大學英語語法15-句子課件

CollegeEnglishGrammar:

GrammarandWritingByZhuXiangjunCollegeEnglishGrammar:

1Unit15Sentences

Grammar:

Sentences

Writing:

Correcting:

Choppy/StringySentences

Rewriting:

Varietyinsentencestructure

Unit15Sentences

2Sentences

Asentenceismadeupofaclause.Aclauseisagroupofwordsthatcontainsasubjectandapredicate.Clausescanbeputintotwokinds:independent/mainclausesanddependent/subordinateclauses.

Anindependent/mainclauseconsistsofasubjectandapredicateandcanstandaloneasasentence.thepresident

tookaseatshe

playsanimportantroleinthegame

Adependent/subordinateclausestartswithasubordinatewordssuchasthat,which,what,when,where,why,how,because,though,whether,if,etc.Itcannotstandaloneasasentencethoughitconsistsofbothasubjectandapredicate.when

thepresident

tookaseatbecause

she

playsanimportantroleinthegame

SentencesAsentenceism31.SimplesentencesThemostbasictypeofsentenceisasimplesentence.Itcanbeasshortasoneword(whenthesubject“you”isunderstood):Run!Usually,asimplesentencecontainsoneindependent/mainclause.Tobecomplete,itmusthaveatleastonesubjectandonepredicate.Boththesubjectandthepredicatemayhavemodifierssuchasadjectives,adverbs,prepositionalphrases,participialphrases,etc.Allofthefollowingaresimplesentences,becauseeachcontainsonlyoneclause:Run!Thepoliceman

runs.Thepoliceman

runsfast.Thepolicemanondutyrunsfasttowardsthecar.Receivinganemergentcallfromhismen,thepolicemanondutyrunsfasttowardsthewaitingcar.1.Simplesentences4Asimplesentencemayalsohavetwoormoresubjectsand/orpredicates.Thepresidentandhismen

tookseats.Thepresidentandhismen

tookseatsanddiscussedtheproblem.

Notice:1)Simplesentencescanbeveryeffectivefordrawingareader'sattention,butyouhavetousethemwithcare:toomanysimplesentencescanmakeyourwritingseemchoppyandchildish.2)Inasimplesentence,nocommasseparatecompoundelements.Asimplesentencemay52.CompoundsentencesAsentencethathasatleasttwoormoremain/independentclausesiscalledacompoundsentence.Allofthemainclausesofacompoundsentencehavetheirownsubject(s)andtheirownpredicate(s)andthesemainclausesareofequalimportanceingrammar.Usually,acompoundsentenceisjoinedby1)acoordinatingconjunction(for,and,nor,but,or,yet,so),2)aconjunctiveadverb(e.g.however,therefore,thus,etc.),3)asemicolonalone.2.Compoundsentences6Mybrotherhasneverbeenabroadbefore.Heisfindingthistripveryexciting.Mybrotherhasneverbeenabroadbefore,soheisfindingthistripveryexciting.Thelightswerehighuponthecliffs.Sheknewshewasneartheshore.Thelightswerehighuponthecliffs;thus,

sheknewshewasneartheshore.Theplanewaslate.Detectiveswerewaitingattheairportallmorning.Theplanewaslate;

detectiveswerewaitingattheairportallmorning.Mybrotherhasneverbeenabro73.ComplexsentencesAsentencethathasonemain/independentclause(MC)andoneormoresubordinateclauses(SC)iscalledacomplexsentence.

