2023 年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試考研英語(一)真題

12023年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)It’snotdifficulttosettargetsforstaff.Itismuchharder,1,tounderstandtheirnegativeconsequences.Mostwork-relatedbehaviorshavemultiplecomponents.2oneandtheothersbecomedistorted.TravelonaLondonbusandyou’ll3seehowthisworkswithdrivers.Watchpeoplegetonandshowtheirtickets.Aretheycarefullyinspected?Never.Dopeoplegetonwithoutpaying?Ofcourse!Arethereinspectorsto4thatpeoplehavepaid?Possibly,butveryfew.Andpeoplewhorunforthebus?Theyare5.Howaboutjumpinglights?Busesdosoalmostasfrequentlyascyclists.Why?Becausethetargetis6.Peoplecomplainedthatbuseswerelateandinfrequent.7,thenumberofbusesandbuslaneswereincreased,anddriverswere8orpunishedaccordingtothetimetheytook.Anddrivershitthesetargets.Butthey9hitcyclists.Ifthetargetwaschangedto10,youwouldhavemoreinspectorsandmore2sensitivepricing.Ifthecriterionchangedtosafety,youwouldgetmore11driverswhoobeyedtrafficlaws.Butboththesecriteriawouldbeattheexpenseoftime.Thereisanother12:peoplebecameimmenselyinventiveinhittingtargets.Haveyou13thatyoucanleaveonaflightanhourlatebutstillarriveontime?Tailwinds?Ofcoursenot!Airlineshavesimplychangedthetimea14ismeanttotake.Aone-hourflightisnowballadasatwo-hourflight.The15ofthestoryissimple.Mostjobsaremultidimensional,withmultiplecriteria.Chooseonecriterionandyoumaywell16others.EverythingCanbedonefasterandmadecheaper,butthereisa17Settingtargetscananddoeshaveunforeseennegativeconsequences.Thisisnotanargumentagainsttarget-setting.Butitisanargumentforexploringconsequencesfirst.Allgoodtargetsshouldhavemultiplecriteria18criticalfactorssuchastime,money,qualityandcustomerfeedback.Thetrickisnotonlyto19justoneoreventwodimensionsoftheobjective,butalsotounderstandhowtohelppeoplebetter20theobjective.1.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]All2．[A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come3．[A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D]Until4．[A]formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally5．[A]back[B]next[C]around[D]away6．[A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]alone7．[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar310．[A]immediately11．[A]surprised12．[A]problem13．[A]Aboveall14．[A]bridge15．[A]form16．[A]postsAartificial18．[A]Finally19．[A]memories20．[A]restrict[B]point[B]intentionally[B]annoyed[B]option[B]Incontrast[B]avoid[B]through[B]links[B]mysterious[B]Consequently[B]marks[B]adopt[C]way[C]Instead[C]unexpectedly[C]frightened[C]view[C]Onaverage[C]spot[C]beyond[C]shades[C]hidden[C]incidentally[C]notes[C]lead[D]place[D]Besides[D]eventually[D]confused[D]result[D]Forexample[D]separate[D]under[D]breaks[D]limited[D]Generally[D]belongings[D]expose4SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)CommunitiesthroughoutNewEnglandhavebeenattemptingtoregulateshort-termrentalssincesiteslikeAirbnbtookoffinthe2010s.Nowwithrecord-highhomepricesandhistoricallylowinventory,there’sanincreasedurgencyinsuchregulation,particularlyamongthosewhoworrythatdeveloperswillcomeinandbuyupswathsofhousingtoflipforafortuneontheshort-termrentalmarket.InNewHampshire,wheretherentalvacancyratehasdroppedbelow1percent,housingadvocatesfearuncheckedshort-termrentalswillputfurtherpressureonanalreadystrainedmarket.TheStateLegislaturerecentlyvotedagainstabillthatwould’vemadeitillegalfortownstocreatelegislationrestrictingshort-termrentals.“Weareatacrisislevelonthesupplyofrentalhousing,”saidNickTaylor,executivedirectoroftheWorkforceHousingCoalitionoftheGreaterSeacoast.WithoutenoughaffordablehousinginsouthernNewHampshiretowns,“employersarehavingahardtimeattractingemployees,andworkersarehavingahardtimefindingaplacetolive,”Taylorsaid.However,short-termrentalsalsoprovidehousingfortourists,pointedoutRyanCastle,CEOofalocalassociationofrealter.“Alotofworkersareservicingthetouristindustry,andthetourismindustryisservicedbythosepeoplecominginshortterm,”Castlesaid,“andsoit’sacyclicaleffect.”Short-termrentalsthemselvesarenotthecruxoftheissue,saidKerenHorn,anexpertonaffordablehousingpolicy.