北京第二外國語學(xué)院《綜合考試（英1）》歷年考研真題及詳解

2007年北京第二外國語學(xué)院412綜合考試（英2）考研真題及詳解第一部分語言學(xué)（50分）PartOneLinguistics(50points)Ⅰ.Completeeachofthefollowingstatements.(8points,1pointeach)1.Thedifferentmembersofaphoneme,soundswhicharephoneticallydifferentbutdonotmakeoneworddifferentfromanotherinmeaning,are_____.【答案】allophones查看答案【解析】本題考查音位變體的含義。同一個音位在不同語音環(huán)境中的實現(xiàn)方式被稱為該音位的音位變體。2.AccordingtoG.Leech,_____meaningreferstowhatiscommunicatedofthefeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker/writer.【答案】affective查看答案【解析】本題考查感情意義的含義。感情意義所傳達(dá)的是關(guān)于說話人/作者感情、態(tài)度方面的意義。3.Termslike“apple”,“banana”and“pear”are_____oftheterm“fruit”.【答案】hyponyms查看答案【解析】本題考查上下義關(guān)系。上下義關(guān)系是指意義內(nèi)包關(guān)系或者說一種類和成員間的關(guān)系。位于這種意義關(guān)系上位的詞語，即類名，叫做上坐標(biāo)詞；居于下位的是成員，叫做下義詞。一個坐標(biāo)詞通常有很多下義詞。同類中的成員叫做同下義詞。4.Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.Thisqualityislabeledas_____.【答案】displacement查看答案【解析】本題考查語言的移位性。移位性是指人類語言可以讓使用者在交際時用語言符號代表時間上和空間上并不可及的物體、事件和觀點。移位性賦予人們的概括和想象力使人類受益無窮。5.Thesound[p]canbedescribedwith“_____,bilabial,stop”.【答案】voiceless查看答案【解析】本題考查音素的特征。[p]是清輔音，雙唇音和爆破音。6.Semanticsand_____investigatedifferentaspectsoflinguisticmeaning.【答案】pragmatics查看答案【解析】本題考查語義學(xué)和語用學(xué)的差異。語義學(xué)研究的是語言最基本的本質(zhì)的含義，而語用學(xué)研究的是語言在特定語境中的含義。7._____isthetechnicalnameforthesamenessrelation.【答案】synonymy查看答案【解析】本題考查同義關(guān)系。同義關(guān)系表達(dá)的就是相同的語義關(guān)系。8.Chomskyinitiatedthedistinctionbetween_____andperformance.【答案】competence查看答案【解析】本題考查語言能力和語言使用的二分法。喬姆斯基最先對二者做出區(qū)分。Ⅱ.Tellifeachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.(8points,1pointeach)9.Thelastsoundof“top”canbearticulatedasanunreleasedorreleasedplosive.Thesedifferentrealizationsofthesamephonemearenotincomplementarydistribution.【答案】T查看答案【解析】本題考查自由變體的含義。在“top”這個單詞中，末尾的發(fā)音根據(jù)地區(qū)和發(fā)音習(xí)慣的不同會有所差異，但并不屬于互補分布。因此該表述正確。10.Thewords“l(fā)oose”and“books”haveacommonphonemeandacommonmorphemeaswell.【答案】F(theyhaveacommonphoneme/s/butwithoutanycommonmorpheme)查看答案【解析】本題考查音素和詞素。兩個單詞具有共同的音素/u/和/s/，但沒有共同的詞素。因此該表述有誤。11.ItischaracteristicofHalliday’stheorythatmoreattentionispaidtoparadigmaticrelationsthantosyntagmaticrelations,whichisthemainconcernofChomsky.【答案】T查看答案【解析】本題考查縱聚合和橫組合關(guān)系。韓禮德語言研究的重點是意義，因此更多的關(guān)注縱聚合關(guān)系，而喬姆斯基研究的重點是形式，因此更多的關(guān)注橫組合關(guān)系。因此該表述正確。12.Accordingtotheinnatenesshypothesis,infantsarebornabletospeakalanguage.【答案】F(infantsarebornwithaninnatefacultyforlanguageingeneral;thatis,theyarebornwithsomebasicknowledgeongrammar)查看答案【解析】本題考查天賦假說。天賦假說認(rèn)為兒童生來就具備語言能力，而非生來就能說話。因此該表述有誤。13.Inthesentence“Moneyisoftensaidtobetherootofa11evil”,“root”isusedinitsconceptualmeaning.【答案】F(reflectedmeaning)查看答案【解析】本題考查聯(lián)想意義中的反射意義。反射意義是指通過同一表達(dá)方式的其他意思所傳達(dá)的意義。