英語語法句型結構知識點梳理匯總

英語句型結構一．簡單句：英語基本句型-1主系表結構：本結構是由主語+系動詞+表語組成，主要用以說明主語的特征，類屬，狀態(tài)，身份等。系動詞有:1.表示特征和存在狀態(tài)的be,seem,feel,appear,look,smell,taste,sound;2.表示狀態(tài)延續(xù)的remain,stay,keep,continue,stand;3.表示狀態(tài)變化的become,get,turn,go,run,fall,come,grow;eg:OurEnglishteacheristhirtyyearsold.Thecaketastesdelicious.Thepotatoeswentbadinthefields.Deepwaterstaysstill.Hewasatwork.Sheisingoodhealth.Itisbeyondmyability.Iwasataloss.Youareunderarrest.英語基本句型-2主謂結構：本結構是由主語加不及物的謂語動詞構成,常用來表示主語的動作。如：Thesunrises.Tomhasalreadyleft.主語可有修飾語-定語，謂語可有修飾語-狀語。如:1.Theredsunrisesintheeast.2.Theyhadtotravelbyairorboat.3.Shesattherealone.4.Hecamebackwhenwewereeating.5.Weakbuildingswillfalldowninanearthquake。英語基本句型-3主謂賓結構:本結構是由主語+及物的謂語動詞+賓語構成。賓語成分的多樣化使得這一結構異常復雜。如：1.Tommadeaholeinthewall.2.Idon’tknowifhecancometomorrow.3.Theyhaven’tdecidedwheretogonext.4.ShestoppedteachingEnglishtwoyearsago.英語基本句型-4雙賓語結構：此結構由“主語+及物謂語動詞+間接賓語（人）+直接賓語（事物）”組成。如：Hebringsmecookieseveryday.但若要先說出直接賓語（事物），后說間接賓語（人），則要借助于介詞to或for。如：Hebringscookiestomeeveryday.Shemadeabeautifuldressforme.用to側重指動作的方向，表示朝著，向著，對著某人。用for側重指動作的受益者，表示為了某人，替某人。常跟雙賓語的動詞有：（需借助to的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等；（需借助for的）buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare等。英語基本句型-5復合賓語結構:此結構由“主語+及物的謂語動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”構成。賓語補足語用來補充和說明賓語的性質和特點，若無賓語補足語，則句意不夠完整?？梢杂米鲑e補的有：名詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語，動詞不定式，分詞等。如：Thesunkeepsuswarm.Iheardhimsinging.TheymadeTommonitor.Heusedtodohishomeworkwithhisradioon.Mymotheraskedmetocleanmyroom.Theteachermadeallstudentsfinishtheirhomeworkontime.用it做形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放到賓語補足語的后面，以使句子結構平衡，是英語常用的句型結構方式。即：主語+謂語+it+賓補+真正賓語。如：Ifounditverypleasanttobewithyourfamily.也可以說Ifounditwaspleasanttobewithyourfamily.它們的區(qū)別在于第一個是簡單句第二個是復合句，意思都是一樣的。英語基本句型-6Therebe句型：此句型是由“there+be+主語+狀語”構成，用以表達存在關系可以稱“……有……”。它其實是全倒裝的一種情況，主語位于謂語動詞be之后，there僅為引導詞，并無實際語意。此句型有時不用be動詞，而用live,stand,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive等，但一般不用have。如：Therestandsahillinthemiddleofthepark.Onceuponatimetherelivedanoldkinginthetown.Be與其后的主語在人稱和數量上一致，有時態(tài)和情態(tài)變化。如：現在有thereis/are…過去有therewas/were…將來有therewillbe…；thereis/aregoingtobe...現在已經有therehas/havebeen…可能有theremightbe...肯定有theremustbe…/theremusthavebeen...過去曾經有thereusedtobe…似乎有thereseems/seem/seemedtobe…碰巧有therehappen/happens/happenedtobe…Once,therelivedanoldfishermaninavillagebythesea.Theweathermansaysthere’llbeastrongwindintheafternoon.Thereusedtobeacinemaherebeforethewar.二．并列句。結構：1.由分號連接。