托福綜合寫作講義

TOEFL

iBT

Integrated

WritingBy

Joe考什么1.

notetaking2.

summarizing3.

paraphrasingReading&Lecture1.1

L完全反對(duì)R中的結(jié)論、觀點(diǎn)；1.

2

L指出R中未提及的缺陷、不利之處等；2.延續(xù)1.駁斥2.1

L支持R結(jié)論、觀點(diǎn)；2.

2

L解釋R中的原因、結(jié)果等；Reading讀什么MeanideaExplanationLecture聽什么MeanideaExplanationDetail&

ExamplesThe

more

specific,the

betterThe

structure

of

BODY一一對(duì)應(yīng)、逐個(gè)反駁正反結(jié)構(gòu)、簡(jiǎn)單明了A.結(jié)構(gòu)1.一一對(duì)應(yīng)、逐個(gè)反駁Paragraph1:Although

the

reading

provides

a

few

examples

of

altruistic

behavior

naturally

found

in

both

human

and

meerkats,

the

lecture

easily

refutes

the

claims

of

the

reading

with

the

help

of

some

scientific

research.

1.一一對(duì)應(yīng)、逐個(gè)反駁Paragraph2:The

reading

first

claims

that…

The

author

believes

that…as

well.In

addition,

the

reading

support

…1.一一對(duì)應(yīng)、逐個(gè)反駁Paragraph3:On

the

contrary,

the

lecture

refutes

by

citing

several

key

scientific

findings.

Firstly…Besides…Furthermore/finally…ConclusionEvidence1Evidence3Evidence2SupportingexampleSupportingexampleSupportingexample.........ConclusionEvidence1Evidence3Evidence2SupportingexampleSupportingexampleSupportingexample.........ReadingListening2.正反結(jié)構(gòu)、簡(jiǎn)單明了Paragraph2:The

reading

first

claims

that…

However,

the

lecture

refutes

by

citing

the

scientific

finding

that…2.正反結(jié)構(gòu)、簡(jiǎn)單明了Paragraph3:In

addition,

the

lecturer

argue

against

the

reading

passage’s

second

point

by

saying

that…2.正反結(jié)構(gòu)、簡(jiǎn)單明了Paragraph4:The

reading

claims

that…

as

well.

Again,

this

theory

is

refuted

by

the

professor

in

the

lecture

by

pointing

out

that…ConclusionEvidence1Evidence3Evidence2SupportingexampleSupportingexampleSupportingexample.........ConclusionEvidence1Evidence3Evidence2SupportingexampleSupportingexampleSupportingexample.........ReadingListening講話人Lecturer,

speaker,

professor

2.文章作者Writer,authorB.語(yǔ)言陳述、認(rèn)為State/indicate/believe/suggest/discuss/talkabout/present/makethepointthat/say/demonstrate/illustrate/point

out/

investigate/claim/

maintain/B.語(yǔ)言駁斥、反對(duì)refute,disagreewith,castdoubton,challenge,oppose,conflictwith,denythestatementof,contradict,differfrom,incontrastB.語(yǔ)言支持support,enhance,uphold,justify,strengthen/assert/sustain/B.語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比動(dòng)詞類：refute\challenge\doubt\deny\rebut\counter\castdoubton\contradict\oppose\objectto\disagreewith\disapproveof形容詞短語(yǔ)類：becontradictory\conflicting\opposing\contrary\oppositeto\differentfrom副詞短語(yǔ)類：incontrast\conversely\however\actually\infact\indeed連詞類：while\whereasB.語(yǔ)言舉例：forexampleasanexampleforinstanceAisanexampleofBthatis/namelyTogiveaspecificexampleB.語(yǔ)言

提示觀點(diǎn)，遞進(jìn)：inaddition/furthermoreinthesamemanneranotherreasonis...thatbringsusto...whatIwanttotalkabout

isthat...B.語(yǔ)言

提示觀點(diǎn)，遞進(jìn)：inaddition/furthermoreinthesamemanneranotherreasonis...thatbringsusto...whatIwanttotalkabout

isthat...B.語(yǔ)言研究調(diào)查：(further/closer/other)studies/researches發(fā)明發(fā)現(xiàn)：(new)finding/discovery其他解釋：alternativeexplanation/theory反方證據(jù)：counter-example/evidence質(zhì)疑駁斥：challenge/objection/refutation斷言聲稱：allegation/claim/assertion控訴反駁：charge/objection/refutation評(píng)論解釋：remark/comment錯(cuò)誤缺陷：fault/weakness/mistake/errorB.語(yǔ)言

結(jié)論：allinallTo

sum

up/insummaryinconclusioninconsequence/consequentlyIn

a

nutshelltherefore/henceB.語(yǔ)言First

paragraph:C.段落Inthelecture,theprofessormakesseveralpointsabout___.Thelecturerarguesthat__.Thepointsmadebytheprofessoragree/disagreewith/contradictthereadingpassage.Inthereadingpassage,theauthorclaimsthat____.However,thefollowinglisteningmaterialentirelychallengedthestatementmadebythewriter.Thespeakercontendsthat___.ORInthelecture,theprofessorarguesthat________.However,thereadingpassagecontendsthat________.Theprofessor’slecturecastsdoubton/advocatesthereadingpassagebyusingnumberofpointsandexample.Body:C.段落Thereadingpassagecontendsthat…

/

Theauthorstatesthat…

However/

but

/

yet

/in

contrast/

on

the

contrarythelecture/

speakerargues/

points

outthat…

Accordingtotheprofessorinthelecture…/Thespeakerarguesthat…

Thisdirectlycontradictswhatthereadingpassageindicates,because…

/Whichrefutes/casts

doubt

onthepointthat…inthereading

Contraryto/

different

from…thestatement/pointinthereadingthat…

The

lecture/

speaker

in

the

listening

states/argues/

holds

that…Body:C.段落Thereadingpassagecontendsthat…

/

Theauthorstatesthat…

However/

but

/

yet

/in

contrast/

on

the

contrarythelecture/

speakerargues/

points

outthat…

Accordingtotheprofessorinthelecture…/Thespeakerarguesthat…

Thisdirectlycontradictswhatthereadingpassageindicates,because…

/Whichrefutes/casts

doubt

onthepointthat…inthereading

Contraryto/

different

from…thestatement/pointinthereadingthat…

The

lecture/

speaker

in

the

listening

states/argues/

holds

that…Body:C.段落Thereadingpassagecontendsthat…

/

Theauthorstatesthat…

However/

but

/

yet

/in

contrast/

on

the

contrarythelecture/

speakerargues/

points

outthat…

Accordingtotheprofessorinthelecture…/Thespeakerarguesthat…

Thisdirectlycontradictswhatthereadingpassageindicates,because…

/Which