而概念意義是邏輯的、認(rèn)知的、外延的內(nèi)容。因此該表述有誤。14.Ofthethreecavities,pharynxcavityisthemostvariableandactiveinamplifyingandmodifyingspeechsounds.【答案】F(oralcavity)查看答案【解析】本題考查語音學(xué)中的發(fā)音器官的相關(guān)知識。口腔是發(fā)音器官中最活躍的部分。因此該表述有誤。15.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeiscalleddiachronicstudy.【答案】F(synchronicstudy)查看答案【解析】本題考查共時性語言學(xué)的含義。共時性語言學(xué)研究的是某一特定時間點或段的語言的特征。因此該表述有誤。16.Tenseandaspectaretwoimportantcategoriesoftheverb,andtheywereseparatedintraditionalgrammar.【答案】F(theywerenotseparatedintraditionalgrammar)查看答案【解析】本題考查時態(tài)和體的關(guān)系。時態(tài)與體是動詞的兩個重要范疇，傳統(tǒng)語法沒有對它們加以區(qū)分。因此該表述有誤。Ⅲ.Fulfillthefollowingrequirements.(18points)17.Distinguishbetweenthetwopossiblemeaningsofthephrasesmallchild’scotbymeansofICanalysis.(4)【答案】①small(child’scot)②(smallchild’s)cot【解析】本題考查直接成分分析法的運用。直接成分分析法便于處理和分析含糊性句子和詞組。18.Tellwhethereachoftheunderlinedpartsisendocentricorexocentric.(4)a.theprofessorwhoplagiarizedb.thedesignoutofthequestionc.theyeartofollowd.themanwhodidcome【答案】exocentric:whoplagiarized;outofthequestionendocentric:didcome;theyeartofollow【解析】本題考查向心結(jié)構(gòu)和離心結(jié)構(gòu)。向心結(jié)構(gòu)包含一個作為整體結(jié)構(gòu)的中心或核心的成分，該中心或核心可以在最后，也可以在開頭。離心結(jié)構(gòu)是指一個其成分功能不等于它的任何一個成分，沒有明顯的主詞或中心詞的結(jié)構(gòu)。19.Givethephonetictermaccordingtothefollowingdescription:(2)thesoundmadewiththebackofthetongueandthesoftpalate.【答案】velar查看答案【解析】本題考查軟腭音。20.AnalyzethefollowingdialoguewithreferencetoGrice’sCooperativePrinciple:(2)A:WhereisX?B:He’sgonetothemarket.Hesaidsowhereheleft.【答案】Inthisdialogue,thesecondmaximofQuantityisviolated,whichrequiresone’sutterancenottobeoverinformative.ThefirstpartofB’sanswerisenoughforA’squestion,butbyaddingthesecondpart,thespeakermayimplicatethatheisnotsurewhetherXhasreallygonetothelibrary.查看答案【解析】本題考查合作原則。根據(jù)對話可知，B違反了數(shù)量原則。21.Tellthesenserelationbetweenaandbineachpair:(2)【答案】1)aentailsb;2)bpresupposesa查看答案【解析】本題考查蘊涵和預(yù)設(shè)關(guān)系。句一中，由a可以推導(dǎo)出b，且若a為真，b也為真，因此a蘊涵b；句二中，由b可以得出a,但若b為假，a不一定為假，因此b預(yù)設(shè)a。22.Classifythefollowingpairsofantonyms.(4)【答案】gradable:arrogant—bashfulcomplementary:even—odd;present—absentconverse:above—below【解析】本題考查反義關(guān)系的分類。等級反義詞是分等級的，也就是說，每個反義詞的成員表示性質(zhì)是程度上的差別。對一方的否定并不一定是對另一方的肯定?；パa反義關(guān)系的成員彼此互補。也就是說它們把一個語義領(lǐng)域完全切分成兩半。反向反義關(guān)系典型地表現(xiàn)在兩兩相對的社會角色、親屬關(guān)系、時間和空間系等方面，它總是涉及兩個實體，一個預(yù)設(shè)了另一個。Ⅳ.Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.(16points,4pointseach)23.MentionalabiodentalsoundinEnglish.Tellwhatspeechorgansareinvolvedinproducinglabiodentalsounds.(4)【答案】/f/(or/v/),theupperfrontteethandthelowerlipareinvolved.查看答案【解析】本題考查雙唇音及其發(fā)音特征。24.Howmanysyllablesdoestheword“kinder”have?Whatarethey?Howmanymorphemesdoesithave?Whatarethey?