家禽氨基酸利用的研究進(jìn)展調(diào)控日糧粗蛋白水平的策略和益處美國(guó)味之素

家禽氨基酸利用的研究進(jìn)展:調(diào)控日糧粗蛋白水平的策略和益處Advancement

in

Utilization

of

Dietary

Amino

Acids:TheStrategy

and

Benefits

of

Manipulating

Dietary

Crude

Protein

in

Poultry

FeedsDave

Burnham

MS,

MBA味之素哈特蘭公司Ajinomoto

Heartland芝加哥，美國(guó)Chicago,

USA1.采用可消化氨基酸值配制日糧Formulating

Diets

Using

Digestible

Amino

Acid

Values不采用可消化氨基酸的某些理由Reasons

Given

for

Not

formulating

on

a

Digestible

Basis我配的是玉米豆粕日糧，所以無(wú)所謂Doesn’t

matter

since

I

am

mainly

using

a

corn/

soy

diet

其實(shí)有所謂，因?yàn)槲覀冞€用肉粉，魚粉，DDGS，面包房副產(chǎn)品，卡諾拉等It

does

matter

since

we

use

Meat

Meal,

Fishmeal,

DDGS,

Bakery

Meal,Canola

etc.待用原料數(shù)據(jù)不明Don’t

have

accurate

numbers使用發(fā)表數(shù)值配方比使用總氨基酸配方更精確Formulating

on

Published

numbers

is

more

accurate

than

formulating

on

Totals.如果消化系數(shù)是84%而我們用82%，結(jié)果依然比假設(shè)100%更準(zhǔn)確If

the

coefficient

is

really

84%

and

we

are

using

an

82%,

that

is

still

closer

thanassuming

it

is

100%

最限制氨基酸，蛋氨酸，賴氨酸和蘇氨酸已有晶體產(chǎn)品，如果采用總氨基酸，它們的真實(shí)價(jià)值被低估15%First

limiting

amino

acids,

Methionine,

Lysine

and

Threonine

are

available

in

crystallineform.

Their

true

value

is

penalized

by

around

15%

if

formulating

on

a

Total

Basis味之素(AHL)和德固賽(Deg)的氨基酸消化系數(shù)Digestibility

Coefficients

Ajinomoto

and

DegussaAHLDegAHLDegAHLDeg818291918081838488908079919192938585818884836158798088867978909093938084898992938284949392938485878891918283889290907980氨基酸劑量反應(yīng)曲線和可消化氨基酸配方Amino

Acid

Dose

Response

Curves

and

Digestible

Formulation用總氨基酸做劑量研究存在的問題-試驗(yàn)日糧Problems

with

Using

Total

AA

Values

in

Dose

Response

Studies

–

Test

Diet天然原料，80%消

化率Intact

Ingredient80%dig合成原料-氨基酸100%消化率Crystalline

AA’s

100%dig用總氨基酸做劑量研究存在的問題-生產(chǎn)日糧Problems

with

Using

Total

AA

Values

in

Dose

ResponseStudies

–

PracticalDiet天然原料，80%消

化率Intact

Ingredient80%dig合成原料-氨基酸100%消化率Crystalline

AA’s

100%dig生產(chǎn)中這意味著什么？What

this

means

in

practice用折線模型或漸近線的95%確立總氨基酸需要Assuming

Broken

Line

or

95%

of

Asymptote

on

Total

Basis最大反應(yīng)Max

Response生產(chǎn)中這意味著什么？What

this

means

in

practice

例:蘇氨酸的劑量反應(yīng)，14-28日齡肉雞，使用花生粕和大量氨基酸獲得較低的日糧蘇氨酸水平Looking

at

a

threonine

doseresponse

14

to

28

days,

using

peanut

meal

and

fairly

large

amounts

of

crystalline

AA’s

to

get

alow

Thr

level

in

test

diet.

最大反應(yīng)時(shí)日糧總蘇氨酸的水平是0.795%The

Total

Threonine

level

formax

response

is

0.795%of

diet.

