中國(guó)文化概述-chapter13-World-Heritage-Sites

Chapter13WorldHeritageSitesAGlimpseofChineseCulture

本章教學(xué)目的對(duì)中國(guó)世界文化和自然遺產(chǎn)的了解。本章教學(xué)重難點(diǎn)世界文化和自然遺產(chǎn)——著名山脈的介紹世界自然遺產(chǎn)——著名風(fēng)景點(diǎn)的介紹世界文化遺產(chǎn)——石窟和古村落的介紹本章教學(xué)的時(shí)間安排教師課堂講解(60minutes)IntroductiontotheWorldHeritageList(5minutes)WorldCulturalandNaturalHeritages—mountains(15minutes)WorldNaturalHeritage—ScenicSpots(15minutes)WorldCulturalHeritages(15minutes)ThepreservationofWorldHeritage討論(10minutes)學(xué)生課件展示(30minutes)WorldCulturalandNaturalHeritagesinChinaChinahasavastterritories,abundantnaturalresources,withmanywonderfullandscapesandtreasuredhistoricsites.AnumberoftheseformpartoftheWorldHeritageList,asourceofgreatnationalpridetotheChinesepeople.ChinastartedtosubmittotheWorldHeritageListin1987.UptoJune2007,amongtheover800WorldHeritageSiteslistedbyUNESCO,Chinahas35listed,rankingthethird,trailingSpainandItaly.WorldCulturalandNaturalHeritage—MountainsMountTaishanwaslistedin1987byUNESCOasaDualCulturalandNaturalHeritage.China’sspectacularmountainlandscapesattractmanytouristshomeandabroad.Amongthem,MountTaishan,MountHuangshan,MountLushanandMountWuyiaremostworthvisiting.MountTaishanTherearefivesacredmountainsinChina:MountTaishan(泰山),MountHuashan(華山),MountHengshan(恒山),MountHengshan(衡山)，andMountSongshan(嵩山).InMountTaishan,natureandculturepenetrateintoeachother.ItisthesymbolofspiritualcultureofChina.

theSunriseintheEast

MountTaishan’sfourspectacularviewstheSunsetintheWest

theYonderYellowRiverResemblingaGoldenBelttheSeaofCloudslikeJadePlates

MountHuangshanMountHuangshanwaslistedin1990byUNESCOasaDualCulturalandNaturalHeritage.Thethreemainpeaks,theLotusPeak,theTianduPeakandtheGuangmingpeak,areabout1,800metresabovesealevel.

ThreeMainPeaks

theLotusPeak

theTianduPeaktheGuangmingpeak

MountLushanMountLushanwasaddedtothelistofWorldCulturalHeritagein1996byUNESCOWHC.Themountainisawell-knownscenicarea,summerresortandplaceforconvalescent(恢復(fù)期的)patients.ThreeWaterFalls

HanpoPass

SuDongpo,abrilliantpoetoftheSongDynasty,queriedinoneofhispoems:

“HowcouldonetellwhatMountLushanreallylookslikewhenoneisinthemidstofthemountainallalong?”

MountEmei

MountEmeiandtheLeshanGiantBuddhaScenicAreawerelistedin1996byUNESCOWHCasaDualCulturalandNaturalHeritage.Themountainstretchesmorethan200kmfromsouthtonorth.Itsmainpeak,WanfoTop(萬(wàn)佛頂:thesummitofTenThousandBuddhas),isabout3,099metresabovesealevel.AtthesummitoftheMountEmeiisthemonasteryknownastheGoldenSummit.MountEmeiisawell-knownnaturalmuseumwithmorethan3,000speciesofplantsand2,000typesofanimalsincludinggroupsofmonkeysthatappearonthemountainroads.TheGiantBuddhaofLeshan30kmwestofMountEmeiisthelargestBuddhaintheworld.MountWuyiMountWuyiwaslistedin1999byUNESCOWHCasaDualCulturalandNaturalHeritage.LocatedsouthofWuyishanCity,FujianProvince,MountWuyihaswhatisprobablythelargest,mosttypicalandbest-preservedsubtropicalvirginforestsintheworld.Itisatypicalrosycloudlandform(丹霞地貌).Thisscenicareaincludesonestream,sevenshoals(灘),nineponds,11ravines(澗),13springs,36peaks,61rocks,72caves,99cliffs,and108scenicspots.WorldNaturalHeritage—ScenicSpotsSincetheninetiesofthelastcentury,therehavebeenfournaturalsiteslistedasworldnaturalheritage:WulingyuanScenicandHistoricInterestArea,JiuzhaigouValleyScenicandHistoricInterestArea,HuangLongscenicandHistoricInterestAreaandSichuanGiantPandaSanctuaries.Wulingyuan(武陵源)TheWulingyuanNaturalResortofZhangjiajiecityinthenorthwestofHunanProvincewaslistedasaworldnaturalHeritagein1992byUNESCO.Theareaconsistsofthreeparts:ZhangjiajieNationalForestPark,SuoxiyuNaturalResourceReserveandTianzishanNaturalResourceReserve.