eg.Somepeoplecry;otherslaugh.Let’sstartearly;wehavealongwaytogo.2.由并列連詞及詞組連接-——and/but/or/so/however/still/therefore/yet/while/otherwise/for/both…and…/notonly…butalso…/aswellas/orelse/either…or…/neither…nor…/not…but…等。eg:I’dliketo,butIhavelotsofhomeworktodo.I’vegotacold,soI’mgoingtobed.Bothmyfatherandmotherareteachers.It’sverygood,yetIdon’tlikeit.三、復合句構成：由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成。主句和從句都有完整的主謂結構，但主句是全局的主體，從句只是全句中的一個成分，不能獨立存在。從句通常是用引導詞來引導的，引導詞起連接主句和從句的作用。分類：名詞性從句（主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句），形容詞性從句（定語從句），副詞性從句（狀語從句）。1.主語從句(SubjectClause)一個句子在復合句中充當一個主語,那么這個句子就是主語從句.1）常規(guī)主語從句，句子在復合句中充當主語Thathefinishedwritingthecompositioninsuchashorttimesurprisedusall.Whetherwewillgoforanoutingtomorrowremainsunknown.Whowillbeourmonitorhasn'tbeendecidedyet.Whomwemuststudyforisaquestionofgreatimportance.Whatcausedtheaccidentremainsunknown.Whateveryoudidisright.Whosewatchwaslostisunknown.Whatweneedistime.小結:（1)引導主語從句連詞有that,whether,who,what,whatever等（2)連詞位于句首不能省略（3)主語從句大多數情況下視為三人稱單數。注意：為了防止句子頭重腳輕，通常把形式主語it放在主語位置，真正主語擱置于句末Itiscertainthathewillwinthematch.Itistruethathehasmadeaveryimportantdiscoveryinchemistry.Itisstrangethatheshoulddothat.Itissaidthathehasgonetoshanghai.(=Heissaidtohavegonetoshanghai)ItisknowntoallthatthegunpowderwasfirstinventedbytheChinese.Itissuggestedthattheworkshouldbedonewithgreatcare.Itseemsthathehasseenthefilm.(=Heseemstohaveseenthefilm)Ithappenedthatthetwocheatswerethere.(=Thetwocheatshappenedtobethere)小結:（1)以that引出的主語從句,常以形式主語it引導.Itis+形容詞/名詞/某些動詞ed+that從句.（2)在有些that從句中要用虛擬語氣(should+do/should+havedone)2.表語從句定義：表語從句就是用一個句子作為表語。Theproblemispuzzling.主語連系動詞形容詞作表語Theproblemiswhenwecangetapayrise.主語連系動詞一個句子作表語---表語從句連接表語從句的連接詞有：that,what,who,when,where,which,why,whether,how.Hehasbecomeateacher.Hehasbecomewhathewantedtobetenyearsago.Shehasremainedthereforanhour.ShehasremainedwhereIstoodyesterdayforanhour.Hissuggestionisgood.Hissuggestionisthatweshouldstaycalm.Thequestionisconfusing.Thequestioniswhenhecanarriveatthehotel.WhowilltravelwithmetoBeijingtomorrow.Whyhecriedyesterday.HowIcanpersuadehertojoinusintheparty.注意：1.表語從句一定要用陳述語序。False:Thequestioniswhencanhearriveatthehotel.Right:Thequestioniswhenhecanarriveatthehotel.2.不用if，而用whether連接表語從句(asif例外）。False:Thequestionisiftheenemyismarchingtowardsus.Right:Thequestioniswhethertheenemyismarchingtowardsus.Right:Itlookedasifhehadunderstoodthisquestion.3.像賓語從句，在有表語從句的復合句中，主句時態(tài)和從句時態(tài)可以不一致。Right:ThequestioniswhowilltravelwithmetoBeijingtomorrow.Right:Thequestioniswhyhecriedyesterday.4.that在表語從句中不能省掉。3.