國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)英文版第二版課后習(xí)題答案

#Chapter2InternationalTradeTerms12345678910I.MultiplechoicesBCACCDABCDII.TrueorfalsestatementsTTFFTFFFFTExplainthefollowingtermsshipmentcontractShipmentcontractisacontractusinganIncotermwhichindicatesthatthedeliveryhappensatthetimeorbeforethetimeofshipment.symbolicdeliverySymbolicdeliveryisadeliverysituationinwhichwhenthesellerdeliversthebuyerdoesnotphysicallyreceivethegoods.Thiskindofdeliveryisprovedbythesubmissionoftransportdocumentbythesellertothebuyer.arrivalcontractArrivalcontractmeansacontractusinganIncotermwhichindicatesthatthedeliveryhappenswhenthegoodsarriveatthedestination.actualdeliveryActualdeliveryreferstoadeliverysituationinwhichwhenthesellerdeliversthebuyerdoesphysicallyreceivethegoods.ShortquestionsWhopaysforloadingforshipmentunderFOB?Theseller.WhopaysforunloadingunderCIF?Thebuyer.CompareandcontrastFOB,CFRandCIF?Similarities:a.Theseller'sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodsareloadedonboard,b.Thesellerisresponsibleforexportcustomsformalitieswhilethebuyerisresponsibleforimportcustomsformalities,c.Thebuyerisresponsibleforunloadingthegoodsattheportofdestination,d.Allthreetermscanonlybeusedforwaterwaytransportation.Differences:a.FOBrequiresthebuyertoarrangeandpayfortheoceantransportation;CFRrequiresthesellertoarrangeandpayfortheoceantransportation;CIFrequiresthesellertoarrangeandpayfortheoceantransportationandinsuranceagainstthebuyer'srisk.Whatarethetwotypesoftradetermsconcerningthetransferofrisks?Shipmentcontracttermsvs.arrivalcontractterms.Undershipmentcontracttermstheseller'sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerbeforethegoodsdepartfromtheplace/portofshipment.Underarrivalcontracttermsthesellerwillbeartheriskofthegoodsuntilthegoodsarriveatthedestination.WhatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenCPTandCFR?Majorsimilarities:a.Thesellershouldcontractandpayforthemajorcarriage.b.Thesellerisnottakingtheriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthetransportation.Difference:a.CPTisapplicabletoanykindoftransportationmodewhileCFRisonlyusedforwaterwaytransport,b.UnderCPTtheseller'sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodsarehandedovertothefirstcarriernominatedbytheseller.UnderCFRtheseller'sriskwillbetransferredwhenthegoodsareloadedonboardthevessel.WhatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenCIPandCIF?Majorsimilarities:a.Thesellershouldcontractandpayforthemajorcarriage.b.Thesellerisnottakingtheriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthetransportation,c.Thesellermustobtaininsuranceagainstthebuyer'srisk.Difference:a.CPTisapplicabletoanykindoftransportationmodewhileCFRisonlyusedforseawayorinlandwaterwaytransport,b.UnderCPTtheseller'sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodsarehandedovertothefirstcarriernominatedbytheseller.UnderCFRtheseller'sriskwillbetransferredwhenthegoodsareloadedonboardthevessel.IfyoutradewithanAmerican,isthesalescontractsubjecttoIncotermswithoutanydoubt?Whatshouldyoudo?No.TheRevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1941isstillinuse,especiallyintheNorthAmericanarea.Ithasdifferentinterpretationaboutsometradeterms.Thetradersshouldclarifythechoiceofrulesbeforeanyfurtherdiscussion.Whatarethemostcommonlyusedtradeterms?FOB,CFR&CIF.WhoisresponsibleforcarryingoutcustomsformalitiesforexportsunderanFOBcontract?Theseller.AccordingtoIncoterms2010,exceptEXWandDDPthesetwoterms,alltheothereleventermsrequirethesellertohandletheexportcustomsformalities,whilethebuyertheimportcustomsformalities.IfaChinesetradersignsanFOBHamburgcontract,isheexportingorimporting?Importing.FOBshouldbeusedwitha"namedportofshipment",ifHamburgistheportofshipment,fromtheChinesetrader'sperspective,heisimporting.CasestudiesAnFOBcontractstipulated"TheshipmentwillbeeffectedinMarch2011."Whenthegoodswerereadyon10March201l,thesellercontactedthebuyerforshipmentdetails.Thebuyerfaxed"Pleasesendthegoodstotheportforloadingon21March.Thevesselwilldeparton22March."Thesellersentthegoodstotheportaccordingly.Howeverthenominatedvesseldidnotturnupandthegoodshadtobestoredinthewarehouseattheport.Onthenightof21Marchafirehappenedinthewarehouseareaandpartofthegoodswasdamaged.Whenthevesselarrivedtwodayslaterthesellerandthebuyerhadanargumentaboutthesettlementoftheloss.Thesellerrequiredthebuyertobearthelosscausedbythefire,butthebuyerbelievedthatthevesselarrivedwithintheshipmentperiodandthelossoccurredbeforethesellerdeliveredthegoodsthereforethesellershouldbeartheloss.Pleaseprovideyoursolution.析：1）首先案例中提到貨物發(fā)生了損失是由于貨物存放在碼頭倉(cāng)庫(kù)期間發(fā)生火災(zāi)造成的。2）賣方之所以會(huì)把貨物存放在碼頭倉(cāng)庫(kù)是因?yàn)橘I方指定的船只在約定時(shí)間沒有出現(xiàn)。3）Incoterms2010有規(guī)定，買方有向賣方提供準(zhǔn)確、及時(shí)的裝船通知的義務(wù)，如果買方?jīng)]有履行該義務(wù)而導(dǎo)致了貨物受損，即使雙方?jīng)]有完成交貨，買方也要承擔(dān)相關(guān)損失。答案：買方應(yīng)該承擔(dān)損失。答題切入點(diǎn)：1）分析貨物受損原因。2）根據(jù)《2010年國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則》買方在提供裝運(yùn)通知方面的義務(wù)。3）解釋提供裝運(yùn)通知與完成交貨風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移之間的關(guān)系。AcontracttosellgrainusedaCFRterm.ThegrainwasofficiallycertifiedasGradeOneatthetimeofbeingdeliveredonboardattheportofshipment.Aftermakingtheshipment,thesellergavethebuyertimelynotice.However,duetothelongvoyage,somegrainwentbad.Atthedestination,thegraincouldonlybesoldas"Grade3".Consequently,thebuyerclaimedcompensationforthedamage.Shouldthesellerpay?析：1）貨物在裝運(yùn)港已經(jīng)“officiallycertifiedasGradeOne'，這就說(shuō)明貨物的質(zhì)量是合格的，而且是經(jīng)官方確認(rèn)的。2）文中提到“duetolongvoyage"這說(shuō)明貨物變質(zhì)的原因是由于運(yùn)輸時(shí)間長(zhǎng)。答案：No。答題切入點(diǎn)：a.貨物變質(zhì)的原因.b.CFR術(shù)語(yǔ)下風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移的情況。UnderaCIFcontract,thegoodshadbeenloadedonboardthevesselaccordingtothetermsofthecontract.Thenthevesseldeparted.Anhourlater,thevesselstruckarockandsank.Thenextdaytheseller'sbankpresentedtheshippingdocuments,insurancepolicyandinvoicestothebuyer,anddemandedpayment.（1）Knowingthathewillnotreceivethegoods,shouldthebuyerpay?（2）Whichpartywouldhavetotaketheloss?析：本題的關(guān)鍵疑問在于買方明知貨物已全部損失，不可能再收到貨物，是否還應(yīng)支付貨款。這是考察對(duì)“symbolicdelivery”這個(gè)概念的理解。在CIF術(shù)語(yǔ)下，賣方交貨時(shí)買方并沒有真正收到貨物，賣方的交貨是通過(guò)貨交承運(yùn)人并獲得相關(guān)單據(jù)（尤其是物權(quán)憑證）來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。而相應(yīng)的，買方必須接受交貨，也就是買方必須接受賣方提供的相應(yīng)單據(jù)并履行相關(guān)支付的義務(wù)。（1）答案：Yes.答題切入點(diǎn)：1）賣方履行其義務(wù)的情況；2）CIF術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)雙方交貨、領(lǐng)受貨物的規(guī)定；3）解釋"symbolicdelivery”在這里的應(yīng)用。（2）答案：Thebuyer.答題切入點(diǎn)：CIF術(shù)語(yǔ)下風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移的情況。由于本章主要討論貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)的應(yīng)用，關(guān)注的主要是買、賣雙方。如果答案是保險(xiǎn)公司，則要求說(shuō)明損失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)首先是由買方承擔(dān)的，在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)屬于保險(xiǎn)公司承保范圍內(nèi)的情況下，保險(xiǎn)公司會(huì)對(duì)買方進(jìn)行部分或全部的賠償。AShanghaicompanysignedaCIFcontracttosellChristmasgoodstoaBritishcompany.TheUSD1millioncontractstipulated,"ThesellerguaranteesthatthegoodsarriveattheportofdestinationbyDecember1,2010.Ifthecarriageislate,thebuyercancancelthepurchase,andgettherefundforthepayment."Sotheshipmentwasmade.Unfortunately,duetomechanicalproblems,thevesselarrivedatthedestinationafewhourslate.Thebuyerrefusedtoacceptthegoods.Asaresult,thegoodshadtobesoldonthespot,andthesellerlostUSD700000.Commentonthiscase.析：賣方受損的原因是貨物達(dá)到目的港的時(shí)間晚于合同規(guī)定的時(shí)間，因此買方拒收貨物。從表面上看，似乎問題就是出在賣方違約上，但如果仔細(xì)分析就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，該合同本身的內(nèi)容就存在自相矛盾的問題。