國(guó)際能源署-2021年全球氫回顧（英）-224正式版

GlobalHydrogenReview2021INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYTheIEAexaminesthefullspectrumofenergyissuesincludingoil,gasandcoalsupplyanddemand,renewableenergytechnologies,electricitymarkets,energyefficiency,accesstoenergy,demandsidemanagementandmuchmore.Throughitswork,theIEAadvocatespoliciesthatwillenhancethereliability,affordabilityandsustainabilityofenergyinits30membercountries,8associationcountriesandbeyond.IEAmembercountries:AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzechRepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnitedKingdomUnitedStatesIEAassociationcountries:BrazilChinaIndiaIndonesiaMoroccoGermanyGreeceHungaryPleasenotethatthispublicationissubjecttospecificrestrictionsthatlimititsuseanddistribution.Thetermsandconditionsareavailableonlineat/t&c/IrelandItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoSingaporeSouthAfricaThailandThispublicationandanymapincludedhereinarewithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinternationalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.NetherlandsNewZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovakRepublicSource:IEA.Allrightsreserved.InternationalEnergyAgencyWebsite:ExecutivesummaryGlobalHydrogenReview2021ExecutivesummaryPAGE|4ExecutivesummaryGlobalHydrogenReview2021ExecutiveSummaryAfterseveralfalsestarts,anewbeginningaroundthecornerupto54GWby2030.Another40projectsaccountingformorethan35GWofcapacityareinearlystagesofdevelopment.Ifallthoseprojectsarerealised,globalhydrogensupplyfromelectrolyserscouldreachmorethan8Mtby2030.Whilesignificant,thisisstillwellbelowthe80MtrequiredbythatyearinthepathwaytonetzeroCO2emissionsby2050setoutintheIEARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector.Thetimeisripetotapintohydrogen’spotentialcontributiontoasustainableenergysystem.In2019,atthetimeofthereleaseoftheIEA’slandmarkreportTheFutureofHydrogenfortheG20,onlyFrance,JapanandKoreahadstrategiesfortheuseofhydrogen.Today,17governmentshavereleasedhydrogenstrategies,morethan20governmentshavepubliclyannouncedtheyareworkingtodevelopstrategies,andnumerouscompaniesareseekingtotapintohydrogenbusinessopportunities.Sucheffortsaretimely:hydrogenwillbeneededforanenergysystemwithnetzeroemissions.IntheIEA’sNetZeroby2050:ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector,hydrogenuseextendstoseveralpartsoftheenergysectorandgrowssixfoldfromtoday’slevelstomeet10%oftotalfinalenergyconsumptionby2050.Thisisallsuppliedfromlow-carbonsources.Europeisleadingelectrolysercapacitydeployment,with40%ofglobalinstalledcapacity,andissettoremainthelargestmarketintheneartermonthebackoftheambitioushydrogenstrategiesoftheEuropeanUnionandtheUnitedKingdom.

