非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞概述與不定式剖析課件

Warming–upExercise

1.Canyouhavethewashing-machine_______(send)tomyplace?2.Thosewhohavequestions________(ask),raiseyourhands.3.Yourshoesaredirty.Theyneed________(wash)badly.4.Wouldyoulike________(take)partinthesportsmeet?5.Thestudentsfeltlike______(solve)theproblemsonceforall.

senttoaskwashingtotakesolvingWarming–upExercise

1.CaLecture4Non-predicateVerb

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞概述：顧名思義，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就是不能充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。除了不能作謂語(yǔ)外，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞具備動(dòng)詞的特征，可以在句中充當(dāng)多種成分。根據(jù)種類的不同，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)?shù)某煞忠膊灰?，因此，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞呈現(xiàn)出多樣性和復(fù)雜性，需要逐一對(duì)比分析，多觀察，多推理。Lecture4Non-predicateVerb

第一節(jié)分類(classification)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可分為三大類型：不定式

(Infinitive)動(dòng)名詞(Gerund)

現(xiàn)在分詞(-ing)分詞

（Participle）(PresentP.)

過(guò)去分詞(-ed)(PastP.)第一節(jié)分類(classification)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可分第二節(jié)構(gòu)成與成分比較分類構(gòu)成

成分主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)不定式todo動(dòng)名詞doing分詞doing-ed??????????????????第二節(jié)構(gòu)成與成分比較分類構(gòu)成第三節(jié)不定式構(gòu)成與特征：

主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般todotobedone進(jìn)行tobedoing

完成tohavedonetohavebeendone完成進(jìn)行tohavebeendoing

第三節(jié)不定式構(gòu)成與特征：

主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般to

1.動(dòng)詞不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)的同時(shí)或以后：

Ibelievehimtobeanartist.HewaseagertovisitBeijing.Shefounditdifficulttobeunderstoodbyherstudents.Allofusweresurprisedtohavelearnedthatyouareplanning

toleaveschoolnextsemester.(改錯(cuò))

tolearn1.動(dòng)詞不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所

2.

動(dòng)詞不定式的進(jìn)行式所表示的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生：

ThebookissaidtobesellingwellintheU.S.A.Heappearedtobelisteningattentively.I’dratherreadthanwatchtelevision;theprogramsseem____allthetime.A.togetworseB.tobegettingworseC.tohavegoneworseD.gettingworse2.動(dòng)詞不定式的進(jìn)行式所表示的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所

3.動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式所表示的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)以前：

I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaitingforme.Theyaresaidtohavefinishedthewholeproject.Mostofthemarereportedtohavebeenprintedontime.Good-bye,Mr.Zhang.I’mpleased___.A.tomeetyouB.meetingyouC.tohavemetyouD.havingmetyou

Key:C(“再見(jiàn)”表明已經(jīng)見(jiàn)過(guò)了）3.動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式所表示的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞4.動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式在to前加not:Shedecidednottobelateagain.Heregrettednottohavecaredforhertheseyears.Theypretendednottobelisteningtous.

5.不定式的被動(dòng)式表示其邏輯主語(yǔ)為不定式動(dòng)作的承受者：

Therearemorethanfiftyproposals___attheconference.A.discussedB.discussingC.tobediscussedD.havingbeendiscussed

Key:C(現(xiàn)在時(shí)，被動(dòng)態(tài)）4.動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式在to前加not:不定式的功能與用法

動(dòng)詞不定式在句中起名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用，可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)、主補(bǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。

1.主語(yǔ):

既可位于句首,亦可用先行詞it作形式主語(yǔ).Tolearnaforeignlanguagetakesalongtimeandlotsofhardwork.IttakesalongtimeandlotsofhardworktolearnEnglish.Itisbettertodieonone’sfeetthan____.A.livingonone’skneesB.liveonone’skneesC.onone’skneesD.toliveonone’sknees

Key:D(一致)不定式的功能與用法2.表語(yǔ)：

表目的：

Thenextstepistomakesurethatyouknowexactlywhatisrequired.Thepurposeoftheexchangeprogramistopromotetheunderstandingbetweenthetwocountries.表示事態(tài)發(fā)展或預(yù)期的結(jié)果：

Tobecomeaslaveistogiveupone’sfreedom.

Manistoliveabetterlifeinthenextcentury.用于第一人稱疑問(wèn)句，表示征求意見(jiàn)：

WhatamItosayiftheyaskmethequestion?2.表語(yǔ)：用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，具有情態(tài)意義：Theregulationsaretobeobserved.Heistoberewardedforhisbrilliantdiscoveries.表示命令、決定、勸告、意愿、禁止等：

Themanisguiltyandistoundergotenmonths’imprisonment.(決定)

Youmustbepatientandpersistentifyouaretosucceed.(愿望)可用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)：

Agreatdealisyettodo.(很多事情還要去做.)Littleremainstodo.(幾乎沒(méi)有什么要做的.)Sheistoblame.(她應(yīng)該受到譴責(zé).)

用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，具有情態(tài)意義：3.賓語(yǔ)（動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)，介詞賓語(yǔ)）

1）作單賓語(yǔ)

Weregret____youthatmaterialsyouorderedareoutofstock.