合同用的是CIF術(shù)語(yǔ)，賣方在貨裝上船時(shí)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就轉(zhuǎn)移。賣方既不承擔(dān)運(yùn)輸途中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，也不保證貨物是否能抵達(dá)目的港。CIF合同本質(zhì)上是一個(gè)“shipmentcontract”。但加上一條保證到岸時(shí)間的條款后，合同的性質(zhì)發(fā)生了變化：它變成了一個(gè)“arrivalcontract”。也就是說(shuō)，在貨物按時(shí)抵達(dá)目的港之前的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)都由賣方承擔(dān)，否則賣方就是違約。答題切入點(diǎn)：1）CIF術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)雙方風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及義務(wù)的劃分，點(diǎn)出"shipmentcontract”這一概念;2）解釋"arrivaldate”clause對(duì)合同性質(zhì)的改變。AChinesecompanyfinalizedatransactionwithaGermancompanyunderCIFpriceandL/Cpayment.BothsalescontractandL/Creceivedstipulatedthattransshipmentwasnotallowed.TheChinesecompanymadetheshipmentonadirectvesselwithinthevalidityperiodoftheL/CandnegotiatedthepaymentwithadirectBillofLadingsuccessfully.AfterdepartingfromtheChineseport,inordertotakeanothershipment,theshippingcompanyunloadedthegoodsfromtheoriginalvesselandreloadedthemontoanother.Duetothedelayandthepoorconditionofthesecondvessel,thegoodsarrived2monthslaterthantheexpectedtime.TheGermancompanysufferedandclaimedcompensationfromtheChinesecompanywiththereasonthattheChinesesidecheatedthemwithadirectB/L.TheChinesecompanybelievedthatsincetheysignedthecontractundera"到岸價(jià)"andtheybookedtheshippingcompany,theywouldberesponsibleforwhathappened.AsaresulttheChinesesidecompensated.Commentonthiscase.析：1）賣方按照合同規(guī)定履行了各項(xiàng)義務(wù)，造成貨物到港延誤的原因是船公司擅自改變運(yùn)輸安排，賣方對(duì)此并不知情。2）賣方把CIF理解成“到岸價(jià)格”存在錯(cuò)誤，混淆了承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與承擔(dān)費(fèi)用的區(qū)別。如果把CIF理解成“到岸價(jià)格”，那么CIF就變成了一個(gè)到岸合同術(shù)語(yǔ)（arrivalcontractterm）了，而實(shí)際上它應(yīng)該是個(gè)裝運(yùn)合同術(shù)語(yǔ)（shipmentcontractterm）。3）因此，賣方在此情況下不應(yīng)進(jìn)行賠償，而是應(yīng)該協(xié)助買方向船方進(jìn)行索賠。答題切入點(diǎn)：1）分析買方受損的真正原因及責(zé)任方：2）解釋賣方錯(cuò)誤賠償?shù)脑颍?）給出本案例正確的處理方法，尤其是賣方應(yīng)該如何應(yīng)對(duì)買方的要求。Chapter3ExportPrice12345678910I.MultiplechoicesBDDACDABDBII.TrueorfalsestatementsFTFFFTTFFFExplainthefollowingtermsinquiryAninquiryistheactofapotentialclientaskingforinformationfromthecounterparttohisintentioninbuyingorsellingacertaincommodity.offerAnofferisasufficientlydefiniteproposaladdressedtooneormorespecificpersonsforconcludingacontract,necessarilyindicatingtheintentionoftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance.counterofferAcounterofferisareplytoanofferwhichcontainsadditions,limitationsorothermodifications.acceptanceAnacceptanceisastatementmadebyorotherconductoftheoffereeindicatingassenttoanoffer.ShortquestionsWhatarethefourcomponentsofthestandardformofaprice?Acodeofcurrency,anumber,aunitandatradeterm.Whilemakingpricingdecision,whatmajorfactorsshouldbeconsidered?Whenasellerissettinghisexportprices,themajorfactorshehastoconsiderincludecost,anticipatedprofit,capabilityofhistargetmarket,termsofpayment,competitionandrelationshipbetweentheexporterandtheimporter.Whatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweencommissionanddiscount?Similarities:Bothcommissionanddiscountareusedasincentivetopromotetransactions.Differences:a.Commissionpaymentisanadd-upontopoftheoriginalprice,whilediscountareduction;b.Commissionmainlyappliestotransactionswhichinvolvemiddlepersonoragent.Discountcanbeusedwithoutparticularprerequisites.Whenwillanofferbeterminated?Anofferwillbeterminatedwhen:a.itislegallyterminated(beingwithdrawnorrevoked);b.itisnotacceptedbytheoffereewithinthevalidityperiodorareasonableperiodoftime;c.itisrejectedbytheofferee;andd.someuncontrollableeventshappen,preventingtheofferorfromfulfillinghisobligations.Whatarethepossiblemodificationsacounteroffermaymaketoanoffer?Ifareplytoanoffermakesmodificationsinthefollowingaspects,thereplywillbeconsideredasacounteroffer:~_priceandpayment;b.qualityandquantityofgoods;c.placeandtimeofdelivery;d.extentofoneparty'sliabilitytotheother;e.settlementofdispute.CasestudiesUnderthepriceofUSD25.5/dozenCFRRotterdamBBCompanysignedacontracttosell1000dozensofT-shirt.TheT-shirtwaspurchasedfromfactorybyRMB135/dozen.BBCompanycalculated3%ofitsproductpurchasingpriceasitsoverheadcosts.ThelocaltransportandcustomsformalitiestookRMB2500andthecontaineroceanfreightwasUSD1500.Ifthebankexchangeratewas1USD/6.5RMB,whatwouldbetheexportprofitmarginforthisdeal?Andwhataboutitsexportcostforforeignexchange?exportprofitmargin:9.26%;exportcostforforeignexchange:5.897Exportprofitmargin=[Exportrevenue(FOB)-Exportcost(FOB)]/Exportrevenue(FOB)ExportCostforForeignExchange=[ExportCostinLocalCurrency]/[ExportRevenueinForeignCurrency]ThepricequotedbyaShanghaiexporterwas"USD1200perM/TCFRLiverpool"ThebuyerrequestedarevisedFOBpriceincluding2%commission.ThefreightforShanghai-LiverpoolwasUSD200perM/T.Tokeeptheexportrevenueconstant,whatwouldFOBC2%pricebe?FOBC2%ShanghaiUSD1020.41/M/TFOBC%=FOB/(1-Commission)ACCompanyofferedtosellgoodsat"USD100percaseCIFNewYork".TheimporterrequestedarevisedquoteforCFRC5%.Thepremiumrateforinsurancewas1.05%andmark-upforinsurancewas10%.Togetthesameexportrevenue,whatwouldAC'snewofferbe?CFRC5%NewYorkUSD104.5/caseI=CIFx110%xRCFRC%=CFR/(1-Commission)DDCompanyofferedtosellgoodsat"USD2000perM/TCWTorontowith'allrisks'and'warrisk'for110%ofthevalue".TheimporterrequestedarevisedquoteforFOBGuangzhou.ThefreightforGuangzhou-TorontowasUSD50perM/T,andthepremiumratesfor"allrisks"and"warrisk"were1%and0.2%respectively.Togetthesameexportrevenue,whatFOBpriceshouldtheexporteroffer?FOBGuangzhouUSD1923.6/M/TI=CIFx110%xRCIF=FOB+Freight+InsuranceThepricequotedbyanexporterwas"USD450percaseFOBShanghai".TheimporterrequestedarevisedquoteforCIFAuckland.IfthefreightwasUSD50percase,110%ofthevaluewastobeinsured,andthepremiumrateforinsurancewas0.8%,whatwouldthenewpricebe?CIFAucklandUSD504.44/caseCIF=CFR/(1-110%xR)CFR=FOB+FreightXCompanysignedacontracttoexporttwomachinesataninitialprice(P0)ofUSD5millioneach.AtthetimeofsettingP0,thematerialpriceindex(M0)was110,thewageindex(W0)was120.Thecontractcontainedapricerevisionclausethatallowedthefinalpricetobesetondelivery.Atthetimeofdelivery,thematerialpriceindex(M)was112,andthewageindex(W)became125.Ifthefollowingratiosremainedconstant:A(themanagementfeeandprofitasapercentageoftheprice)=15%B(thematerialcostasapercentageoftheprice)=30%C(thewagecostasapercentageoftheprice)=55%Whatisthefinalprice(P)?USD5.14millionP=P0.(A+B.M/M0+C.W/W0)OnNov.20th,LeeCo.offeredtosellgoodstoDeeInc.atUSD500percaseCIFLondon,"Offervalidifreplyhere11/27."OnNov.22ndDeecabledback,"OfferacceptedifUSD480percase."AsLeewasconsideringthebid,themarketpricewentoverUSD500.OnNov.25th,DeecabledanunconditionalacceptanceofLee'sinitialoffer.CouldLeerejectDee'sacceptance?析：1)11月22日DeeInc.的回復(fù)對(duì)價(jià)格進(jìn)行了更改，因此這是一個(gè)還盤。當(dāng)DeeInc.對(duì)報(bào)盤進(jìn)行還盤，原來(lái)的報(bào)盤就自動(dòng)中止了。在這個(gè)前提下，LeeCo.可以采取任何行動(dòng)而不須顧慮先前的報(bào)價(jià)。2)盡管DeeInc.在原報(bào)盤的有效期內(nèi)又發(fā)出了一個(gè)無(wú)條件接受報(bào)盤的回復(fù)，但由于之前他們已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了還盤，所以此時(shí)的接受無(wú)效。答案：Yes.答題切入點(diǎn)：1)還盤的定義；2)報(bào)盤中止的因素。XofferedtosellgoodstoY,"Shipmentwithin2monthsafterreceiptofL/C,offervalidifreplyhere5days."Twodayslater,Ycabledback,"Acceptyouroffershipmentimmediately."Xdidn'treply.Twomoredayslater,XreceivedY'sL/Crequiringimmediateshipment.Atthistime,themarketpriceofthegoodswentupby20%.WhatoptionsdidXhavetodealwithY?析：1)Y在兩天后的回復(fù)中雖然聲明接受報(bào)盤，但同時(shí)要求“shipmentimmediately”，這是對(duì)原報(bào)盤的船期“shipmentwithin2months”進(jìn)行了修改，因此構(gòu)成了一個(gè)還盤，原報(bào)盤則被中止。2)在這個(gè)前提下，再來(lái)考慮x都有哪些選擇以及哪個(gè)是最可能或最好的。答題切入點(diǎn)：1)還盤的定義；2)報(bào)盤中止的因素；3)X可能有的各項(xiàng)選擇；4)X最可能選擇的做法及原因。