Australia’splanssuggestitcouldcatchupwithEuropeinafewyears;LatinAmericaandtheMiddleEastareexpectedtodeploylargeamountsofcapacityaswell,inparticularforexport.ThePeople’sRepublicofChina(“China”)madeaslowstart,butitsnumberofprojectannouncementsisgrowingfast,andtheUnitedStatesissteppingupambitionswithitsrecentlyannouncedHydrogenEarthshot.Hydrogensuppliesarebecomingcleaner…tooslowlyHydrogendemandstoodat90Mtin2020,practicallyallforrefiningandindustrialapplicationsandproducedalmostexclusivelyfromSixteenprojectsforproducinghydrogenfromfossilfuelswithcarboncapture,utilisationandstorage(CCUS)areoperationaltoday,producing0.7Mtofhydrogenannually.Another50projectsareunderdevelopmentand,ifrealised,couldincreasetheannualhydrogenproductiontomorethan9Mtby2030.CanadaandtheUnitedStatesleadintheproductionofhydrogenfromfossilfuelswithCCUS,withmorethan80%ofglobalcapacityproduction,althoughtheUnitedfossilfuels,resultingincloseto900MtofCO2emissions.Butthereareencouragingsignsofprogress.Globalcapacityofelectrolysers,whichareneededtoproducehydrogenfromelectricity,doubledoverthelastfiveyearstoreachjustover300MWbymid-2021.Around350projectscurrentlyunderdevelopmentcouldbringglobalcapacityPAGE|5ExecutivesummaryGlobalHydrogenReview2021KingdomandtheNetherlandsarepushingtobecomeleadersinthefieldandaccountforamajorpartoftheprojectsunderdevelopment.startattheendof2021.Severalprojectsatascaleoftensofkilotonnesofhydrogenareexpectedtobecomeoperationaloverthenexttwotothreeyears.Demonstrationprojectsforusinghydrogeninindustrialapplicationssuchascement,ceramicsorglassmanufacturingarealsounderdevelopment.ExpandingthereachofhydrogenuseHydrogencanbeusedinmanymoreapplicationsthanthosecommontoday.Althoughthisstillaccountsforasmallshareoftotalhydrogendemand,recentprogresstoexpanditsreachhasbeenstrong,particularlyintransport.Thecostofautomotivefuelcellshasfallenby70%since2008thankstotechnologicalprogressandgrowingsalesoffuelcellelectricvehicles(FCEVs).ThankstotheeffortsbyKorea,theUnitesStates,ChinaandJapan,thenumberofFCEVsontheroadgrewmorethansixfoldfrom7000in2017toover43000bymid-2021.In2017,practicallyallFCEVswerepassengercars.Today,one-fiftharebusesandtrucks,indicatingashifttothelong-distancesegmentwherehydrogencanbettercompetewithelectricvehicles.However,thetotalnumberofFCEVsisstillwellbelowtheestimated11millionelectricvehiclesontheroadtoday.Severaldemonstrationprojectsfortheuseofhydrogen-basedfuelsinrail,shippingandaviationarealreadyunderdevelopmentandareexpectedtoopennewopportunitiesforcreatinghydrogendemand.GovernmentsneedtoscaleupambitionsandsupportdemandcreationCountriesthathaveadoptedhydrogenstrategieshavecommittedatleastUSD37billion;theprivatesectorhasannouncedanadditionalinvestmentofUSD300billion.Butputtingthehydrogensectorontrackfornetzeroemissionsby2050requiresUSD1200billionofinvestmentinlow-carbonhydrogensupplyandusethroughto2030.Thefocusofmostgovernmentpoliciesisonproducinglow-carbonhydrogen.Measurestoincreasedemandarereceivinglessattention.Japan,Korea,FranceandtheNetherlandshaveadoptedtargetsforFCEVdeployment.Butboostingtheroleoflow-carbonhydrogenincleanenergytransitionsrequiresastepchangeindemandcreation.Governmentsarestartingtoannounceawidevarietyofpolicyinstruments,includingcarbonprices,auctions,quotas,mandatesandrequirementsinpublicprocurement.Mostofthesemeasureshavenotyetenteredintoforce.Theirquickandwidespreadenactmentcouldunlockmoreprojectstoscaleuphydrogendemand.Hydrogenisakeypillarofdecarbonisationforindustry,althoughmostofthetechnologiesthatcancontributesignificantlyarestillnascent.Majorstepsarebeingtaken.Theworld’sfirstpilotprojectforproducingcarbon-freesteelusinglow-carbonhydrogenbeganoperationthisyearinSweden.InSpain,apilotprojectfortheuseofvariablerenewables-basedhydrogenforammoniaproductionwillPAGE|6ExecutivesummaryGlobalHydrogenReview2021Low-carbonhydrogencanbecomecompetitivewithinthenextdecadeMeetingclimatepledgesrequiresfasterandmoredecisiveactionAkeybarrierforlow-carbonhydrogenisthecostgapwithhydrogenfromunabatedfossilfuels.Atpresent,producinghydrogenfromfossilfuelsisthecheapestoptioninmostpartsoftheworld.Dependingonregionalgasprices,thelevelisedcostofhydrogenproductionfromnaturalgasrangesfromUSD0.5toUSD1.7perkilogramme(kg).UsingCCUStechnologiestoreducetheCO2emissionsfromhydrogenproductionincreasesthelevelisedcostofproductiontoaroundUSD1toUSD2perkg.UsingrenewableelectricitytoproducehydrogencostsUSD3toUSD8perkg.Whiletheadoptionofhydrogenasacleanfuelisaccelerating,itstillfallsshortofwhatisrequiredtohelpreachnetzeroemissionsby2050.Ifalltheannouncedindustrialplansarerealised,by2030:Totalhydrogendemandcouldgrowashighas105Mt–comparedwithmorethan200MtintheNZEScenario

Low-carbonhydrogenproductioncouldreachmorethan17Mt–one-eighthoftheproductionlevelrequiredintheNZEScenarioElectrolysiscapacitycouldriseto90GW–wellbelowthenearly850GWintheNZEScenarioThereissignificantscopeforcuttingproductioncoststhroughtechnologyinnovationandincreaseddeployment.ThepotentialisreflectedintheIEA’sNetZeroEmissionsby2050Scenario(NZEScenario)inwhichhydrogenfromrenewablesfallstoaslowasUSD1.3perkgby2030inregionswithexcellentrenewableresources(rangeUSD1.3-3.5perkg),comparablewiththecostofhydrogenfromnaturalgaswithCCUS.Inthelongerterm,hydrogencostsfromrenewableelectricityfallaslowasUSD1perkg(rangeUSD1.0-3.0perkg)intheNZEScenario,makinghydrogenfromsolarPVcost-competitivewithhydrogenfromnaturalgasevenwithoutCCUSinseveralregions.Upto6millionFCEVscouldbedeployed–40%ofthelevelofdeploymentintheNZEScenario(15millionFCEVs)Muchfasteradoptionoflow-carbonhydrogenisneededtoputtheworldontrackforasustainableenergysystemby2050.DevelopingaglobalhydrogenmarketcanhelpcountrieswithlimiteddomesticsupplypotentialwhileprovidingexportopportunitiesforcountrieswithlargerenewableorCO2storagepotential.Thereisalsoaneedtoacceleratetechnologyinnovationefforts.Severalcriticalhydrogentechnologiestodayareinearlystagesofdevelopment.WeestimatethatUSD90billionofpublicmoneyneedstobechanneledintocleanenergyinnovationworldwideasquicklyaspossible–witharoundhalfofitdedicatedtohydrogen-relatedtechnologies.PAGE|7ExecutivesummaryGlobalHydrogenReview2021Strongerinternationalco-operation:akeyleaverforsuccessInternationalco-operationiscriticaltoacceleratetheadoptionofhydrogen.JapanhasspearheadeddevelopmentsthroughtheHydrogenEnergyMinisterialMeetingsince2018.Severalbilateralandmultilateralco-operationagreementsandinitiativeshavesincebeenannounced,includingtheCleanEnergyMinisterialHydrogenInitiative,theHydrogenMissionofMissionInnovationandtheGlobalPartnershipforHydrogenoftheUnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganization.ThesejointheexistingInternationalPartnershipforHydrogenandFuelCellsintheEconomyandtheIEAHydrogenandAdvancedFuelCellsTechnologyCollaborationProgramme.Strongercoordinationamongsuchinitiativesisimportanttoavoidduplicationofeffortsandensureefficientprogress.PAGE|8ExecutivesummaryGlobalHydrogenReview2021IEApolicyrecommendationsMobiliseinvestmentinproduction,infrastructureandfactories:Apolicyframeworkthatstimulatesdemandcan,inturn,promptinvestmentinlow-carbonproductionplants,infrastructureandmanufacturingcapacity.However,withoutstrongerpolicyaction,thisprocesswillnothappenatthenecessarypacetomeetclimategoals.Providingtailor-madesupporttoselectedshovel-readyflagshipprojectscankick-startthescalingupoflow-carbonhydrogenandthedevelopmentofinfrastructuretoconnectsupplysourcestodemandcentresandmanufacturingcapacitiesfromwhichlaterprojectscanbenefit.Adequateinfrastructureplanningiscriticaltoavoiddelaysorthecreationofassetsthatcanbecomestrandedinthenearormediumterm.

