2018年12月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)真題第1套

2018年12月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)真題完整版(第1套)PartI Writing (30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthechallengesoflivinginabigcity.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.Partn ListeningComprehension (25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreenewsreports.Attheendofeachnewsreport,youwillheartwoorthreequestions.Boththenewsreportandthenquestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.A)Landaspacevehicleonthemoonin2019.Designanewgenerationofmobilephones.Setupamobilephonenetworkonthemoon.Gatherdatafromthenoonwithatinydevice.A)Itisstable.B)Itisdurable.C)Itisinexpensive. D)Itissophisticated.Questions3and4arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.A)Itlastedmorethansixhours.Noinjurieswereyetreported.Nobodywasinthebuildingwhenitbrokeout.Ithadburnedfor45minutesbythetimefirefightersarrived.A)Recruitandtrainmorefirefighters.Pulldownthedesertedshoppingmall.Turntheshoppingmallintoanamusementpark.Findmoneytorenovatethelocalneighborhood.Questions5and6arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.A)Shrinkingpotatofarming.Heavyrelianeeonimport.Widespreadplantdisease.Insufficientpotatosupply.A)Itintendstokeepitstraditionaldiet.Itwantstoexpanditsownfarming.Itisafraidofthespreadofdisease.Itisworriedaboutunfaircompetition.A)Globalwarning.Ever-risingprices.Governmentregulation.Diminishinginvestment.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA)，B)，C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions8to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Informative.B)Inspiring.C)Dull.D)Shallow.A)Shetypesonakeyboard.Shedoesrecording.Shetakephotos.Shetakenotes.A)Itkeepshermindactive.Itmakesherstayawake.Itenableshertothinkhard.Ithelpsherkilltime.A)Itenableshertoimproveherpronunciation.Ithelpsherbetterrememberwhatshelearns.Itturnsouttobeanenjoyablewayoflearning.Itprovestobefarmoreeffectivethanwriting.Questions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Tospendherhoneymoon.TotryauthenticIndianfood.TotakephotosoftheTajMahal.Totracetheoriginofalovestory.A)Inmemoryofaprincess.Inhonorofagreatemperor.Tomarkthedeathofanemperorofthe1600s.Tocelebratethebirthofaprincess 's14thchild.A)Itlooksolderthanexpected.Itisbuiltofwoodandbricks.Itstoreslotsofpricelessantiques.Ithaswallsdecoratedwithjewels.A)Theirstreetsarenarrow.Eachonhasauniquecharacter.Theyaremostlycrowded.Lifecanbetediousinsomeplaces.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreepassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Theyhelpspreadthelatesttechnology.Theygreatlyenrichpeople 'sleisurelife.TheyprovideresidentswiththeTheyallowfreeaccesstodigitalbooksandvideos.A)Byhelpingthemfindjobs.Bykeepingthemoffthestreets.Byinspiringtheircreativity.Byprovidingaplaceofrelaxation.A)Theirinteractionwithteenagersprovedfruitful.Theyusedlibrarieslessoftenthanteenagers.Theytendedtovisitlibrariesregularly.Theirnumberincreasedmodestly.Questions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Itisthecleverestcatintheworld.Itisanunusualcrossbreed.ItisthelargestcatinAfrica.Itisalarge-sizedwildcat.A)Theyareasloyalasdoges.Theyarefondofsleepingincabinets.Theyhaveunusuallylongtails.Theyknowhowtopleasetheirowners.A)Theyshaketheirfrontpaws.Theyshowerwiththem.Theyteachthemtodive.Theyshoutatthem.Questions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Contentedandrelieved.Anxiousanddepressed.Proudbutabitnervous.Excitedbutsomewhatsad.A)Itstartsthemomenttheyareborn.Itdependsontheirparentsforsuccess.Itisgainingincreasingpublicattention.Itisbecomingparents'biggestconcern.A)Choosetherightschoolforthem.Helpthemtolearnbythemselves.Readbooksandmagazinestothem.Setagoodexampleforthemtofollow.A)Theirintelligence.Theirhomelife.Thequalityoftheirschool.Theefforttheyputinlearning.Part川 ReadingComprehension (40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonc．eQuestions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Millionsdieearlyfromairpollutioneachyear.Airpollutioncoststheglobaleconomymorethan$5trillionannuallyinwelfarecosts,withthemostserious26occurringinthedevelopingworld.Thefiguresincludeanumberofcosts27withairpollution.Lostincomealoneamountsto$225billionayear.Thereportincludesbothindoorandoutdoorairpollution.Indoorpollution,whichincludes28likehomeheatingandcooking,hasremained29overthepastseveraldecadesdespiteadvancesinthearea.Levelsofoutdoorpollutionhavegrownrapidlyalongwithrapidgrowthinindustryandtransportation.DirectorofInstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluationChrisMurray30itasan“urgentcalltoaction.”“Oneoftheriskfactorsforprematuredeathsistheairwebreathe,overwhichindividualshavelittle31,”hesaid.Theeffectsofairpollutionareworstinthedevelopingworld,whereinsomeplaceslost-laborincome32nearly1%ofGDP.Around9in10peopleinlow-andmiddle-incomecountriesliveinplaceswherethey33experiencedangerouslevelsofoutdoorairpollution.Buttheproblemisnotlimited34tothedevelopingworld.ThousandsdieprematurelyintheU.S.asaresultofrelatedillnesses.InmanyEuropeancountries,wherediesel柴油) 35havebecomemorecommoninrecentyears,thatnumberreachestensofthousands.A)abilityE)controlI)exclusivelyM)sourcesB)associatedF)damageJ)innovatedN)undermineC)consciouslyG)describedK)regularlyO)vehiclesD)constantH)equalsL)relatesSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoeachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.Food-as-MedicineMovementIsWitnessingProgressSeveraltimesamonth,youcanfindadoctorintheaislesofRalph 'smarketiHuntingtonBeach,California,wearingawhitecoatandhelpingpeoplelearnaboutfood.Ononerecentday,thisdoctorwasDanielNadeau,wanderingthecerealaislewithAllisonScott,givinghersomeideaonhowtofeedkidswhopersistentlyavoidanythingthatishealthy. “Haveyouthoughtabouttryingfreshjuicesinthemorning? ”hher.“Thefrozenorangesandapplesarealittlecheaper,andfruitsarereallygoodforthebrain.Juicesarequickandeasytoprepare,youcantakethefrozenfruitoutthenightbeforeandhaveitreadythenextmorning.”ScottisdelightedtogetfoodadvicefromaphysicianwhoisprogramdirectorofthenearbyMaryandDickAllenDiabetesCenter,partoftheSt.JosephHoagHealthalliance.Thecenter 's‘ShopwithYourDoc'programsendsdoctorstothegrocerystoretomeetwithanypatientswhosignupfortheservice,plusanyothershopperswhohappentobearoundwithquestions.Nadeaunoticesthepre-mademacaroni（通心粉）-and-cheeseboxesinScott'sshoppingcartandsuggestssheswitchtowholegrainmacaroniandrealchees“e.SoI'dhavetomake？it”sheasks,herenthusiasmfadingatthethoughtofhowlongthatmighttake,justtohaveherkidsrejectit. “I'mnotsurethey'deatit.Theyjuseatit.”Nadeausayssugarandprocessedfoodsarebigcontributorstotherisingdiabetesratesamongchildren. “InAmerica,over50percentofourfoodisprocessedfood,Nadeautellsher. “Andonly5percentofourfoodisplant-basedfood.Ithinkweshouldtrytoreversethat. ”Scottagreestotrymorefruitjuicesforthekidsandtomakerealmacaroniandcheese.Scoreonepointforthedoctor,zerofordiabetes.NadeauispartofasmallrevolutiondevelopingacrossCalifornia.Thefood-as-medicinemovementhasbeenaroundfordecades,butit'msakingprogressasphysiciansandmedicalinstitutionsmakefoodaformalpartoftreatment,ratherthanrelyingsolelyonmedications（藥物）.Byprescribingnutritionalchangesorlaunchingprogramssuchas‘ShopwithyourDoc',theyaretryingtoprevent,limitorevenreversediseasebychangingwhatpatientseat“.There'snoquestionpeoplecantakethingsalongwaytowardreversingdiabetes,reversinghighbloodpressure,evenpreventingcancerbyfoodchoices,”Nadeausays.Inthebigpicture,saysDr.RichardAfable,CEOandpresidentofST.JosephHoagHealth,medicalinstitutionsacrossthestatearestartingtomakeaphilosophicalswitchtobecomingahealthorganization,notjustahealthcareorganization.ThatfeelingechoesthebeliefsoftheTherapeuticFoodPantryprogramatZuckerbergSanFranciscoGeneralHospital,whichcompleteditspilotphaseandisabouttoexpandonanongoingbasistofiveclinicsitesthroughoutthecity.Theprogramwillofferpatientsseveralbagsoffoodprescribedfortheircondition,alongwithintensivetraininginhowtocookit.