Chapter4TermsofCommodity12345678910I.MultiplechoicesCCDDBCCBDBII.TrueorfalsestatementsFFFTFFTFFFCalculationCompanyChasacontracttoexport10metrictonsofSeafood,tobepackedincartonseachof40lb.(lib=0.45358kg),witha5%moreorlessallowedbothinquantityandinamount.HowmanycartonsofSeafoodcanCompanyCdeliveratmost?HowmanycartonsofSeafoodshouldCompanyCdeliveratleast?1lib=0.45358kg,so40lb=18.144kgMaximum:[10xl000kgx(1+5%)]/18.144=578.7(Attention:0.7shouldbedeletedhere)=578cartonsMinimum:[10xl000kgx(1-5%)]/18.144=523.6(Attention:0,6shouldbeaddedhere)=524cartonsAnswer:1)Atmost,CompanyCcandeliver578cartonsofSeafood.2)Atleast,CompanyCshoulddeliver524cartons.ExplainthefollowingtermsqualitylatitudeQualitylatitudemeansthepermissiblerangewithinwhichthequalityofthegoodsdeliveredbythesellermaybeflexiblycontrolled.qualitytoleranceQualitytolerancereferstothequalitydeviationrecognized(e.g.bysomeindustry),whichallowsthequalityofthegoodsdeliveredtohavecertaindifferencewithinarange.salebycountersampleAcountersampleisareplicamadebythesellerofthesampleprovided,normallybythebuyer.Inasalebycountersample,thecountersamplewillreplacetheoriginalsampleandbecomethefinalstandardofqualityofthetransaction.Bymeansofacountersample,thesellerwouldbemorecomfortabletopreparethemassproductsaccordingtoasampleprovidedbyhimself.Evenintheworstscenariothatthebuyerlaterfindsthecountersampledoesnotmatchwiththeoriginal,thesellerwillnotcarryanyresponsibilityasthecountersamplehasbeenconfirmedbythebuyer.grossfornetInthecaseof"grossfornet",thegoodsarepricedbytheirgrossweightinsteadofthenet.The"grossfornet"practicewillbeadoptedwhenthepackingmaybecomeanindivisiblepartoftheproduct,suchastobaccoflakes;orthepackingmaterialisalmostofthesamevalueasthatofthegoods,likegrainandfodder.standardregainStandardregain(rate)referstotheratiobetweenthewatercontentandthedryweightofthegoodswhichisacceptedintheworldmarketoragreeduponbythesellerandthebuyer.conditionedweightConditionedweightisadoptedforsomecommoditieslikewoolwhichisnotusuallypackedinavacuumcontainerandtendstoabsorbmoisture,astheweightofthesecommoditiesislikelytobeunstableduetothefluctuationoftheiractualmoisturecontentandvariesgreatlyfromtimetotime,andfromplacestoplaces.Inaddition,theseproductsareofhighvalue,itbecomesimportantforthebuyerandsellertoreachanagreementontheconceptofweight.moreorlessclause"Moreorlessclause"referstothestipulationconstitutingpartofthequantityclauseinthecontractthatallowsthesellertodeliverthegoodswithacertainpercentageofmoreorlessinquantityaccordingly.Theuseof"moreorlessclause"isforthesakeofefficientshipmentandlesscomplexityincontractexecutionbecauseinpracticeitisnotthateasytocontrolthequantityofgoodssuppliedstrictlyandexactly.Amoreorlessclauseusuallyconcernsthreeissues:1)howmuchmoreorlessshouldbeallowed;2)whichpartyisentitledtomakethedecision;and3)howshouldthemoreorlessportionofthegoodsbepriced.shippingmarksShippingmarksareatypeofmarkingontheshippingpacking.Itquickenstheidentificationandtransportationofthegoodsandhelpsavoidshippingerrors.Internationalstandardshippingmarksareusuallymadeupoffourparts:1)Consignee'scode;2)Destination;3)ReferenceNo.and4)Numberofpackages.F.A.Q.F.A.Q.istheabbreviationof"fairaveragequality".F.A.Q.isakindofstandardusedtoindicatethatthequalityoftheproductofferedisaboutequaltotheaveragequalitylevelofthesamecropwithinacertainperiodoftime(e.g.ayear.).neutralpackingNeutralpackingisaspecialtypeofmarkingratherthanatypeofpackingasitsnamemayindicate.Whileneutralpackingisrequired,nomarkingoforiginornameofthemanufacturershouldappearontheproduct,ontheshippingpackingorsalespackaging.ShortquestionsWhatarethetwocommonwaysofindicatingqualityofgoodsforexport?Salebydescriptionandsalebysamplearethetwocommonwaysofindicatingqualityofgoodsforexport.Salebydescriptionisawaytospecifythequalityofmostcommoditiesininternationaltrade.Salebydescriptionmaytaketheformofsalebyspecification,salebygrade,salebystandard,salebybrandnameortrademark,salebyoriginandsalebydescriptionsorillustrations.Asaleismadebysamplewhenthesellerandbuyeragreethatsamplesareusedasreferenceofqualityandconditionofthegoodstobedelivered.Thismethodisusedwhenitisdifficulttodescribequalityofthecommoditybywords.Accordingtothesupplierofthesample,therearethreecasesundersalebysample:salebyseller'ssample,salebybuyer'ssampleandsalebycountersample.Whataretheissuestobeconcernedwhenspecifyingqualityclauseinasalescontract?Whenstipulatingaqualityclauseinasalescontract,thefollowingaretobeconcerned:~adoptingtherightwaytostipulatethequality:Salebydescriptionisapplicabletocommoditiesofwhichqualitycanbeexpressedbysomescientificindices.Whilesalebysampleisadoptedwhenitisdifficulttodescribequalityofthecommoditybywords.~avoidingdoublestandard,eitherbydescriptionorbysample:Whensamplesarerequiredunderasalebydescription,itisessentialtoindicatethatthesampleisforreferenceonly.~makinguseofthequalitylatitudewhichallowsthesellertohaveflexibilityincontrollingthequalitybecauseabsolutequalityisdifficultorevenimpossibletohandle.~incaseofasampleprovidedbythebuyer,makinguseofprotectingclause.Whatarethecommonwaystomeasuretheweightofexportgoods.'?Thecommonwaystomeasuretheweightofexportgoodsincludegrossweight,netweight,conditionedweight,theoreticalweightandlegalweight.~Grossweightreferstotheweightofthecommodityplustheweightofthepacking.Grossweightisapplicabletocommoditiesofcomparativelylowvalue.~Netweightmeanstheactualweightofacommodityitselfexcludingtheweightofthepacking.AccordingtoCISGArticle56,theweightofacommodityiscalculatedbyitsnetweightunlessotherwisestatedinthecontract.~Conditionedweightisadoptedformoistureunstablecommoditieswithhighvalue,suchaswool.~Theweightisatheoreticalweightwhenthetotalweightoftheproductiscalculatedbymultiplyingthetotalquantityandtheunitweight,ratherthanmeasuredactually.Theoreticalweightisapplicabletocommoditiesofstandardizedsizesandspecifications.~Legalweightistheweightofthegoodsincludingtheimmediate,inner,ordirectpackingofthegoods.Accordingtothecustomslawsandregulationsinsomecountries,legalweightisusuallyusedasthebasisfortariffcalculation.Whatarethedifferentwaysofcalculatingthetarewhennetweightisused?Ininternationaltrade,tarecanbecalculatedbyactual/realtare,byaveragetare,bycustomarytareorbycomputedtarewhennetweightisusedandtheweightofpacking,i.e.thetare,mustbededucted.~Actual/realtarereferstotheactualweightofthepackingofthecommodities.Inordertogettheactualtareofthegoods,eachpackingofagoodhastobeweighedinordertogetatotal.~Byaveragetare,theweightofthepackingiscalculatedonthebasisoftheaverage.Theaveragetarecanbecalculatedbyweighingapartofthepackingofthecommoditiesandworkingouttheaveragewhenthepackingmaterialsareuniformandthespecificationsofgoodsarestandardized.~Thepackingofsomecommoditiesareunifiedandstandardizedandtheweightofthepackingisknownandacceptedbyeveryone.Inthiscase,therecognizedweightofthepacking,whichiscalledthecustomarytare,canbeusedincalculatingthenetweight.~Computedtareistheweightofthepackingagreeduponbythepartiesconcerned.Inthiscase,thenetweightiscalculatedbydeductingthetarepreviouslyagreeduponfromthegrossweightofthecommodity.Whataretheissuestobeconcernedwhenspecifyingquantityclauseinasalescontract?Whenstipulatingaquantityclauseinasalescontract,thefollowingaretobeconcerned:~adoptingtherightunitmeasurementsIninternationaltrade,thequantityofcommoditiesisalwaysshownasaspecificamountindifferentmeasurementunitssuchasweight,number,length,areaandvolume,etc.Sincedifferentcommoditieshavedifferentnaturesandcharacteristics,theadoptionofmeasurementunitsvaries.Therefore,thequantityofthecontractcommoditymustbemeasuredintherightmeasurementunit.