Governmentsmusttakealeadintheenergytransformation.InTheFutureofHydrogen,theIEAidentifiedaseriesofrecommendationsfornear-termaction.Thisreportoffersmoredetailabouthowpoliciescanacceleratetheadoptionofhydrogenasacleanfuel:Developstrategiesandroadmapsontheroleofhydrogeninenergysystems:Nationalhydrogenstrategiesandroadmapswithconcretetargetsfordeployinglow-carbonproductionand,particularly,stimulatingsignificantdemandarecriticaltobuildstakeholderconfidenceaboutthepotentialmarketforlow-carbonhydrogen.Thisisavitalfirststeptocreatemomentumandtriggermoreinvestmentstoscaleupandacceleratedeployment.

Providestronginnovationsupporttoensurecriticaltechnologiesreachcommercialisationsoon:Continuousinnovationisessentialtodrivedowncostsandincreasethecompetitivenessofhydrogentechnologies.Unlockingthefullpotentialdemandforhydrogenwillrequirestrongdemonstrationeffortsoverthenextdecade.AnincreaseofR&Dbudgetsandsupportfordemonstrationprojectsisurgentlyneededtomakesurekeyhydrogentechnologiesreachcommercialisationassoonaspossible.

Createincentivesforusinglow-carbonhydrogentodisplaceunabatedfossilfuels:Demandcreationislaggingbehindwhatisneededtohelpputtheworldontracktoreachnet-zeroemissionsby2030.Itiscriticaltoincreaseconcretemeasuresonthisfronttotapintohydrogen’sfullpotentialasacleanenergyvector.Currently,low-carbonhydrogenismorecostlytousethanunabatedfossil-basedhydrogeninareaswherehydrogenisalreadybeingemployed–anditismorecostlytousethanfossilfuelsinareaswherehydrogencouldeventuallyreplacethem.Somecountriesarealreadyusingcarbonpricingtoclosethiscostgapbutthisisnotenough.Wideradoptioncombinedwithotherpolicyinstrumentslikeauctions,mandates,quotasandhydrogenrequirementsinpublicprocurementcanhelpde-riskinvestmentsandimprovetheeconomicfeasibilityoflow-carbonhydrogen.

Establishappropriatecertification,standardisationandregulationregimes:Theadoptionofhydrogenwillspawnnewvaluechains.Thiswillrequiremodifyingcurrentregulatoryframeworksanddefiningnewstandardsandcertificationschemestoremovebarrierspreventingwidespreadadoption.Internationalagreementonmethodologytocalculatethecarbonfootprintofhydrogenproductionisparticularlyimportanttoensurethathydrogenproductionistrulylow-carbon.Itwillalsoplayafundamentalroleindevelopingaglobalhydrogenmarket.

PAGE|9IntroductionGlobalHydrogenReview2021IntroductionPAGE|10IntroductionGlobalHydrogenReview2021OverviewIntherun-uptothe26thConferenceofthePartiestotheUNFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(COP26),agrowingnumberofcountriesareannouncingtargetstoachievenetzeroGHGemissionsoverthenextdecades.Inturn,morethan100companiesthatconsumelargevolumesofenergyorproduceenergy‐consuminggoodshavefollowedsuit.AsdemonstratedintheIEANet