慣常的做法是取漸近線的95%，即0.78%It

is

common

practice

to

take95%of

Asymptote

say

0.78%

這個(gè)日糧的可消化蘇氨酸水平為0.70%The

digestible

Threonine

levelin

this

diet

is

0.70%

如果用玉米豆粕雞肉粉配制總蘇氨酸為0.78%的日糧If

we

formulate

adiet

at

0.78%Total

using

corn/soy

and

poultry

meal

to

meet

this

level

該日糧的可消化蘇氨酸水平實(shí)為0.67%The

Digestible

Threonine

levelof

this

diet

is

0.67%

這意味著比需求低了約3%，比最大反應(yīng)低5%This

means

weare

around

3

points

low

of

expected

requirement

and

up

to

5

points

below

max

response.2.理想比例Ideal

Ratios理想比例的評(píng)價(jià)Comments

on

Ideal

Ratios

理想比例很實(shí)用，可用來(lái)確定不同生長(zhǎng)階段肉雞飼料的氨基酸水平Ideal

Ratios

offer

a

practical

means

ofdefining

amino

acid

levels

of

broiler

feeds

at

various

ages

在我們有準(zhǔn)確的生物學(xué)生長(zhǎng)模型之前，理想比例是現(xiàn)有的最精確的方法Most

accurate

method

of

determiningamino

acid

levels

until

we

have

accurate

biological

growth

models.比較NRC確定需要量的方法和用賴氨酸和理想比例的方法NRC

Method

of

Looking

at

Requirements

vs.Using

Lysine

Requirement

and

Ideal

Ratios理想比例可確定特定日齡下的氨基酸水平IdealRatiosAllow

AA

Levels

To

be

Set

at

specific

Ages味之素AHL比例RatiosNRC推薦量0

–

21日齡days理想Ideal計(jì)算量0

–

10日齡days理想Ideal計(jì)算量10

–

21日齡days100%1.1045%0.5075%0.9067%0.8066%0.8077%0.90103%1.2515.5%0.20理想比例的評(píng)價(jià)Comments

on

Ideal

Ratios

理想比例很實(shí)用，可用來(lái)確定不同生長(zhǎng)階段肉雞飼料的氨基酸水平Ideal

Ratios

offer

a

practical

means

of

defining

amino

acid

levels

ofbroiler

feeds

at

various

ages

在我們有準(zhǔn)確的生物學(xué)生長(zhǎng)模型之前，理想比例是現(xiàn)有的最精確的方法Most

accurate

method

of

determining

amino

acid

levels

until

we

haveaccurate

biological

growth

models.其他氨基酸和賴氨酸的比例可能會(huì)隨日齡而變化Ratios

ofother

amino

acids

to

Lysine

may

change

with

age

比例可能會(huì)因代謝功能而變化，精氨酸，甘氨酸，色氨酸Ratios

may

change

based

on

metabolic

function,Arginine,Glycine,Tryptophan

比例可能會(huì)在患病時(shí)變化，蘇氨酸和胃腸疾病Ratios

maychange

under

disease

conditions,Threonine

and

gastric

disorders.3.低蛋白日糧Lower

Protein

Diets“低蛋白日糧不行”“Low

Protein

Diets

do

not

Work”有些發(fā)表的研究支持此論點(diǎn)，一些人接受了這個(gè)論點(diǎn)，并作為不改變的理由A

number

of

studies

have

been

published

that

support

this

statement

and

it

hasbecome

the

accepted

argument

and

reason

not

to

change.然而，一般而言However

generally:粗蛋白水平下降太大，被降低了4-8%CP

levels

of

diets

are

generally

lowered

bylarge

amounts

–

4

to

8

percentage

points這些日糧是不實(shí)用的日糧:These

are

impractical

feeds當(dāng)前，只有蛋氨酸，賴氨酸和蘇氨酸可供選用，并真正具有價(jià)格優(yōu)勢(shì)而進(jìn)入配方。其他氨基酸仍然太昂貴。Currently

Methionine,Lysine

andThreonine

are

available

and

price

in.