~beingawareofdifferentmeasurementunitsDuetotheexistenceofdifferentmeasurementsystemsintheworld,tradersneedtobeawareoftheconsistencyofsystem.Anotablefactisthatsomeunitsindifferentsystemscarrythesamenamethough;theyareindicatingstandardsofmeasurementwithsignificantdifference.Inaddition,itistruethatduetothelocalbackgroundandcustomarypractice,differentcountriesadoptdifferentsystemsofmeasurement.Therefore,tradersneedtoclarifytheuseofunitandmeasurementsystemtoavoidunnecessarydisputes.~makinguseofthemoreorlessclausewhichallowsthesellertohaveflexibilityinmakingshipmentbecauseabsolutequantityisdifficultorevenimpossibletohandle."Moreorlessclause"referstothestipulationconstitutingpartofthequantityclauseinthecontractthatallowsthesellertodeliverthegoodswithacertainpercentageofmoreorlessinquantityaccordingly.Theuseof"moreorlessclause"isforthesakeofefficientshipmentandlesscomplexityincontractexecutionbecauseinpracticeitisnotthateasytocontrolthequantityofgoodssuppliedstrictlyandexactly.CaseStudiesXYZCompanysignedacontracttoexportRedDates.Thecontractspecifiedthatthedatesshouldbe"Grade3".Butatthetimeofshipment,therewerenotenoughthird-gradedatesonhandfordelivery.Asaresult,datesofhigherquality,Grade2,wereusedassubstitutes.Thesellerproudlymarkedtheinvoice,"DatesofGrade2soldatthepriceofGrade3".Couldthebuyerrefusetoacceptthegoods?Whyorwhynot?Wouldyoudodifferentlyifyouweretheseller?How?析：本題的解題要點(diǎn)：1)聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約第三十五條(1)賣方交付的貨物必須與合同所規(guī)定的數(shù)量、質(zhì)量和規(guī)格相符，并須按照合同所規(guī)定的方式裝箱或包裝；2)合同本身的品質(zhì)規(guī)定是“Grade3”；3)實(shí)際所交貨物的品質(zhì)是“Grade2”。（1）答案：Yes,買方可以拒收貨物。不論品質(zhì)比規(guī)定的好或差，只要實(shí)際所交貨物的品質(zhì)與合同本身的品質(zhì)規(guī)定不同，就是不符。在此情況下，買方有權(quán)利拒收貨物。答題切入點(diǎn)：品質(zhì)不符的理解。（2）答案：Yes，如果我是賣方，我會(huì)與買方磋商，尋求買賣雙方都能接受的處理方法。答題切入點(diǎn)：與買方磋商解決。ABXCompanysentasampleofexportinggoodstoaGermanbuyerduringnegotiation.Later,acontractwassigned,andtheprovisionofthegoodswas,"Moisture:14%;Impurity:4%."Beforeshipment,theselleragaincabledthebuyer,"Qualityaspersample".Aftertakingthedelivery,thebuyerhadthegoodsinspected.Althoughthequalityconformedtothetermsofthecontract,itwaslowerthanthatofthesampleby7%.Asaresult,thebuyerfiledaclaimforcompensation.Didthesellermakeanymistake?Whyorwhynot?析：答案：Yes，買方可以向賣方提出索賠，因?yàn)橘u方交付的貨物的品質(zhì)與樣品不符；在這筆交易中，賣方犯了起碼兩個(gè)錯(cuò)誤：錯(cuò)誤1）：品質(zhì)條款沒有品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)某些產(chǎn)品（如農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品等）的質(zhì)量具一定的不穩(wěn)定性，為了交易的順利進(jìn)行，在規(guī)定其品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的同時(shí)，應(yīng)制定一定的品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)幅度，允許賣方所交的貨物的品質(zhì)指標(biāo)在一定的幅度內(nèi)有靈活性。否則單一的品質(zhì)指標(biāo)難以達(dá)到，往往給賣方履行合同帶來(lái)困難。答題的切入點(diǎn)：品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)條款錯(cuò)誤2）：品質(zhì)規(guī)定用了雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，既憑合同規(guī)格買賣，又憑樣品買賣。表示品質(zhì)的方法很多，品質(zhì)條款應(yīng)視商品的特性而定，采取合理的品質(zhì)規(guī)定。凡是能用一種方法表示某種品質(zhì)的，一般就不宜用兩種或兩種以上的方法來(lái)表示。根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約，如同時(shí)采用既憑樣品又憑規(guī)格買賣，則要求賣方交付的貨物的品質(zhì)必須既與樣品一致，又要符合合同所規(guī)定規(guī)格，要做到兩全其美，難以辦到，往往給賣方履行合同帶來(lái)困難。答題的切入點(diǎn)：品質(zhì)規(guī)定的雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，既憑合同規(guī)格又憑樣品買賣。ABCCompanysignedacontracttoexportrice.Thequantitywas10000tons.Aftertakingthedelivery,theforeignbuyerdemandedanadditional160metrictonsofrice.Whatwentwrong?析：本題的解題要點(diǎn)：合約中的數(shù)量為“噸”，是不明確的規(guī)定?！皣崱?，在實(shí)行公制的國(guó)家一般理解為公噸，每噸為1000公斤；在實(shí)行英制的國(guó)家一般理解為長(zhǎng)噸，每噸為1016公斤；在實(shí)行美制的國(guó)家一般理解為短噸，每噸為907公斤。所以，當(dāng)賣方理解為公噸，每噸為1000公斤；而買方理解為長(zhǎng)噸，每噸為1016公斤是，這份合約下賣方實(shí)際交貨的數(shù)量與買方預(yù)期收貨數(shù)量的差別為160公噸［（1016kg-1000kg）X100000=160000kg=160metrictons］。答案：是買賣雙方對(duì)合約數(shù)量規(guī)定的“噸”有不同的理解。答題的切入點(diǎn)：1）數(shù)量規(guī)定不明確；2）不同度量衡制度下的“噸”表示的實(shí)際數(shù)量不同。