zeroby2050

roadmap,achievingthesetargetswillrequireimmediateactiontoturnthe2020sintoadecadeofmassivecleanenergyexpansion.deployment,andduringthe6thMissionInnovationMinisterial,theCleanHydrogenMissiontoreducethecostofcleanhydrogenwasannounced.ThisGlobalHydrogenReviewisanoutputofH2IthatisintendedtoinformenergysectorstakeholdersonthecurrentstatusandfutureprospectsofhydrogenandserveasaninputtothediscussionsattheHEMofJapan.ItcomprehensivelyexamineswhatisneededtoaddressclimatechangeandcomparesactualprogresswithstatedgovernmentandindustryambitionsandwithkeyactionsannouncedintheGlobalActionAgendalaunchedintheHEM2019.Focusingonhydrogen’susefulnessinmeetingclimategoals,thisReviewaimstohelpdecisionmakersfine-tunestrategiestoattractinvestmentandfacilitatedeploymentofhydrogentechnologieswhilealsocreatingdemandforhydrogenandhydrogen-basedfuels.Hydrogenwillneedtoplayanimportantroleinthetransitiontonetzeroemissions.SincethefirstHydrogenEnergyMinisterial(HEM)meetinginJapanin2018,momentumhasgrownandanincreasingnumberofgovernmentsandcompaniesareestablishingvisionsandplansforhydrogen.AttheOsakaSummitin2019,G20leadersemphasisedhydrogen’sroleinenablingthecleanenergytransition.TheIEApreparedthelandmarkreportTheFutureofHydrogen

forthesummit,withdetailedanalysisofthestateofhydrogentechnologiesandtheirpotentialtocontributetoenergysystemtransformation,aswellaschallengesthatneedtobeovercome.Inaddition,duringthe10thCleanEnergyMinisterial(CEM)meetinginVancouver,theHydrogenInitiative(H2I)

waslaunchedtoacceleratehydrogenThisReview’sanalysiscomprisessevenchapters.First,thechapteronpolicytrendsdescribesprogressmadebygovernmentsinadoptinghydrogen-relatedpolicies.Next,twocomprehensivechaptersonglobalhydrogendemandandsupplyprovidein-depthanalysesofrecentadvancesindifferentsectorsandtechnologiesandexplorehowtrendscouldevolveinthemediumandlongterm.PAGE|11IntroductionGlobalHydrogenReview2021Achapteroninfrastructureandhydrogentradeemphasisestheneedtodevelopboththeseareaswhilerampingupdemandandsupply.Italsodetailsthestatusandopportunitiesfordeployinghydrogeninfrastructure,aswellasrecenttrendsandtheoutlookforhydrogentrade.Investmentsandinnovationarecombinedintoonechaptertoreflecthowtheymutuallyunderpintrendsinthedevelopmentanduptakeofhydrogentechnologies.Meanwhile,thechapteroninsightsonselectedregionsrecapsprogressinregionsandcountrieswheregovernmentsandindustryareparticularlyactiveinadvancinghydrogendeployment.Thefinalchapterprovidespolicyrecommendationstoacceleratetheadoptionofhydrogentechnologiesinthenextdecade,withaviewtoensuringitbecomeseconomicallyandtechnicallyviableandsociallyacceptable.PAGE|12IntroductionGlobalHydrogenReview2021TheHydrogenInitiativeDevelopedundertheCEMframework,H2Iisavoluntarymulti-governmentinitiativethataimstoadvancepolicies,programmesandprojectsthatacceleratethecommercialisationanddeploymentofhydrogenandfuelcelltechnologiesacrossallareasoftheeconomy.Ultimately,itseekstoensurehydrogen’splaceasakeyenablerintheglobalcleanenergytransition.TheIEAservesastheH2Ico-ordinatortosupportmembergovernmentsastheydevelopactivitiesalignedwiththeinitiative.H2Icurrentlycomprisesthefollowingparticipatinggovernmentsandintergovernmentalentities:Australia,Austria,Brazil,Canada,Chile,thePeople’sRepublicofChina(hereafterChina),CostaRica,theEuropeanCommission,Finland,Germany,India,Italy,Japan,theNetherlands,NewZealand,Norway,Portugal,theRepublicofKorea(hereafterKorea),theRussianFederation(hereafterRussia),SaudiArabia,SouthAfrica,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates.Canada,theEuropeanCommission,Japan,theNetherlandsandtheUnitedStatesco-leadtheinitiative,whileChinaandItalyareobservers.H2Iisalsoaplatformtoco-ordinateandfacilitateco-operationamonggovernments,otherinternationalinitiativesandtheindustrysector.TheInitiativehasactivepartnershipswiththeHydrogenCouncil,theInternationalPartnershipforHydrogenandFuelCellsintheEconomy(IPHE),theInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA),MissionInnovation(MI),theWorldEconomicForum(WEF)andtheIEA’sAdvancedFuelCellsandHydrogenTechnologyCollaborationProgrammes(TCPs),allofwhicharepartoftheH2IAdvisoryGroup.Inaddition,severalindustrialpartnersactivelyparticipateintheH2IAdvisoryGroup’sbi-annualmeetings,includingBallard,Enel,Engie,NelHydrogen,thePortofRotterdamandThyssenkrupp.PAGE|13IntroductionGlobalHydrogenReview2021TheGlobalHydrogenReviewFollowingIEArecommendationsinTheFutureofHydrogen,thisGlobalHydrogenReviewaimstotrackprogressinhydrogenproductionanddemand,aswellasinotherareasofcriticalimportancesuchaspolicy,regulationandinfrastructuredevelopment.Todothiseffectivelyandcomprehensively,theIEAhasestablishedco-operativerelationshipswithotherrelevantinstitutionstoprovidesoundanalysisbasedonthebestpossibledata,andtocreatesynergiesamongotherinternationalefforts,buildingontheirrespectivestrengthsandexperiences.specifichydrogentechnologiesandofferedinsightsonemergingtechnologiesandbarriersthatneedtobeovercometofacilitatetheirdeployment.TheAdvancedFuelCellsTCP