Others

beyond

this

are

still

much

too

expensive除了蘇氨酸外，還有其他同時(shí)限制的氨基酸-異亮氨酸，纈氨酸，精氨酸，色氨酸，甘氨酸Beyond

Threonine,have

a

number

of

co-limiting

AA’s,Ile,Val,Arg,Try,Gly

研究人員并沒有完全把這些氨基酸加進(jìn)去Researchers

have

not

donea

good

job

of

adding

back

all

amino

acids.一些人只加入了蛋氨酸，另一些加了蛋氨酸和賴氨酸Some

have

onlyadded

Met,others

only

Met

and

Lysine.更多的人加入谷氨酸以提高粗蛋白水平，但是這樣更多地是提高了谷氨酸的水平而不是非必需氨基酸水平A

number

will

add

back

Glutamicacid

to

raise

CP

level,

this

does

not

raise

CP

in

raises

Glutamic

acid

level讓蘇氨酸進(jìn)入最低成本配方Allowing

L-Threonine

to

least

cost

into

formulation

結(jié)果使粗蛋白下降1-1.5%，而不是4-8%Results

ingenerally

a

1

to

1.5

percentage

point

reduction

in

Crude

Protein,not

4

to

8

points

確定下一個(gè)限制性氨基酸至關(guān)重要，異亮氨酸，纈氨酸，精氨酸，色氨酸Determining

the

next

limiting

amino

acids,Ile,Val,Arg,Try

become

critical

需要用可消化氨基酸做配方，才能把晶體氨基酸節(jié)省的成本最大化It

is

essential

to

formulate

on

a

digestible

basis

tomaximize

the

savings

from

using

crystalline

amino

acids4.確認(rèn)蘇氨酸和賴氨酸的比例Confirming

ThreoninetoLysineRatio試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)Study

Design基礎(chǔ)Basal處理組6Trt

60.000.15其他Other3.583.58基礎(chǔ)

Basal處理組6Trt

6肯塔基大學(xué)試驗(yàn)Study

at

Univ.of

Kentucky玉米/豆粕日糧-肉中雞配方Corn/soy

diets–formulated

togrower

specs每籠10只雞-平板雞籠10

Birds

per

cage–flat

deck

pulletcages6重復(fù)/處理組6

reps

per

treatment7-21日齡增重Gain

7to21

days(gram)目前常用的比例范圍Ratio

commonlyused

today采食量Feed

Intake(gram)FCR蘇氨酸/賴氨酸比例Threonine:LysineRatios蘇/賴比(%)

Thr:Lys氨基酸體系

System日齡AgeBaker

et

al.,

200262/55-58真可消化8-215.確定生產(chǎn)實(shí)際中的L-蘇氨酸水平Determining

PracticalL-Threonine

Levels平面欄飼試驗(yàn)Floor-pen

Study密西西比Mississippi確定蘇氨酸的添加量Determining

Practical

Level

of

L-Threonine

Inclusion試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)Study

Design

配制的所有日糧均具有最低的可消化氨基酸水平All

diets

formulated

to

the

same

minimum

digestible

aminoamino

acid

levels.基礎(chǔ)日糧Basal

Diets:°處理組1

Treatment

1

-不加蘇氨酸No

L-Threonine°

處理組5

Treatment

5

-

+

600克蘇氨酸/噸+600g

L-Threonine/

MT

將“1”和“5”按比例混合，獲得3個(gè)中間水平Blend

proportions

of“1”&“5”together

to

get

threeintermediate

levels.仔雞飼料Starter

Feed1.101.101.101.101.100.720.720.720.720.720.820.820.820.820.820.750.84仔雞飼料的組成Composition

of

Starter

Feed基礎(chǔ)Basal1503004506000.000.0150.0300.0450.060中雞飼料Grower

Feed基礎(chǔ)Basal1.001.001.001.001.000.680.680.680.680.680.750.750.750.750.750.700.80停藥飼料Withdrawal