ABeijingcompanysignedacontracttoimportwoolfromAustralia.Thequantitywasspecifiedas"20M/T".Whenthewoolwasdelivered,ithadaregainof33%.（1）Whatisaregainrate?（2）Whydidthebuyergetabaddeal?（3）Ifthestandardregainis10%,andactualregainis33%,whatistheconditionedweight?析：本題的解題要點(diǎn)：1）文中提到合同約定的數(shù)量是“20MT”，應(yīng)理解為凈重。因?yàn)橛?jì)算重量的方法有毛重，凈重，公量等，而根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約第五十六條，如果價(jià)格是按貨物的重量規(guī)定的，如有疑問，應(yīng)按凈重確定。2）合同商品的羊毛，具有較強(qiáng)的吸濕性，其所含的水分受客觀環(huán)境的影響較大，故其重量很不穩(wěn)定。為了準(zhǔn)確計(jì)算這類商品的重量，國(guó)際貿(mào)易中買賣雙方通常會(huì)約定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（公定）回潮率，采用按公量計(jì)算的辦法。（1）答案：回潮是指貨物（纖維材料）在環(huán)境溫度下吸濕含水的現(xiàn)象。回潮率則是指貨物（纖維材料）含水重量占貨物（纖維材料）干重的百分比。答題的切入點(diǎn)：回潮（率）的概念。（2）答案：買方這筆交易不劃算。因?yàn)楹贤袥]有明確規(guī)定計(jì)算重量的方法，只能按凈重計(jì)算。因此當(dāng)賣方實(shí)際交貨的羊毛，因具有較強(qiáng)的吸濕性而其所含的水分高達(dá)33%是，買方也別無(wú)他法，只得按凈重(連帶33%的水分)計(jì)算付款。答題的切入點(diǎn)：合同約定計(jì)算重量的方法不明確。答案：如按公量計(jì)算，這批貨只有16．54公噸。計(jì)算：ConditionedWeight=ActualWeightX[(1+StandardRegainRate)/(1+ActualRegainRate)]=20X[(1+10%)/(1+33%)]=16.54答題的切入點(diǎn)：公量的計(jì)算。KHCompanywasexportingbicyclestotheUS.Thecontractstipulated,"Packedinwoodencase."Althoughtheletterofcreditstated,"PackedinwoodencaseC.K.D.",theexporterpackedthebicyclesasusual(SKD).Theinvoiceandshippingdocumentsweremarked"C.K.D.".Butattheportofdestination,thecustomsimposedaseverepenaltyonthegoods,andthebuyerdemandedcompensationfromtheseller.Wasthebuyerentitledtothecompensation?(C.K.D.:CompletelyKnockedDown,S.K.D.:SemiKnockedDown)析：本題的解題要點(diǎn)：導(dǎo)致買方被海關(guān)罰款的原因是單貨不符。單貨不符的原因是賣方實(shí)際交貨的包裝與信用證規(guī)定不符；導(dǎo)致實(shí)際交貨的包裝與信用證規(guī)定不符的原因是信用證規(guī)定的包裝與合同不符(或合同規(guī)定不夠詳細(xì)明確)。答案：Yes,買方應(yīng)得到賠償。答題的切入點(diǎn)：導(dǎo)致買方被海關(guān)罰款的直接原因；單貨不符的責(zé)任方。Chapter5CargoTransportation12345678910I.MultiplechoicesDBCDBAACBAII.TrueorfalsestatementsTFTFTFFFTTCalculationThepricequotedbyanexporterwas"USD38percaseFOBShanghai".TheimporterrequestedarevisedCFRLiverpoolprice.Ifthesizeofeachcasewas50cmx40cmx30cm,grossweightpercasewas40kg,freightbasiswasW/MandthequotationforLiverpoolisUSD100pertonofcarriage,plus20%bunkeradjustmentfactor(BAF)and10%currencyadjustmentfactor(CAF),whatwouldbetheCFRprice?W=40kg=0.04m/tM=50cmx40cmx30cm=0.5x0.4x0.3=0.06cm3M>W,MwillbeusedasfreightbasisforfreightcalculationFreightpercase=Mxbasicfreightratex(1+BAFrate+CAFrate)=0.06x100x(l+20%+10%)=USD7.8CFR=FOB+Freight=38+7.8=USD45.80Answer:TheCFRpricewouldbeUSD45.80percaseCFRLiverpool.Oneconsignmentof10cartonsofleathershoes,measurementofeachcartonis50x50x50cm,grossweightofeachis15KG.TheairfreightratequotedfortheflightrequiredisUSD1.3/KG.Howmuchairfreightshouldbepaidtothecarrier?W=15kgM=(50x50x50)/6000cm3=20.83kgM>WFreight=USD1.3/kgx20.83x10cartons=USD270.79Answer:TheairfreightisUSD270.79.CompanyAistodeliverasmallconsignmentofHardware(Total:120ctn/3cbm/6.5mt)fromShenzhen,ChinatoBerlin,Germany.TheLCLoceanfreightrateisUSD45.00perrateton(lcbm:lmt).Howmuchisthefreight?TotalWeight=6.5m/tTotalMeasurement=3cbmM>W,soMisusedascalculationbasis.Totalfreight=BasicFreightRatexTotalQuantity=45.00x6.5=USD292.50Answer:ThetotalfreightwouldbeUSD292.50.CompanyBistoexporttheirgoodsbythree1x20'FCLContainersfromGuangzhou,ChinatoFelixstow,UK.ThequotationforFCLoceanfreightrateisasfollows:O/F(Oceanfreight)rate:USD750.00/20';BAF:USD500.00/20';CAF:12%onthebasisfreightISPS(Internationalshipandportfacilitysecurity)USD10.00/20'Howmuchisthetotalfreight?Totalfreight=[O/Fx(1+CAF)+BAF+ISPS]xQuantity=[750x(1+12%)+500+10]x3=1350x3=USD4050.00Answer:ThetotalfreightwouldbeUSD4050.00.CompanyCistodeliverbyair10setsofHi-fiEquipmentstoParis,France.Thetotalweightis550kgandthemeasurementis2.5cbm.TheAirfreightquotedbyalogisticscompanyisasfollows:A/F(Airfreight)rate:CNY10.00/kgFSC(Fuelsurcharge):CNY11.00/kgSCC(Securitysurcharge):CNY1.20/kgHowm