“Ithinkindividualsbeingabletorentouttheirsecondhomeisagoodthing.Ifit’stheirvacationhomeanyway,andit’sjustempty,whycan’tyoumakemoneyoffit?”Hornsaid.Issuesarise,however,whendevelopersattempttocreatelarge-scaleshort-termrentalfacilities—defactohotels—tobypasstaxes5andregulations.“Ithinkthequestionis,shouldn’tadeveloperwho’sreallybuildingahotel,butdisguisingitasnotahotel,betreatedandtaxedandregulatedlikeahotel?”Hornsaid.Attheendof2018,governorCharlieBakerofMassachusettssignedabilltoreininthosepotentialinvestor-buyers.Thebillrequireseveryrentalhosttoregisterwiththestatemandatestheycarryinsurance,andopensthepotentialforlocaltaxesontopofanewstatelevy.Bostontookthingsevenfurther,requiringrenterstoregisterwiththecity’sInspectionalServicesDepartment.Hornsaidsimilarregistrationrequirementscouldbenefitstrugglingcitiesandtowns,but“ifwewanttomakeachangeinthehousingmarket,themainoneiswehavetobuildalotmore.”26.WhichofthefollowingistrueofNewEngland?A.Itshousingsupplyisataverylowlevel.B.Itscommunitiesareinneedoffunding.C.ItsrentalvacancyrateisgoingupslowlyD.Itshomepricesareunderstrictcontrol.27.ThebillmentionedinParagraph2wasintendedtoA.curbshort-termrentalspeculation.B.ensurethesupplyofcheaphousing.6C.punishillegaldealingsinhousing.D.allowafreeshort-termrentalmarket.28.ComparedwithCastle,TaylorismorelikelytosupportA.furtherinvestmentinlocaltourism.B.anincreaseinaffordablehousing.C.strictmanagementofrealestateagents.D.afavorablepolicyforshort-termworkers.29.WhatdoesHornemphasizeinParagraph5?A.Theurgencytoupgradeshort-termrentalfacilities.B.Theefficientoperationofthelocalhousingmarket.C.Thenecessitytostopdevelopersfromevadingtaxes.D.Theproperproceduresforrentingoutsparehouses.30.HornholdsthatimposingregistrationrequirementsisA.anirrationaldecision.B.anunfeasibleproposal.C.anunnecessarymeasure.D.aninadequatesolution.7Ifyou’reheadingforyournearestbranchofWaterstones,thebiggestbookretailerintheUK,insearchoftheDuchessofSussex’snewchildren’sbookTheBench,youmighthavetobepreparedtohuntaroundabit,thesamemaybetrueofThePresident’sDaughter,thenewthrillerbyBillClintonandJamesPatterson.BothofthesebooksarepublishednextweekbyPenguinRandomHouse(PRH),acompanycurrentlyinvolvedinastand-offwithWaterstones.Theproblembeganlatelastyear,whenPRHconfirmedthatithadintroducedacreditlimitwithWaterstones“ataverysignificantlevel”.ThetrademagazineTheBooksellerreportedthatWaterstonesbranchmanagerswerebeingtoldtoremovePRHbooksfromprominentareassuchastables,displayspacesandwindows,andwere“quietlyretiringthemtotheirrelevantsections”.PRHdeclinedtocommentontheissue,butaspokespersonforWaterstonestoldme:“WaterstonesarecurrentlyoperatingwithreducedcredittermsfromPRH,theonlypublisherintheUKtoplaceanylimitationsonourabilitytotrade.WearenotboycottingPRHtitlesbutwearedoingourutmosttoensurethatavailabilityforcustomersremainsgooddespitetheloweroveralllevelsofstock.Wearehopefulwithourshopsnowopenagainthatnormalitywillreturnandthatwewillbeallowedtobuyappropriately.Certainly,ourshopsareexceptionallybusy.ThesalesforourMayBooksoftheMonthsurpassedanymonthsince2018.”8Inthemeantime,PRHauthorshavebeenthelosers.Big-namePRHauthorsmaysufferabit,butit’sthosemid-listauthors,whonormallyrelyonWaterstonesstaff’spassionforpromotingbooksbylesser-knownwriters,whowillbeprayingforanendtothedispute.ItcomesatatimewhenauthorsarealreadyworriedabouttheconsequencesoftheproposedmergerbetweenPRHandanotherbigpublisher,Simon&Schuster—thereductioninthenumberofunalignedUKpublishersislikelytoleadtofewerbiddingwars,loweradvances,andmoreconformityintermsofwhatispublished.“Thisisallpartofawiderchangetowardsconcentrationofpower,”saysliteraryagentAndrewLownie.“Thepublishingindustrytalksaboutdiversityintermsofauthorsandstaffbutitalsoneedsapluralityofwaysofdeliveringintellectualcontact,choiceanddifferentvoices.Afterall,manyofthemostinterestingbooksinrecentyearshavecomefromsmallpublishers.”Weshallseewhetherthatpluralityisacasualtyofthecurrentneedamongpublisherstobebigenoughtotakeonall-comers.31.TheauthormentionstwobooksinParagraph1topresentA.anongoingconflict.B.anintellectualconcept.C.aprevailingsentiment.9D.aliteraryphenomenon.32.WhydidWaterstonesshopsretirePRHbookstotheirrelevantsections?A.Tomakethemeasilynoticeable.B.TocomplywithPRH’srequirement.C.TorespondtoPRH’sbusinessmove.D.Toarrangetheminasystematicway.33.WhatmessagedoesthespokespersonforWaterstonesseemtoconvey?A.Theircustomersremainloyal.B.Thecreditlimitwillberemoved.C.Theirstockisunderestimated.D.Thebookmarketisratherslack.34.Whatcanbeoneconsequenceofthecurrentdispute?A.Salesofbooksbymid-listPRHwritersfalloffconsiderably.B.Lesser-knownPRHwritersbecomethetargetofcriticism.C.Waterstonesstaffhesitatetopromotebig-nameauthors’books.D.Waterstonesbranchessufferaseverereductioninrevenue.35.WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestrepresentsLownie’sview?10A.Smallpublishersoughttosticktogether.B.Bigpublisherswilllosetheirdominance.C.Thepublishingindustryishavingahardtime.D.Themergerofpublishersisaworryingtrend.Scientificpapersaretherecordkeepersofprogressinresearch.Eachyearresearcherspublishmillionsofpapersinmorethan30,000journals.Thescientificcommunitymeasuresthequalityofthosepapersinanumberofways,includingtheperceivedqualityofthejournal(asreflectedbythetitle’simpactfactor)andthenumberofcitationsaspecificpaperaccumulates.Thecareersofscientistsandthereputationoftheirinstitutionsdependonthenumberandprestigeofthepaperstheyproduce,butevenmoresoonthecitationsattractedbythesepapers.Citationcartels,wherejournals,authors,andinstitutionsconspiretoinflatecitationnumbers,haveexistedforalongtime.In2016,researchersdevelopedanalgorithmtorecognizesuspiciouscitationpatterns,includinggroupsofauthorsthatdisproportionatelyciteoneanotherandgroupsofjournalsthatciteeachotherfrequentlytoincreasetheimpactfactorsoftheirpublications.Recently,anotherexpressionofthispredatorybehaviorhasemerged:so-calledsupportserviceconsultanciesthatprovidelanguage11andothereditorialsupporttoindividualauthorsandtojournalssometimesadvisecontributorstoaddanumberofcitationstotheirarticles.Theadventofelectronicpublishingandauthors’needtofindoutletsfortheirpapersresultedinthousandsofnewjournals.Thebirthofpredatoryjournalswasn’tfarbehind.Thesejournalscanactasmilkcowswhereeverysinglearticleinanissuemayciteaspecificpaperoraseriesofpapers.Insomeinstances,thereisabsolutelynorelationshipbetweenthecontentofthearticleandthecitations.Thepeculiarpartisthatthejournalthattheeditorissupposedlyworkingforisnotprofitingatall—itisjustprovidingcitationstootherjournals.Suchpracticescanleadanarticletoaccruemorethan150citationsinthesameyearthatitwaspublished.Howinsidiousisthistypeofcitationmanipulation?Inoneexample,anindividual-actingasauthor,editor,andconsultant-wasabletouseatleast15journalsascitationproviderstoarticlespublishedbyfivescientistsatthreeuniversities.TheproblemisrampantinScopus,acitationdatabase,whichincludesahighnumberofthenew“international”journals.Infact,alistinginScopusseemstobeacriteriontobetargetedinthistypeofcitationmanipulation.Scopusitselfhasallthedatanecessarytodetectthismalpractice.Redflagsincludealargenumberofcitationstoanarticlewithinthefirstyear.Andforauthorswhowishtosteerclearofcitationcartelactivities:when12aneditor,areviewer,orasupportserviceasksyoutoaddinappropriatereferences,donotobligeanddoreporttherequesttothejournal.36.AccordingtoParagraph1,thecareersofscientistscanbedeterminedby________.[A]howmanycitationstheirworkscontain.[B]howmanytimestheirpapersarecited.[C]theprestigeofthepeopletheyworkwith.[D]thestatustheyhaveinscientificcircles.37.Thesupportserviceconsultanciestendto________.[A]recommendjournalstotheirclients.[B]listcitationpatternstheirclients.[C]askauthorstoincludeextracitations.[D]advisecontributorstociteeachother.38.TheFunctionofthe“milkcow”journalsisto________.[A]boostcitationcountsforcertainauthors.[B]helpscholarspublisharticlesatlowcost.[C]instructFirst-timecontributorsincitation.[D]increasethereadershipofnewjournals.1339.WhatcanbelearnedaboutScopusfromthelasttwoparagraphs?[A]ItFosterscompetitionamongcitationproviders.[B]Ithasthecapabilitytoidentifysuspiciouscitations.[C]Ithindersthegrowthof“international”journals.[D]Itisestablishedtopreventcitationmanipulation.40.Whatshouldanauthordotodealwithcitationmanipulators?[A]Takelegalaction.[B]Demandanapology.[C]Seekprofessionaladvice[D]Revealtheirmiscon