A.informingB.toinformC.havinginformedD.tohaveinformed

Key:B(我們遺憾的通知你，你所訂購(gòu)的材料沒(méi)有現(xiàn)貨）

Mr.Johnsonpreferred____heavierworktodo.A.tobegivenB.tobegivingC.tohavegivenD.havinggiven

Key:A

約翰先生寧愿被分配較重的工作去做。3.賓語(yǔ)（動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)，介詞賓語(yǔ)）能夠以不定式作單賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞分類：

1）接不定式不接動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞：同意、拒絕、決心、試圖、希望、要求

afforddarehoperefuseagreedecidelearnresolve

(決心)aim(打算)demandlongseekarrangedesire

manage

threatenaskdetermine

offer

volunteerbegexpectplanwantcarefailpreparewishchoosefearpretendclaimhelppromise能夠以不定式作單賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞分類：2）接不定式或接動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞（與動(dòng)名詞比較）可以互換：

attempt(多接不定式）

(can’t)bearbeginbotherceasecommence(開(kāi)始)continuehateintendlikeloveneglectomitpreferpropose(打算、建議)start不可以互換：

rememberforgetregret(后悔/遺憾、抱歉)mean(打算/意味著)goonstopneedwant(主觀上想要/客觀上需要)2）接不定式或接動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞（與動(dòng)名詞比較）復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)：在consider,feel,find,make,regard,think等動(dòng)詞后作復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常需要先行詞作形式賓語(yǔ)。翻譯：我覺(jué)得學(xué)好英語(yǔ)很難。Ifeel/thinkthattolearnEnglishwellisverhard.IfindithardtolearnEnglishwell.Weconsideritagreathonortobeinvited.Imakeitarule_________(keep)recordsoneveryexperiment.tokeep復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)：在consider,feel,find,m不定式作介詞賓語(yǔ)：常見(jiàn)于except,but的賓語(yǔ)。如果句中的except或but之前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的任何形式，則省to。翻譯：除了做飯他什么都能做。Hecandoeverythingexceptcook.Hewantednothingbuttostaythere.“Ithoughtyouhadplannedtopracticepianotoday.”“Ididnothingbut___lettersallday.”A.towriteB.writeC.writingD.wroteB不定式作介詞賓語(yǔ)：常見(jiàn)于except,but的賓語(yǔ)。如果4.不定式作定語(yǔ)：被修飾詞與不定式之間有邏輯上的施動(dòng)關(guān)系(主謂）

1）Hisnextbooktoappearthismonthwillbepopular.2）In1938PearlS.BuckbecamethefirstAmericanwoman___theNobelPrizeforLiterature.

A.receiveB.receivedC.toreceiveD.shereceived

3）Theapplicants___________________(interview)arerequiredtobringallthenecessarypapers.

(被動(dòng)式，受動(dòng)關(guān)系。）Ctobeinterviewed4.不定式作定語(yǔ)：Ctobeinterviewed被修飾詞與不定式之間有邏輯上的受動(dòng)關(guān)系

1.

Ihavesomeletterstomail.2.Doyoulikesomethingtodrink?3.Everyonehadanapplicationforminhishand,butnooneknewwhichofficeroom____.A.tosendittoB.tosenditC.tobesenttoD.tohaveitsend4.I’vegotaloafofbread;nowI’mlookingforaknife________(cut)itwith.

tocutitwithaknife

用刀切

haveaknifecut

把刀切了Atocut被修飾詞與不定式之間有邏輯上的受動(dòng)關(guān)系A(chǔ)tocut有時(shí)被修飾的名詞為其后不定式短語(yǔ)中介詞的賓語(yǔ)，此時(shí)的介詞是必不可少的。Therewerenochairtositon.Hedoesn'thavearoomtolivein.Theboy’sfatherboughthimalargetoytrain_____.A.toplaywithB.toplaywithitC.whichtoplaywithD.atwhichtoplayA有時(shí)被修飾的名詞為其后不定式短語(yǔ)中介詞的賓語(yǔ)，此時(shí)的介詞是必被修飾的名詞與常接不定式的動(dòng)詞同源：Ihavenowishtomakeacomplaint.(Idon’twishtomakeacomplaint.)Heexpressedhisintentiontoresign.(Heintendedtoresign.)類似的詞：attempt-attempt,decision-decide,determination-determine,failure-fail,need-need,promise-promise翻譯：他承諾過(guò)今晚要來(lái)參加舞會(huì)的。Hemadeapromise

tojoinintheballtonight.Hepromisedtojoinintheballtonight.被修飾的名詞與常接不定式的動(dòng)詞同源：被修飾的名詞與常接不定式的形容詞同源：Hehastheabilitytodothework.(Heisabletodothework.)Icouldseehereagernesstoseeyou.(Shewaseagertoseeyou.)Oneofthekeys

tothesurvivalofanyanimalistheabilityadapts

tochangesintheenvironment.

Key:toadapt類似的詞：determination-determined,anxiety-anxious,willingness-willing被修飾的名詞與常接不定式的形容詞同源：不定式作某些抽象名詞的定語(yǔ)：Ihadneverhadtheopportunitytolearntoplaythepiano.Theyfoundawaytospendlessmoneyonelectricity.Hehadeveryreasontocomplain.Thetraditionalapproach___withcomplexproblemsistobreakthemdownintosmaller,moreeasilymanagedproblems.

A.todealingB.indealingC.dealingD.todealKey:D(介詞to后往往接名詞或名詞詞組）不定式作某些抽象名詞的定語(yǔ)：“介詞+關(guān)系代詞+不定式”作定語(yǔ)Theycouldn’tgetthematerialwithwhichtobuildtheirhome.(=thematerialtobuildtheirhomewith)Irespecttheprofessortowhomtointroduceher.(=theprofessortointroduceherto)Theprofessorcouldhardlyfindsufficientgrounds___hisargumentsinfavorofthenewtheory.

A.tobebasedonBtobaseonC.whichtobaseonD.onwhichtobaseKey:D(這位教授找不到充分的證據(jù)讓自己贊同這種新理論。)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞+不定式”作定語(yǔ)不定式作狀語(yