuice,andwheelchair76第76頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月77第77頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月3.3ImageSchema（意象圖式）Johnson,Mark.1987.Thebodyinthemind:Thebodilybasisofmeaning,imagination,andreason.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.78第78頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月arecurringstructurewithinourcognitiveprocesseswhichestablishespatternsofunderstandingandreasoning.Imageschemasareformedfromourbodilyinteractions,fromlinguisticexperience,andfromhistoricalcontext.79第79頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月80第80頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Center-peripheryschema

（中央—邊緣圖式）

Involves:aphysicalormetaphoricalcoreandedge,anddegreesofdistancefromthecore.Examples(English):ThestructureofanappleAnindividual’sperceptualsphereAnindividual’ssocialsphere,withfamilyandfriendsatthecoreandothershavingdegreesofperipherality81第81頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Containmentschema

（容器圖式）Involvesaphysicalormetaphoricalboundary界限enclosedareaorvolume

閉合的區(qū)域或容器excludedareaorvolume

不閉合的范圍或容器82第82頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Bodilyexperience:humanbodiesascontainers.Structuralelements:interior,boundary,exteriorTheshipiscomingintoview.She’sdeepinthought.Westoodinsilence.83第83頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Cycleschema

（循環(huán)圖式）Involvesrepetitiouseventsandeventseries.Itsstructureincludesthefollowing:AstartingpointAprogressionthroughsuccessiveeventswithoutbacktracking不受阻礙的事件進程Areturntotheinitialstate回到起始點84第84頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Examples(English)DaysWeeksYearsSleepingandwakingBreathingCirculationEmotionalbuildupandrelease85第85頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Forceschema

（力量圖式）Involvesphysicalormetaphoricalcausalinteraction生理或隱喻因果互動關(guān)系.Itincludesthefollowingelements:AsourceandtargetoftheforceAdirectionandintensityoftheforceApathofmotionofthesourceand/ortargetAsequenceofcausation86第86頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Examples(English):Physical:Wind,GravityStructuralelements:force,path,entity,etc.Interaction,directionality,causalityCompulsionBlockageCounterforceDiversionRemovalofrestraint87第87頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Linkschema（連接圖式）Consistsoftwoormoreentities,connectedphysicallyormetaphorically,andthebondbetweenthem.

EntityA EntityB88第88頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Examples(English):Achildholdinghermother’shandSomeonepluggingalampintothewallAcausal“connection”Kinship“ties”89第89頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Part-wholeschema（部分—整體圖式）

Involvesphysicalormetaphoricalwholesalongwiththeirpartsandaconfigurationoftheparts.Examples(English):Physical:ThebodyanditspartsMetaphorical:Thefamily; ThecastestructureofIndia

印度種姓等級90第90頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Pathschema（路徑圖式）Involvesphysicalormetaphoricalmovementfromplacetoplace,andconsistsofastartingpoint,agoal,andaseriesofintermediatepoints.91第91頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Examples(English):Physical:Paths;TrajectoriesMetaphorical:Thepurpose-as-physical-goalmetaphor,asexpressedinthefollowingsentences:Tomhasgonealongwaytowardchanginghispersonality.Youhavereachedthemidpointofyourflighttraining.She'sjuststartingouttomakeherfortune.Janewassidetrackedinhersearchforself-understanding.92第92頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Scaleschema（刻度圖式）Involvesanincreaseordecreaseofphysicalormetaphoricalamount,andconsistsofanyofthefollowing:Aclosed-oropen-ended progressionofamountApositionintheprogression ofamount數(shù)量級數(shù)的位置Oneormorenormsofamount93第93頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Examples:PhysicalamountsPropertiesinthenumbersystemEconomicentitiessuchassupplyanddemand94第94頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Verticalityschema（垂直圖式）Involves“up”and“down”relations.Examples:StandinguprightClimbingstairsViewingaflagpoleWatchingwaterriseinatub95第95頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月3.4MetaphorGeorgeLakoffandMarkJohnson(1980).MetaphorsWeLiveBy.UniversityofChicagoPress.96第96頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Metaphoristheconceptofunderstandingonethingintermsofanother.Ametaphorisafigureofspeechthatconstructsananalogybetweentwothingsorideas;theanalogyisconveyedbytheuseofametaphoricalwordinplaceofsomeotherword.Forexample:"Hereyeswereglisteningjewels".97第97頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月ConceptualMetaphorTheory

（概念隱喻理論）Metaphorsareactuallycognitivetoolsthathelpusstructureourthoughtsandexperiencesintheworldaroundus.Metaphorisaconceptualmapping,notalinguisticone,fromonedomaintoanother,notfromawordtoanother.98第98頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Targetdomain-whatisactuallybeingtalkedabout.Sourcedomain-thedomainusedasabasisforunderstandingtargetXisY.

Targetdomain(X)Sourcedomain

(Y)RATIONALARGUMENTWAR99第99頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Therearethreecategoriesofconceptualmetaphors:Ontologicalmetaphors實體隱喻Structuralmetaphors結(jié)構(gòu)性隱喻Orientationalmetaphors方位性隱喻100第100頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月(1)OntologicalmetaphorsHumanexperienceswithphysicalobjectsprovidethebasisforwaysofviewingevents,activities,emotions,ideas,etc.,asentitiesandsubstances.

Categorizeevents,actionsandstatesassubstances.

人類以自身經(jīng)驗和生理實體為基礎(chǔ)，把事件、行為、情感、思想等抽象概念轉(zhuǎn)換為實體。

101第101頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Example:INFLATIONISANENEMYa.Inflationisloweringourstandardofliving.b.Ifthereismuchmoreinflation,we’llneversurvive.c.Weneedtocombatinflation.d.Inflationisbackingusintoacorner.102第102頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Example:THEMINDISAMACHINEa.Mymindjustisn’toperating.b.I’malittlerustytoday.c.We’restilltryingtogrindoutthesolutiontothisequation.103第103頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月(2)StructuralmetaphorsProvideshighlystructured,clearlydelineatedsourcedomaintostructuretargetdomain.Themappinginvolvestwotypesofcorrespondencebetweentargetandsourcedomain,whicharebothgroundedinourexperiencesintheworld.Itimplieshowoneconceptismetaphoricallystructuredintermsofanother.104第104頁，課件共144頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Example:ARGUMENTISWARYourclaimsareindefensible.Heattackedeveryweakpointinmyargument.Hiscriticismswererightontarget.Idemolishedhisargument.I’veneverwonanargumentwithhim.Youdisagree?OK,shoot!Ifyouusethatstrategy,he’llwipeyouout.Heshotdownallofmyarg