Feed基礎(chǔ)Basal0.870.870.870.870.870.580.580.580.580.580.630.630.630.630.630.590.69試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)Study

Design羅斯308商品代Ross

308

birds

from

a

commercial

flock

were

used按性別飼喂Birds

were

sexed

and

placed

separately每個(gè)性別x處理組有6個(gè)重復(fù)Six

Reps

per

Sex

per

Treatment每欄40只，1平方英尺/只40

Birds

per

Pen,1

sq

ft/bird

分三階段飼喂日糧，1-20日齡，21-35日齡，

36-49日齡Diets

were

fed

1

to

20

days,21

to

35

and

36

to

49

days

在20，35，和49日齡稱體重和耗料Birds

and

FeedWeighed

at

20,35

and

49

days試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)Study

Design胴體測(cè)定Carcass

Analysis每欄隨即篩選5只，雙翅標(biāo)記，稱重代測(cè)Five

birds

per

penwere

randomly

selected,

double

wing-banded,

weighed

and

set

aside.專人處理雞只，胴體吊起并冷藏過夜，然后分割，以測(cè)定胸肉產(chǎn)量。每個(gè)部位都由專人分割以保準(zhǔn)確。Birds

were

processed

by

staff,carcasses

were

held

in

chiller

over-night,then

cut-up

to

determine

breast

meat

yield.

A

particular

cut

was

assigned

to

an

individual,

whomade

the

same

cut

on

all

birds.處理組小節(jié)Summaryof

Treatments體重和FCR

Bodyweight

&

FCR21日齡Day

21BW/kg35日齡Day

35

BW/kg49日齡Day

49

BW/kg校正Corrected

FCR49

日齡體重Day

Bodyweight

(kg)49

日齡Day

FCR胴體產(chǎn)量Carcass

Yield胴體產(chǎn)率CarcassYield

%胸肉產(chǎn)率BreastMeat

Yield

%腹脂F(xiàn)at

Pad

%胴體產(chǎn)率Carcass

Yield

%胸肉產(chǎn)率Breast

Meat

Yield

%結(jié)論Conclusion

只要使用最低可消化氨基酸值，配方時(shí)可以忽略粗蛋白水平Crude

Protein

levels

can

be

ignoredwhen

formulating

feeds

as

long

as

minimum

digestible

amino

acid

values

areused.

胴體產(chǎn)量不受降低粗蛋白添加合成氨基酸日糧的影響Carcass

Yield

is

not

affected

by

the“LowerProtein”

amino

acid

fortified

diets.