(4)【答案】Therearetwosyllables:/kaɪn/and/də/,andtwomorphemes:kindand-er.查看答案【解析】本題考查音節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)和詞素，根據(jù)二者的定義即可得出答案。25.WhatlinguistictheoriesdoAmericanlinguistChomskyandAustralianlinguistHallidayrepresentrespectively?(4)【答案】Chomsky:TGgrammarandHalliday:systemic-functionalgrammar查看答案【解析】本題考查喬姆斯基和韓禮德代表性語言學(xué)理論。前者是轉(zhuǎn)換生成語法，后者是系統(tǒng)功能語法。26.Dothesuffixes-ableinworkable,-nessinworkablenesschangethewordclassofthewordstowhichtheyareattached?Aretheyboundmorphemesorfreemorphemes?Inflectionsorderivations?(4)【答案】Yes.Theyareboundmorphemes,andalsoderivations.查看答案【解析】本題考查詞綴的分類和特征。屈折詞綴和派生詞綴大多是黏著詞綴，屈折詞綴不改變單詞的詞性，只改變意義，而派生詞綴不改變語義，但改變單詞的詞性。第二部分英美文學(xué)（50分）PartTwoBritishandAmericanLiterature(50Points)Ⅰ.Completethefollowingsentencesbychoosingandmarkthebestchoice(A,B,CorD)ineachbracket.(30points,2pointsforeach)27.Generallyspeaking,itisin_____thattheEnglishLiteraryhistorystarts.A.6th.C.BC.B.5th.C.BC.C.6th.C.AD.D.5th.C.AD.【答案】D查看答案【解析】英國文學(xué)始于盎格魯-撒克遜人定居英國，即公元450年，所以是五世紀(jì)。28.KnightsoftheRoundTablearecharactersserving_____inlegends,whichdepictchivalryinearlyliterature.A.SirLancelotB.SirGodwinC.KingArthurD.KingHenryⅧ【答案】C查看答案【解析】圓桌騎士是中世紀(jì)傳說中亞瑟王宮廷里最高等的騎士，因聚會的桌子是圓桌而得名。29.Ofthefollowingworks,whichisnotwrittenbyJohnMilton?A.ParadiseLostB.MyAntoniaC.ParadiseRegainedD.SamsonAgonistes【答案】B查看答案【解析】《我的安東尼亞》是美國女作家WillaCather（薇拉·凱瑟）的作品。其余選項都是彌爾頓的作品。30.AsaliterarytrendinBritain,_____cameasaresultofdiscountofcertainenlightenersinsocialrealityinthemiddleof18thCentury.A.sentimentalismB.imagismC.SocialCriticismD.modernism【答案】A查看答案【解析】感傷主義文學(xué)是18世紀(jì)60年代至80年代末發(fā)生在英國的一股文學(xué)潮流。產(chǎn)業(yè)革命以后，現(xiàn)實矛盾加劇，人們開始對理性社會產(chǎn)生懷疑，但又無可奈何，只得寄希望于藝術(shù)和情感來表達(dá)對現(xiàn)實的不滿和逃避。31.“Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed.andsomefewtobechewedanddigested”couldbefoundin_____.A.ThomasMoore’sUtopiaB.CharlesDickson’sGreatExpectationC.JohnBunyan’sThePilgrim’sProgressD.FrancisBacon’sOfStudies【答案】D查看答案【解析】題目中節(jié)選的是弗朗西斯·培根《論讀書》里面的句子，意為“書有可淺嘗者，有可吞食者，少數(shù)則需咀嚼消化”。（王佐良譯）32.BritishRenaissancebreedsalotofgreatwriters,amongwhomare_____.①WilliamShakespeare②JohnMilton③EdmundSpencer④GeoffreyChaucerA.①②③B.①③C.①②④D.①②③④【答案】B查看答案【解析】莎士比亞、斯賓塞和喬叟都是英國文藝復(fù)興時期的偉大作家，彌爾頓則是17世紀(jì)資產(chǎn)階級革命和王朝復(fù)辟時期的代表作家。33.Theproposalof“artforart’ssake”isgivenby_____.A.OscarWildeB.HenryJamesC.HenryFieldingD.CharlesDickens【答案】A查看答案【解析】王爾德是英國唯美主義文學(xué)運動的倡導(dǎo)者。34.ThomasHardy’smasterpiecesettingontheBritishcountrylifeis_____.A.PamelaB.EmmaC.JaneEyreD.TessoftheD’Urbervilles【答案】D查看答案【解析】只有《德伯家的苔絲》是哈代的作品，以威塞克斯鄉(xiāng)村為背景。選項A《帕米拉》的作者是SamuelRichardson（塞繆爾·理查森）；選項B《愛瑪》的作者是JaneAusten（簡·奧斯?。?，選項C的作者是CharlotteBrontë（夏洛特·勃朗蒂）。