contributedwithitsannualtrackingoffuelcellelectricvehiclesandinfrastructuredeployment.TypesofhydrogenintheGlobalHydrogenReviewHydrogenisaveryversatilefuelthatcanbeproducedusingalltypesofenergysources(coal,oil,naturalgas,biomass,renewablesandnuclear)throughaverywidevarietyoftechnologies(reforming,gasification,electrolysis,pyrolysis,watersplittingandmanyothers).Inrecentyears,colourshavebeenusedtorefertodifferenthydrogenproductionroutes(e.g.greenforhydrogenfromrenewablesandblueforproductionfromnaturalgaswithcarboncapture,utilisationandstorage[CCUS]),andspecialisedtermscurrentlyunderdiscussioninclude“safe”,“sustainable”,“l(fā)ow-carbon”and“clean”.Thereisnointernationalagreementontheuseofthesetermsasyet,norhavetheirmeaningsinthiscontextbeenclearlydefined.TheHydrogenCouncil

inparticularsharedcriticalinformationontechnologycostsandperformancefromitsindustrynetwork,whichenrichedIEAdatabases,modellingassumptionsandtechno-economicparameters.Meanwhile,theIPHE

contributedinputsonthedevelopmentalstatusofstandards,codesandregulations.Leveragingitsgovernmentnetworkandestablishedprocesstocollectdataandworkcollaborativelyonregulatoryissues,italsoprovidedvaluableinformationonthetechnologydeploymentandpolicytargetsofitsmembergovernments.Becauseofthevariousenergysourcesthatcanbeused,theenvironmentalimpactsofeachproductionroutecanvaryconsiderably;plus,thegeographicregionandtheprocessconfigurationappliedalsoinfluenceimpacts.Forthesereasons,theTheIEATCPsandtheirnetworksofresearchersandstakeholdersalsoprovidedvaluableinputs.TheHydrogenTCP