使用賴氨酸，蛋氨酸，和蘇氨酸能夠降低成本Diets

formulated

using

DL-Methionine,L-Lysine,and

L-Threonine

can

be

cost

affective.平面欄飼試驗(yàn)Floor-pen

Study馬里蘭Maryland賴氨酸和蘇氨酸反應(yīng)Lysine

and

Threonine

Responses試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)Study

Design日糧按工業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)配制Diets

formulated

to“Industry”standards處理組Treatments處理1

Treatment

1;不用蘇氨酸L-Threonine

was

excluded處理2

Treatment

2;配方選用蘇氨酸并被最低成本配方軟件采用，用量以滿足下一個(gè)限制性氨基酸為準(zhǔn)，蘇/賴比例65%L-Threonine

was

allowed

to

least

cost

in

to

the

point

of

the

next

limiting

amino

acids

Thr:Lys

65處理3

Treatment

3;按蘇/賴比例70%使用蘇氨酸

L-Threonine

at

Thr:Lys

70處理4-6

Treatments

4

to

6;在處理組1-3添加賴氨酸使其增加5個(gè)百分點(diǎn)L-Lysine

added

to

Trt’s

1

to

3

to

increase

level

by

5

points試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)Study

Design所有日糧均制粒All

diets

were

pelleted分5階段飼喂日糧，0-14日齡，15-25日齡，26-32日齡，33-41日齡，和42-49日齡Diets

were

fed

at

0-14,

15-25,

26-32,

33-41

and

42-49

days簽定公母，每個(gè)處理組6個(gè)重復(fù)，100只/欄Birds

sexed,

6

reps

per

treatment,

100

birds/

pen

每個(gè)處理組按公母各選18只雞，做各項(xiàng)產(chǎn)量分析Eighteen

birds

treatment

per

sex

were

pulled

for

complete

yield

analysis用當(dāng)時(shí)的生產(chǎn)成本和肉價(jià)做經(jīng)濟(jì)效益分析Financial

analysis

was

done

using

current

production

costs

and

meat

prices營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分Nutrient

Composition日糧組成Diet

Composition營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分Nutrient

Composition體重Body

Mass

(kg)公母混飼combined

sexes處理Treat日齡Day

25日齡Day

42日齡Day

47標(biāo)準(zhǔn)賴氨酸Std

Lys對(duì)照Control蘇/賴Thr

65蘇/賴Thr

70高賴氨酸High

Lys對(duì)照+賴

Ctr+L處理2+賴Trt

2+L處理3+賴Trt

3+L體重BodyMass

(47

日齡days)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)賴氨酸Std

Lysine高賴氨酸High

LysinebbabaaaFCR

(47日齡days)公母混飼combined

sexes不處理Treat日齡Day

25日齡Day

42日齡Day

47標(biāo)準(zhǔn)賴氨酸Std

Lys對(duì)照

Control蘇/賴Thr65蘇/賴Thr70高賴氨酸High

Lys顯著Nonsignificant

>0.05對(duì)照+賴

Ctr+L處理2+賴Trt

2+L處理3+賴Trt

3+LFCR

(47日齡days)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)賴氨酸Std

Lysine高賴氨酸High

LysineNon

significant

>

0.05死亡率Mortality混飼combined

sexes處理

Treat日齡Day

25日齡Day

42日齡Day

47標(biāo)準(zhǔn)賴氨酸Std

Lys對(duì)照

Control蘇/賴Thr65蘇/賴Thr70高賴氨酸High

Lys不顯著Nonsignificant

>0.05對(duì)照+賴

Ctr+L處理2+賴Trt

2+L處理3+賴Trt

3+L3.755.907.10胴體產(chǎn)量Carcass

Yield

(kg)混飼combined

sexes對(duì)照Treat胴體Carcass含骨胸肉重Bone-inBreast無(wú)骨胸肉重BonelessBreast標(biāo)準(zhǔn)賴氨酸Std

Lys對(duì)照Control蘇/賴Thr

65蘇/賴Thr

70高賴氨酸High

Lys對(duì)照+賴

Ctr+L處理2+賴Trt

2+L處理3+賴Trt

3+L胴體重Carcass

Mass

kg標(biāo)準(zhǔn)賴氨酸Std

Lysine高賴氨酸High

Lysine胴體重，kg胸肉重Breast

Mass

kg標(biāo)準(zhǔn)賴氨酸Std

Lysine高賴氨酸High

LysineBone-in

Breast

Meat含骨胸肉重，kg經(jīng)濟(jì)效益分析Financial

Assessment

of

Study蛋雞低蛋白日糧的策略Dietary

Strategies

to

Lower

Crude

Protein

in

Layers克萊門生大學(xué)蛋雞試驗(yàn)Clemson

LayerStudy海蘭W-36

HyLine

W-36生產(chǎn)性能Performance

Results節(jié)省飼料成本$3.50/噸-每年每只蛋雞7美分Feed

Cost

Savings

$3.50/ton-savings

of7c/bird/year

in

feed

cost蛋雞舍氨氣排放Ammonia

Emissions

from

Laying

Houses生產(chǎn)試驗(yàn)70000只/舍Commercial

Study,IA0.940.940.440.44Study

by

Xin,

Liang,