35.Earlyin_____,theEnglishsettlementsinVirginiaandMassachusettsstartedthemainstreamoftheAmericannationalhistory.A.14th.C.B.15th.C.C.17th.C.D.16th.C.【答案】C查看答案【解析】17世紀(jì)初，英國人在弗吉尼亞和馬薩諸塞定居，這也是美國歷史的開端。36.BenjaminFranklinisnotmerelyanoutstandingpolitician,atalentedinventorbutalsoafamedliterarygiant.Hisautobiographysettheexampleofpracticing_____moraldisciplineswhichgaveprofoundinfluencesasthenationalspirit.A.Quaker’sB.PuritanC.AnglicanChristianD.Easter’s【答案】B查看答案【解析】富蘭克林是一位虔誠的清教徒，他的《自傳》是奉行清教道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的典范，對塑造美國精神產(chǎn)生了重大影響。37.JamesFennimoreCooper’snovel_____isthefirsttorevealthewestandNativeAmericans’lifeinapassionateway.A.GoDown,MosesB.TheLastoftheMohicansC.Winesburg,OhioD.O,Pioneers!【答案】B查看答案【解析】《最后的莫西干人》是庫柏《皮襪子》五部曲之一，描寫的是美國西部邊疆和美洲土著印第安人的生活。選項A《去吧，摩西》的作者是WilliamFaulkner（威廉·?？思{）；選項C《小城畸人》的作者是SherwoodAnderson（舍伍德·安德森）；選項D的作者是女作家WillaCather（薇拉·凱瑟）。38.RealisminAmericanliteraturestretchesfrom_____totheendof19th.C.A.early17th.C.B.early18th.C.C.AmericanCivilWarD.Spanish-AmericanWar【答案】C查看答案【解析】美國的現(xiàn)實主義階段是從南北戰(zhàn)爭到19世紀(jì)。39.WestHumorisbestrepresentedin_____’sshortstorywriting.A.OHenryB.FlanneryO’ConnorC.HenryJamesD.MarkTwain【答案】D查看答案【解析】美國西部幽默的代表人物是馬克·吐溫。40._____arenotonlypoetsbutalsoliterarycritics.①EdgarAllanPoe②CarlSandburg③T.S.Eliot④EzraPoundA.①③④B.①②③C.①②④D.①②③④【答案】A查看答案【解析】愛倫·坡、艾略特和龐德都既是詩人，又是文學(xué)評論家，只有桑德堡只是詩人。41.“Thelostgeneration”referstothewriterswhorelocatedtoParisinthepostWWⅠyearstorejectthevaluesofAmericanmaterialism.Allthefollowingbut_____areinvolvedinthisgroup.A.F.S.FitzgeraldB.ErnestHemingwayC.TheodoreDreiserD.JohnDosPassos【答案】C查看答案【解析】菲茨杰拉德、海明威和帕索斯都屬于“迷惘的一代”，選項C德萊塞則是一位自然主義作家。Ⅱ.Explainthefollowingliteraryphrasesandindicateatleastonerepresentativewriterwithoneofhismajorworksrespectively.(9points)42.HarlemRenaissance(3points)【答案】TheHarlemRenaissancereferstothefloweringofAfricanAmericanculturalandintellectuallifeduringthe1920sand1930s.Atthetime,itwasknownasthe“NewNegroMovement”,namedafterthe1925anthologyTheNewNegroeditedbyAlainLocke.CenteredintheHarlemneighborhoodofNewYorkCity,themovementimpactedurbancentersthroughouttheUnitedStates.Challengingwhitepaternalismandracism,African-AmericanartistsandintellectualsrejectedimitatingthestylesofEuropeansandwhiteAmericansandinsteadcelebratedblackdignityandcreativity.查看答案43.BlackHumor(3points)【答案】Blackhumorisamajorliterarytrendpopularin1960sinAmerica.CoinedbyFrenchwriterAndréBreton,thetermismostlyemployedtodescribebaleful,naiveorineptcharactersinafantasticornightmarishmodernworldplayingouttheirrolesina“tragicfarce”,inwhichtheeventsareoftensimultaneouslycomic,horrifyingandabsurd.ThegreatrepresentativesofBlackHumorworksareJosephHeller’sCatch-22,KurtVonnegut’sSlaughterhouse-Fiveandsoon.查看答案44.AmericanNaturalism(3points)【答案】AmericanNaturalismappearsinthelate19thtoearly20thcentury.Themovementwasinspiredbytheprinciplesandmethodsofnaturalscience,especiallyDarwinism,whichwereadaptedtoliteratureandart.Inliterature,naturalismextendedthetraditionofrealism,aimingatanevenmorefaithful,pseudoscientificrepresentationofreality,presentedwithoutmoraljudgment.Charactersinnaturalisticliteraturetypicallyillustratethedeterministicroleofheredityandenvironmentonhumanlife.TypicalAmericanNaturalismisrepresentedbyStephenCrane’sTheRedBadgeofCourage,FrankNorris’sMcTeagueandTheodoreDreiser’sSisterCarrier.Ⅲ.Readthefollowingpoemandanswerthequestions.(11points)LordByron’s“SheWalksinBeauty”isamongthemostmemorableandmostquotedpoemsinromanticpoetry.InJune,1814,Byronattendedapartywherehewasinspiredbythesightofhiscousin,thebeautifulMrs.Wilmot,whowaswearingablackspangledmourningdress,anditbecametheessenceofthispoemabouther.SheWalksinBeauty45.Summarizethecharmoftheladywho“walksinbeauty”(3points)【答案】Shewalksinbeautylikethenightofcloudlessclimesandstarryskies,withheraspectandhereyescombingallthatisbestofdarkandbright.Theglowofherfaceisperfectwithshadesandraysintherightproportion.Shepossessesanamelessgracethatispureanddear.Therearesmilesandtintsonhersoft,calm,yeteloquentcheeks,showingherinnerbeauty.查看答案46.Whatfiguresofspeechareusedinthispoem?Couldyougivesomeexamples?(4points)【答案】SimileandContrastareusedinthepoem.Forexample,inthefirsttwosentences,theladywalksinbeauty,“l(fā)ikethenightofcloudlessclimesandstarryskies”.Itisasimile.Contrastisrepeatedalongthepoem.Forexample,thepoetuseswordsreferringtothelight,like“bright”,“l(fā)ight”,“ray”or“glow”,andtheiroppositewordsreferringtodarknesslike“night”,“dark”,“shade”or“raven”.查看答案47.Howdoesthispoemreflectfeaturesofromanticpoetry?(4points)【答案】Thepoemreflectsthefeaturesofromanticpoetryfromseveralaspects:①Beauty,loveandnaturearethemainthemesofromanticpoetry.Inthispoem,thespeakerusesnaturalelementssuchasnight,lightandstarryskiestodescribethebeautyoftheyounglady.②Theromanticistsbelievethatthepoetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings.Inthispoem,Byronexpresseshisinstantfeelingatthemomentwhenheseestheyounglady.③Totheromanticists,thepure,dearandinnocentheartisthemostpreciousthing.InSheWalksinBeauty,thebeautyoftheladyliesintheinnocenceandpurityofhermind,ratherthanherappearance.【參考譯文】她走在美的光影里，好像/無云的夜空，繁星閃爍；/明與暗的最美的形相/交會于她的容顏和眼波，/融成一片恬淡的清光——/濃艷的白天得不到的恩澤。/多一道陰影，少一縷光茫，/都會損害那難言的優(yōu)美：/美在她綹綹黑發(fā)上飄蕩，/在她的腮頰上灑布柔輝；/愉悅的思想在那兒頌揚/這神圣寓所的純潔、高貴。/那臉頰，那眉宇，幽嫻、沉靜，/情意卻勝似萬語千言；/迷人的笑容，灼人的紅暈，/顯示溫情伴送著芳年；/和平的、涵容一切的靈魂！/蘊蓄著真純愛情的心田?。畹略プg）第三部分英美社會文化（50分）PartThreeBritishandAmericanSocietyandCulture(50points)Instructions:YouarerequiredtoanswerallthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.Ⅰ.Explainthefollowing(30points,10pointseach)48.theProtestantReformation【答案】TheProtestantReformationwasareligiousreformmovementthatstartedin1517,whentheGermanmonkMartinLutherpostedfordebateaseriesofthesesthatchallengedRomanCatholicteaching.ThosewhoseparatedthemselvesfromCatholicChurchwerecalledProtestants.MostoftheProtestantsstresstheBibleasthesourceandnormofteachinginsteadofthePopeasthesourceofauthority.查看答案49.theseparationofpowers【答案】InfluencedbyMontesquieu’stheoryofdivisionofpowers,theUSConstitutionruledthatpoliticalstructuresshouldshareoutpoliticalpowerbetweenlegislative,executiveandjudicialauthorities.Thesethreeauthoritiesshouldexercisechecksagainsteachother,andtheyarethusinbalance.SeparationofpowersisthemostimportantprincipleofthepoliticalsystemoftheUS.查看答案50.child-centeredculture【答案】TheAmericansaresodevotedandpermissivetowardtheirchildrenthattheycreateachild-centeredculture.Theambitionsofparentsaremoreoftenrelatedtotheirchildren’s1ivesthantotheirown.Americanparentstrytogivetheiryoungstersmanyopportunitiestodevelopskillsandworthwhileinterests.Duringthesummer,parentstrytogivetheirchildrenmanyotherkindsoflearningexperiencesthroughcampingortraveling.查看答案Ⅱ.Answerthefollowingquestion(20points)WritebrieflyabouttheCongressionalelectionintheUSAthisyearandcommentonthiselectiontogetherwiththeAmericanpoliticalsysteminabout500words.【答案】(1)ThecongressionalelectionisheldeverytwoyearsintheUnitedStatestoelectmembersofCongress.Congress,thesupremelegislativebranch,consistsoftheHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenate.Bothoftheirmembersareelecteddirectlybyvotersofallofthe50states,andrepresenttheinterestsofeverystaterespectively.(2)Ineverytwoconsecutivecongressionalelections,oneisheldatthesametimeasthepresidentialelectionisgoingon,whiletheotherone,whichiscalledmid-termelection,isheldbetweentwopresidentialelections.(3)Mid-termelectionisusuallyheldonthefirstweek’sTuesdayinNovember.Andthisyear’smid-termelectionwasheldonNovember7th.Inthiselection,allofthe435membersintheHouseofRepresentatives,33membersintheSenate,andthegovernorsof36stateshavebeenelected.(4)Afterfiercecompetition,theDemocraticPartyhasgainedacompletevictoryintheelection,winningthecontrolpowerofboththeHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenate.ThiswasthefirsttimefortheDemocraticPartytoacquirethecontrolpoweroftheCongressoverthepast12years.(5)ThevictoryoftheDemocraticPartyhasshowedthatforeignaffairshaveagreatinfluenceoninternalaffairs.RepublicanshavelostgroundpartlybecauseofthebadpolicytowardIraqadoptedbyBushadministration.However,theDemocraticPartyhastakenadvantageoftheproblemofIraqtogetmorevoters’support.(6)Congressionalelectionhasdecisiveinfluenceon