賓語從句在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句.構成:帶有賓語從句的復合句就是用連接詞把一個主句和一個賓語從句連接在一起。連接詞有：that(可省略)，what,who,when,where,why,which,if,whether,how.Hesuggested(that)weshouldcleanthecorridoreveryday.賓語Hetoldme(that)hewouldleaveDalianairportat8pm.間接賓語直接賓語Hetoldmewherehewasgoingtotravelthatsummer.間接賓語直接賓語Hetoldthathewouldgotothecollegethenextyear.Idon’tknowiftherewillbeabusanymore.Nobodyknewwhetherhecouldpasstheexam.DoyouknowwhohaswonRedAlertgame?Idon’tknowwhomyoushoulddependon.ThebookwillshowyouwhatthebestCEOsknow.Haveyoudeterminedwhicheveryoushouldbuy,aMotorolaorNokiacellphone?Hedidn’ttellmewhenweshouldmeetagain.Couldyoupleasetellmehowyoureadthenewbook?Noneofusknowswherethesecanbebought.注意：1.用形式賓語it代替的賓語從句①動詞find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有賓語補足語的時候,則需要用it做形式賓語而將that賓語從句后置.Ithinkitnecessarythatwetakeplentyofhotwatereveryday.IfeelitapitythatIhaven’tbeentotheget-together.IhavemadeitarulethatIkeepdiaries.Weallfinditimportantthatwe(should)makeaquickdecisionaboutthismater.②有些動詞帶賓語從句時需要在賓語與從句前加it這類動詞主要有:hate,take,owe,have,seeto.Ihateitwhentheywiththeirmouthsfulloffood.Hewillhaveitthatourplanisreallypractical.Wetakeitthatyouwillagreewithus.2.介詞的賓語從句Wearetalkingaboutwhetherweadmitstudentsintoourclub.ThenewbookisabouthowShenzhou6mannedspaceshipwassentupintospace.有時候except,but,besides三個介詞后可見到that引導的賓語從句Iknownothingaboutmynewneighborexceptthatheusedtoworkwithacompany.3.形容詞的賓語從句常用來引導賓語從句的形容詞有:sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprisedIamsureIwillpasstheexam.IamsorrythatIhavetroubledyousolong.HeisgladthatLiMingwenttoseehimwhenhewasill.4.if,whether在賓語從句中的區(qū)別whether后可以加ornot,但是if不可以.在不定式前只能用whether.Ican’tdecidewhethertostay.⑤避免歧異時,我們常用whether而不用if.5.賓語從句的否定轉移動詞是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主語是第一人稱而且為一般現在時,從句的否定詞一般要轉移到主句上來,其反義疑問句一般與賓語從句一致.Idon’tthinkhewillcometomyparty.而不能說成Ithinkhewon’tcometomyparty.Idon’tbelievethatmaniskilledbyJim,ishe?如果賓語從句中有某個含有否定意義的形容詞或副詞,其反義疑問句要用肯定形式.Wefindthatheneverlistenstotheteachercarefully,doeshe?6.賓語從句的時態(tài)和語序當主句為現在時或將來時的時候,賓語從句的時態(tài)一般不受主句的時態(tài)所影響.當主句為過去時的時候,從句用相應的過去時態(tài)Ionlyknewhewasstudyinginawesterncountry,butIdidn’tknowwhatcountryhewasin.HeaskedmeifIwasreadingthestoryTheOldManandtheSeawhenhewasin.HetoldmethathehadtoldMaryaboutthemeetingalready.Thereporteraskedifthegovernmentwouldtakenecessarymeasurestoputdowntheto-do.如果從句是一個客觀真理,那么從句的時候不根據主句的時態(tài)而變化Theteachersaidthatthemoongoesaroundtheearthyesterday.當賓語從句的引導詞是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑問時,不能按正常語序安排,經常將這類引導詞置于句首Whodoyouthinkthepublicmig