Asubordinateclauseisheadedbyasubordinateconjunction(after,before,when,if,though,etc.)orarelativepronoun(that,which,who,whom,andwhose),functioninginthesentenceasanoun,anadjectiveoranadverb.Therearefourpunctuationpatterns:1)SC+,+MC.2)MC+SC.3)Main+,+nonessentialSC+,+clause.4)Main+essentialSC+clause.3.Complexsentences8Weareallveryexcited.WearelookingforwardtotheOlympicGames.WehaveneverbeenheldOlympicGamesbeforeinourcountry.WeareallveryexcitedandarelookingforwardtotheOlympicGames

becausetheyhaveneverbeenheldbeforeinourcountry.Thefishhasbeensenttoamuseum.Inthemuseum,ascientistisexaminingit.Thefishiscalledanoarfish.Thefish,whichhasbeensenttoamuseumwhereitisbeingexaminedbyascientist,iscalledanoarfish.Weareallveryexcited.94.Compound-complexsentencesAsentencethathastwoormoremainclauses(MC)andatleastonesubordinateclause(SC)iscalledacompound-complexsentence.Itismerelyacombinationofacompoundsentenceandacomplexsentence.Thepunctuationofcompound-complexsentencesfollowstherulesgivenbelowforcompoundandcomplexsentences.Generally,twomainclausesmaybejoinedby1)Coordinatingconjunctions:MC+,+and+MC.2)Conjunctiveadverbs:MC+;+therefore+,+MC.4.Compound-complexsentences10Asubordinateclausemaybeintroducedby1)Subordinateconjunctions(foradverbclause)

SC+,+MC.orMC+SC.2)Relativepronouns(foradjectiveclause)

Main+essentialSC+Clause.or

M+,+non-essentialSC+,C.3)Relativepronounoradverbs(fornounclauses)

Usually,nopunctuationsisneededfornounclauses.Asubordinateclause11Helookedathiswatch.Hesawthatitwasoneo'clock.Thebellstruckthirteentimes.Thenitstopped.Lookingathiswatch,hesawthatitwasoneo'clock,butthebellstruckthirteentimes

beforeitstopped.Thecatlookedverywell.Itwasratherthirsty.Itdrankhalfabottleofmilk.Thecatlookedverywellalthoughitwasratherthirsty,foritdrankhalfabottleofmilk.Helookedathiswatch.12Combinethesimplesentencesineachsetintoacompoundsentences,acomplexsentenceoracompound-complexsentence.

1.Danielheardthenews.

Hewasmostsurprised.Danielwasmostsurprisedwhenheheardthenews.

2.Thegodhastheheadofacow.

Itwasusuallyplacedinsideamummy.Thisgodwhichhastheheadofacowwasusuallyplacedinsideamummy.

3.Aweekbefore,hehadcompletedanoverlandflight.

Flightwassuccessful.

Duringtheflighthecoveredtwenty-sixmiles.Aweekbefore,hehadcompletedasuccessfuloverlandflightduringwhichhecoveredtwenty-sixmiles.Combinethesimplesentencesi134.RobertandIwentintothelivingroom.

Therewetalked.

Ourtalklastedforacoupleofhours.RobertandIwentintothelivingroomwherewetalkedforacoupleofhours.

5.Hereturnshomeatnight.

Healwaysfindsthis.

Someonehasparkedacar.

ThecarisoutsidehisgateWhenhereturnshomeatnight,healwaysfindsthatsomeonehasparkedacaroutsidehisgate.

6.Alightplaneflewoffcourse.

Theplanecarriespassengers.

Itcrashedinthemountains.

Itspilotwaskilled.Whenalightpassengerplaneflewoffcourse,itcrashedinthemountainsanditspilotwaskilled.4.RobertandIwentintot14Choppy/StringySentencesChoppysentencesandstringysentencesaretwooppositeextremes.Bothareconsideredaspoorstylethatyoushouldendeavortoavoidusingtheminyourwriting.Choppysentencesaresentencesthataretooshort.Theyaretheresultofusingtoomanyshortandsimplesentences,likethosethatfollow.