“Wereallywanttolinkfoodandmedicine,andnotjustgiveawayfood, ”saysDNguyen,thehospital 'smedicaldirectorofHealthyFoodInitiatives.“Wewantptounderstandwhatthey 'reeating,howtoprepareit,therolefoodplaysintheirlives.InSouthernCalifornia,LomaLindaUniversitySchoolofMedicineisofferingspecializedtrainingforitsresidentphysiciansinLifestyleMedicine—thatisaspecialtyinusingfoodtotreatdisease.Researchfindingsincreasinglyshowthepoweroffoodtotreatorreversediseases,butthatdoesnotmeanthatdietaloneisalwaysthesolution,orthateveryillnesscanbenefitsubstantiallyfromdietarychanges.Nonetheless,physicianssaythattheylookatthecollectivedataandaclearpictureemerges:thatthesalt,sugar,fatandprocessedfoodsintheAmericandietcontributetothenation'shighratesofobesity,diabetesandheartdisease.AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization,80percentofdeathsfromheartdiseaseandstrokearecausedbyhighbloodpressure,tobaccouse,elevatedcholesterolandlowconsumptionoffruitsandvegetables.“It'sadifferentparadjg范式） ofhowtotreatdisease,”saysDr.BrendaRea,whohelpsrunthefamilyandpreventivemedicineresidencyprogramatLomaLindaUniversitySchoolofMedicine.Thelifestylemedicinespecialtyisdesignedtotraindoctorsinhowtopreventandtreatdisease,inpart,bychangingpatients 'nutrihabits.ThemedicalcenterandschoolatLomaLindaalsohasafoodcupboardandkitchenforpatients.Thisway,patientsnotonlylearnaboutwhichfoodstobuy,butalsohowtopreparethemathome.Manypeopledon'tknowhowtocook,Reasays,andtheyonlyknowhowtoheatthingsup.Thatmeansdependingonpackagedfoodwithhighsaltandsugarcontent.Soteachingpeopleaboutwhichfoodsarehealthyandhowtopreparethem,shesays,canactuallytransformapatient 'slife.Andbeyondthat,itmighttransformthehealthandlivesofthatpatient 'sfamily. “Whatpeopleeatcanbemedicineorpoison,says. “Asaphysician,nutritionisoneofthemostpowerfulthingsyoucanchangetoreversetheeffectsoflong-termdisease. ”Studieshaveexploredevideneethatdietarychangescanslowinflammation（炎癥）,forexample,ormakethebodyinhospitabletocancercells.Ingeneral,manylifestylemedicinephysiciansrecommendaplant-baseddie—tparticularlyforpeoplewithdiabetesorotherinflammatoryconditions.“Aswhathappenedwithtobacco,thiswillrequireaculturalshift,butthatcanhappen,”saysNguyen.“Inthesamewayphysiciansusedtosmoke,andthenstoppedsmokingandwereabletotalktopatientsaboutit,Ithinkphysicianscanhaveabiggervoiceinit.”MorethanhalfofthefoodAmericanseatisfactory-produced.Thereisaspecialprogramthatassignsdoctorstogiveadvicetoshoppersinfoodstores.Thereisgrowingevidencefromresearchthatfoodhelpspatientsrecoverfromvariousillnesses.Ahealthybreakfastcanbepreparedquicklyandeasily.Trainingapatienttopreparehealthyfoodcanchangetheirlife.Onefood-as-medicineprogramnotonlyprescribesfoodfortreatmentbutteachespatientshowtocookit.Scottisnotkeenoncookingfoodherself,thinkingitwouldsimplybeawasteoftime.Diabetespatientsareadvisedtoeatmoreplant-basedfood.Usingfoodasmedicineisnonovelidea,butthemovementismakingheadwaythesedays.Americans'highratesofvariousillnessesresultfromthewaytheyeat.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA）,B）,C）andD）.