helpedtheIEAupdateitslatestassessmentofthetechnologyreadinesslevelsofPAGE|14IntroductionGlobalHydrogenReview2021IEAdoesnotspecificallyespouseanyoftheaboveterms.RecognisingthatthepotentialofhydrogentoreduceCO2emissionsdependsstronglyonhowitisproduced,thisreporthighlightstherolelow-carbonhydrogenproductionroutescanhaveinthecleanenergytransition.Low-carbonhydrogeninthisreportincludeshydrogenproducedfromrenewableandnuclearelectricity,biomass,andfossilfuelswithCCUS.1ProductionfromfossilfuelswithCCUSisincludedonlyifupstreamemissionsaresufficientlylow,ifcapture–athighrates–isappliedtoallCO2streamsassociatedwiththeproductionroute,andifallCO2ispermanentlystoredtopreventitsreleaseintotheatmosphere.Thesameprincipleappliestolow-carbonfeedstocksandhydrogen-basedfuelsmadeusinglow-carbonhydrogenandasustainablecarbonsource(ofbiogenicoriginordirectlycapturedfromtheatmosphere).Thisreportalsohighlightstheimportanceofestablishingstandardsandcertificationtoproperlyrecognisethecarbonfootprintsofthedifferenthydrogenproductionroutes.Sincenostandardshavebeeninternationallyagreedandadopted,theIEAcontinuestodifferentiatethetypesofhydrogenbythetechnologyusedintheirproduction,andusesthisasthebasisofitscurrentdefinitionoflow-carbonhydrogen.Thismayevolveasdialoguewithintheinternationalhydrogencommunityadvancesandmoreevidenceandagreementemerge..1Inthisreport,CCUSincludesCO2capturedforuse(CCU)aswellasforstorage(CCS),includingCO2thatisbothusedandstored(e.g.forenhancedoilrecovery[EOR]orbuildingmaterials)ifsomeoralloftheCOispermanentlystored.WhenuseoftheCOultimatelyleadstoitbeingre-emittedtotheatmosphere(e.g.ureaproduction),CCUisspecified.22PAGE|15IntroductionGlobalHydrogenReview2021ScenariosusedinthisGlobalHydrogenReviewPAGE|16IntroductionGlobalHydrogenReview2021OutlookforhydrogenproductionanduseThisGlobalHydrogenReviewreliesonthreeindicatorstotrackprogressonhydrogenproductionanduse:Pledgespresentedinthisreportincludeofficialtargets(i.e.cleargoalsofnationalhydrogenstrategiesandroadmaps)aswellasambitions(i.e.planscommunicatedinconsultationsthroughtheH2Iworkstream,butforwhichgovernmentshavenotyetmadeofficialannouncementsoradoptedastrategyorroadmap).on-the-groundprogressinhydrogentechnologydeployment

governmentambitionstointegratehydrogenintolong-termenergystrategiesgapsbetweenon-the-groundprogress,governmentambitionsandprojectedenergytransitionrequirements.Forthefirsttime,theIEA’sMay2021reportNetzeroby2050

laysoutindetailwhatisneededfromtheenergysectortoreachnetzeroCO2emissionsby2050,inlinewiththeParisAgreement’sambitioustargettolimitglobaltemperatureriseto1.5°C.Basedonthesefindings,thisReviewcomparesactualimplementedactionswithcleanenergytransitionneedsusingtwoIEAscenarios:theNetzeroEmissionsby2050ScenarioandtheAnnouncedPledgesScenario.

Inthisreport,theProjectsCasereflectson-the-groundprogress.Ittakesallprojectsinthepipeline2intoaccountaswellasannouncedindustrystakeholderplanstodeployhydrogentechnologiesacrosstheentirevaluechain(fromproductiontouseindifferentend-usesectors).TheAnnouncedPledgesScenarioconsidersallnationalnetzeroemissionspledgesthatgovernmentshaveannouncedtodateandassumestheyarerealisedinfullandontime.Thisscenariotherebyshowshowfarfullimplementationofnationalnetzeroemissionspledgeswouldtaketheworldtowardsreachingclimategoals,andithighlightsthepotentialcontributionsofdifferenttechnologies,includinghydrogen.Governmenttargetsandambitionsrelatedtodeployinghydrogentechnologiesarepresentedashydrogenpledges.Togatherrelevantinformationfromgovernmentsaroundtheworld,ajointIEA–EuropeanCommissionworkstreamwasestablishedwithintheframeworkoftheCEMHydrogenInitiative,toconsultgovernmentsaround