JiuzhaigouValleyScenicandHistoricInterestAreaTheJiuzhaigouValleyScenicandHistoricInterest

AreawasputontheWorldNaturalHeritageslistin1992byUNESCO.TheJiuzhaigouValleyisanarrowstripoflowland,400kmlong,intheMinshan(岷山)MountainRangeinNanpingCountyinnortheastSichuanProvince.ItgotitsnamebecausetherearenineTibetanvillagesinthevalley.ItssixmainscenicsitesareLongSea,SwordRock,Cataract(諾日朗瀑布),ShuZhengLakes,ZhaRuLakesandBlackSea.Itswonderfulscenesofgreenlakes,overlappingfalls,colorfulforests,snowypeaksanditsTibetanlifeareofworldwiderenown.HuanglongScenicandHistoricInterestAreaTheHuanglongScenicandHistoricInterestAreainSongpancountyofSichuanProvincewasputontheWorldNaturalHeritagelistin1992byUNESCO.Huanglongisfamedforitscolorfulpools,snow-cappedmountains,deepforests,waterfallsanddiversifiedcultures.

Huanglongwinsitsfameforitsmagiclandscapeoflimeformations,madeupof3,400multi-colouredponds,interlacedalongthevalley.

SichuanGiantPandaSanctuariesTheSichuanGiantPandaSanctuarieswaslistedtobetheworldnaturalheritagein2006byUNESCO.ThepandahabitatinSichuancovers9,245sqkmincludingLying-Dragon,MountainFourSisters,goldmountainrangesaswellas12citiesandcounties.Thirtypercentofthewildpandasintheworldarelivingthere,whichmakesitthelargestandmostintactwildpandahabitatintheworld.WorldCulturalHeritagesFamousGrottos

FamousAncientCitiesYinXu(Anyang)FamousGrottosWiththewidespreadofBuddhisminChinainthesecondcentury,grottoartswereintroducedtoChinafromIndia,anddevelopedrapidlybetweenthesecondandfourthcenturies.Grottoswerecarvedinclifffacesinvariousplaces,particularlyinNorthernChina.TheYungangGrottosinShanxiProvince,theDunhuangCavesinGansuProvinceandtheLongmenGrottosinHenanProvincearecalledthethreemostimportantgrottosinChina.MogaoCavesTheMogaoCavesinDunhuangwereputonthelistoftheWorldCulturalHeritagein1987byUNESCO.Itisthegreatestandmostconsummate(完整的)galleryofBuddhistartintheworld.

TheCaveseachmeasures1,600meterslongand50metershigh,andisclose-packedlikeabeehive(蜂窩).Thereare492caveswiththe1,000yearoldmuralsandcolouredstatueswhichwerecompletedindifferentperiodssuchastheSouthandtheNorthDynasties,Sui,Tang,theFiveDynasties,Song,WestXiaandYuanDynasty.LongmenGrottos

TheLongmenGrottoswasputonthelistoftheWorldCulturalHeritagein2000byUNESCO.TheLongmenGrottosaresituatedonthebankoftheYiRiverinLuoyangCity,HenanProvince.TheywerecarvedfromtheNorthernWeitotheSongDynasty,spanningmorethan400years.Therearealltogethermorethan97,000statuesofBuddha,morethan1,300caves,over3,600inscriptionsandtitledtabletsinthesite.TheLongmenGrottosisanoutdoorartmuseumofstonecarvingsandhasthehighestnumberofinscribedstonetabletsamongChina’sgrottos.LushenaBuddha(盧舍那佛),thelargestofthestatues,is17.14metershigh,andthesmallestoneisamere-2-cm-high.Twocaves,theGuyangCave(古陽(yáng)洞)andtheBinyangCave(賓陽(yáng)洞),containthemostrepresentativestatues.YungangGrottos