Thewallwasextremelynarrow.Themanwasunabletomove.Thefirefighterscutahugeholeinthewall.Theywereeventuallyabletofreehim.Choppy/StringySentences15

Choppysentencesareeasytocorrect.Justcombinetwoorthreeshortsentencestomakeonecompoundorcomplexsentence.Yourdecisiontomakeacompoundoracomplexsentenceshouldbebasedonwhethertheideasintheshortsentenceareequalorwhetheroneideaisdependentontheother.Inthisway,wecanimprovethechoppysentencesaboveasfollows.

Asthewallwasextremelynarrow,themanwasunabletomove,butthefirefighterswereeventuallyabletofreehimbycuttingahugeholeinthewall.Choppysentencesare16

Stringysentencesaresentencesthataretoolong.Theyaretheresultofusingtoomanyclauseswhichareconnectedwithcoordinatingconjunctions(and,but,so,etc.),subordinatingconjunctions(because,after,before,when,etc.)orrelativepronouns(that,which,who,etc.),formingoneverylongsentence,liketheonethatfollows.

MyoldfriendwhowascalledHarrisonhadlivedintheMediterraneanformanyyearsbeforehereturnedtoEngland,inwhichhehadoftendreamedofretiringandhadplannedtosettledown,sohehadnosoonerreturnedthanheboughtahouseandwenttolivethere.Stringysentencesarese17Tocorrectastringysentence,breakthesentenceintotwoormoresentencesorturnsomeofthecompletethoughtsintophrasesorsubordinateclauses.

Myoldfriend,Harrison,hadlivedintheMediterraneanformanyyearsbeforehereturnedtoEngland.HehadoftendreamedofretiringinEnglandandhadplannedtosettledowninthecountry.Hehadnosoonerreturnedthanheboughtahouseandwenttolivethere.Tocorrectastringy18Correctthefollowingchoppyorstringysentences.Pollutionistheprice.Wepayforthepriceforourplanet.Itisoverpopulated.Itisoverindustrialized.Wetookapath.Itledoutofthetown.Wecrossedafewfields.Wecametoadensewood.Thepathcontinuedontheotherside.Wecouldseethat.Howcouldwegetacrossthestream?Wehadnoidea.Ilookedup.Isawsomechildren.Theywereinrags.Theysurroundedus.Theyweresilent.Theywerelookingatus.Theysawuseating.AfterIhadhadlunchatavillagepub,Ilookedformybag,butnowitwasn'ttherethoughIhadleftitonachairbesidethedoor.Towardsevening,theboatstruckarockandthegirljumpedintotheseaandthensheswamtotheshoreaftershehadspentinthewaterthewholenight,duringwhichshecoveredadistanceofeightmiles.Correctthefollowingchoppyo19Keys:Pollutionisthepricewepayforanoverpopulated,overindustrializedplanet.Takingapathwhichledoutofthetown,wecrossedafewfieldsuntilwecametoadensewood.Wecouldseethatthepathcontinuedontheotherside,butwehadnoideahowwecouldgetacrossthestream.Lookingup,Isawthatweweresurroundedbychildreninragswhowerelookingatussilentlyasweate.AfterIhadhadlunchatavillagepub,Ilookedformybag.Ihadleftitonachairbesidethedoorandnowitwasn'tthere!Towardsevening,theboatstruckarockandthegirljumpedintothesea.Thensheswamtotheshoreafterspendingthewholenightinthewater.Duringthattimeshecoveredadistanceofeightmiles.Keys:20Assignment：Theexerciseinthissectionistocreateeffectivepassagesbycombiningtheshortsentenceswhichyouthinkisrelatedintolonger,

morecomplexones.Iftherearesomemistakes,correctthem.Passage1(AdaptedfromLesson3,NewConceptEnglishIIIbyL.G.Alexander)

Notlongago,ontheAegeanislandofKea,archaeologistsmadeaninterestingdiscovery.TherewasatempleinanancientcityonthepromontoryofAyiaIrini.AnAmericanteamexploredit.Thecitymustbeprosperousforaperiodoftime.Itoncehadahighlevelofcivilization