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Californiahasbeenfacingadroughtformanyyearsnow,withcertainareasevenhavingtopumpfreshwaterhundredsofmilestotheirdistributionsystem.Theproblemisgrowingasthepopulationofthestatecontinuestoexpand.Newresearchhasfounddeepwaterreservesunderthestatewhichcouldhelpsolvetheirdroughtcrisis.Previousdrillingofwellscouldonlyreachdepthsof1,000feet,butduetonewpumpingpractices,waterdeeperthanthiscannowbeextracted抽?。?TheteamatStanfordinvestigatedtheaquifers（地下蓄水層）belowthisdepthandfoundthatreservesmaybetriplewhatwaspreviouslythought.Itisprofitabletodrilltodepthsmorethan1,000feetforoilandgasextraction,butonlyrecentlyinCaliforniahasitbecomeprofitabletopumpwaterfromthisdepth.Theaquifersrangefrom1,000to3,000feetbelowtheground,whichmeansthatpumpingwillbeexpensiveandthereareotherconcerns.Thebiggestconcernofpumpingoutwaterfromthisdeepinthegradualsettlingdownofthelandsurface.Asthewaterispumpedout,thevacantspaceleftiscompactedbytheweightoftheearthabove.Eventhoughpumpingfromthesedepthsisexpensive,itisstillcheaperthandesalinating（脫鹽）theoceanwaterinthelargelycoastalstate.Somedesalinationplantsexistwherefeasible,buttheyarecostlytorunandcanneedconstantrepairs.Wellsaremuchmorereliablesourcesoffreshwater,andCaliforniaishopingthatthesedeepwellsmaybetheanswertotheirseverewatershortage.Oneproblemwiththesesourcesisthatthedeepwateralsohasahigherlevelofsaltthanshalloweraquifers.Thismeansthatsomewellsmayevenneedtoundergodesalinationafterextraction,thusincreasingthecost.Researchfromtheexhaustivestudyofgroundwaterfromover950drillinglogshasjustbeenpublished.Newestimatesofthewaterreservesnowgoupto2,700billioncubicmetersoffreshwater.HowcouldCalifornia 'sdroughtcrisisbesolvedaccordingtosomeresearchers?Bybuildingmorereservesofgroundwater.Bydrawingwaterfromthedepthsoftheearth.Bydevelopingmoreadvanceddrillingdevices.Byupgradingitswaterdistributionsystem.Whatcanbeinferredaboutextractingwaterfromdeepaquifers?Itwasdeemedvitaltosolvingthewaterproblem.Itwasnotconsideredworththeexpense.Itmaynotprovidequalityfreshwater.Itisboundtogainsupportfromthelocalpeople.Whatismentionedasaconsequenceofextractingwaterfromdeepundergrou？ndThesinkingoflandsurface. C)Thedamagetoaquifers.Theharmtotheecosystem. D)Thechangeoftheclimate.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutdeepwells?Theyrunwithoutanyneedforrepairs.Theyareentirelyfreefrompollutants.Theyaretheultimatesolutiontodroughts.Theyprovideasteadysupplyoffreshwater.Whatmayhappenwhendeepaquifersareusedaswatersources?People'shealthmayimprovewithcleanerwater.People'swaterbillsmaybeloweredconsiderably.Thecostmaygoupduetodesalination.Theymaybeexhaustedsoonerorlater.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.TheAlphaGoprogram'vsictoryisanexampleofhowsmartcomputershavebecome.Butcanartificialintelligence(AI)machinesactethically,meaningcantheybehonestandfair?OneexampleofAIisdriverlesscars.TheyarealreadyonCaliforniaroads,soitisnottoosoontoaskwhetherwecanprogramamachinetoactethically.Asdriverlesscarsimprove,theywillsavelives.Theywillmakefewermistakesthanhumandriversdo.Sometimes,however,theywillfaceachoicebetweenlives.Shouldthecarsbeprogrammedtoavoidhittingachildrunningacrosstheroad,evenifthatwillputtheirpassengersatrisk?Whataboutmakingasuddenturntoavoidadog?Whatiftheonlyriskisdamagetothecaritself,nottothepassengers?Perhapstherewillbelessonstolearnfromdriverlesscars,buttheyarenotsuper-intelligentbeings.Teachingethicstoamachineevenmoreintelligentthanwearewillbethebiggerchallenge.AboutthesametimeasAlphaGo 'striumph,Microsoft 's‘chatbot'tookabadThesoftware,namedTaylor,wasdesignedtoanswermessagesfrompeopleaged1824.Taylorwassupposedtobeabletolearnfromthemessagesshereceived.Shewasdesignedtoslowlyimproveherabilitytohandleconversations,butsomepeoplewereteachingTaylorracistideas.WhenshestartedsayingnicethingsaboutHitler,Microsoftturnedheroffanddeletedherugliestmessages.AlphaGo'vsictoryandTaylor'dsefeat