TheYungangGrottoswereputonthelistoftheWorldCulturalHeritagein2001byUNESCOWHC.Located16kmwestofDatongCitywiththenorthernclifffacesWuzhouHills,theYunganggrottoswerehewn(鑿)outofcliff-sidesinahoneycombpattern,stretchingforonekmfromEasttoWest.TheycontainChina’slargestandearlieststonesculpture.ThesculpturalworksatYungangarenotedfortheirfleshy,vigorousfeaturesandrichvariety.Thebiggestoneinthegrottosis17metreshigh,whilethesmallestisonlyseveralcm.Thestatuesofallkindsarevividandlifelike.

FamousAncientCitiesOldtownofLijiangOldTownofLijiangwasputontheWorldCulturalHeritagelistbyUNESCOin1997.AlsocalledDayanTown,theOldTownofLijiangisfoundedinalargeNaxi(納西)settlementfirstbuiltduringtheSouthernSongDynastysomeeightcenturiesagoinYunnanProvince.Lijiang’sfamecomesfromtheDongba(東巴)cultureofNaxiethnicgroupandtheMosuo(摩挲)matrilinealfamily.Itisanintactancientcitywithalonghistory,inhabitedchieflybytheNaxiethnicgroup.Itisnicknamedthe“OrientalVenice”.Mostofthebuildingsinthetownweremadeofwoodandtiles,extremelyelegantandcomfortable.

CityofPingyao

AncientCityofPingyaowasputontheWorldCulturalHeritagelistbyUNESCOWHCin1997.PingYaoisasmalltownincentralShanxiProvince.ItwasbuiltintheZhouDynasty.Thereisthemostwell-preservedancientcitywallwhichsurroundsthetown.Pingyaohasattractedmoreandmoreattentionthroughouttheworld.ItisthemirrorofcitiesintheMingandQingDynasties.HongcunandXidi(宏村與西遞)AncientvillagesinsouthernAnhui—HongcunandXidiwereputontheWorldCulturalHeritagelistbyUNESCOWHCin2000,2003and2004.Located10kmnortheastofYixianCounty,AnhuiProvince,XidiandHongcunhaveabout400—500yearsofhistory.TheoriginalresidentialstyleandfeaturesoftheMingandQingDynastieswerepreservedperfectly,reputedas“ALivingAncientResidentialMuseum”byexpertsandtouristsathomeandfromabroad.XidiandHongcunaretypicalrepresentationofthecultureoffeudalsocietyinthelaterstageofChina—thecarrierofHuizhouculture.Ithaswellpreserveditsdialects,costume,andsomelocalfoodanddrinks.

YinXu(Anyang)The3,300-year-oldYinXuwereputonUNESCO’sWorldHeritageListin2006.Itisthekeyculturalheritagesiteunderthegovernment’sprotection.ItislocatedatAnyang,HenanProvince.After60yearsofarchaeological(考古的)excavationsfrom1928,theruinsofpalaces,temples,workshops,tombsandsacrificialpitshavebeenfoundthere.Withatotalareaofabout24sqkm,YinXuisthecapitalcity’sruinsofthelateShangDynasty.Theexcavationoftheruinshasprovidedrichandcrucialmaterialsforthestudyofhistoryofthatperiod.Theunearthedrelicsinclude:alargenumberoforacleboneinscriptions(甲骨文),delicatebronzeware,jadeandivoryarticles,productiontoolsandarticlesfordailyuse.ThemostfamousamongthemistheSimuwuTripod(司母戊方鼎),thelargestpieceofbronzewarerelicofthattimeeverfoundintheworld.ItshowsthehighlevelofcraftsmanshipandeconomicandculturaldevelopmentofthelateShangDynasty.ThePreservationofWorldHeritageTheWorldHeritageCommittee,underUNESCO,considerseachyearsuggestionsforlistingasWorldHeritagesites.AllsitesontheWorldHeritageListreceivefinancialandtechnicalaid.Inthemeantime,theybecomebetterknownworldwideandareprotectedbypressurefromtheinternationalcommunity.TwomajorcriteriaarevitalwhenseekingaWorldHeritagedesigna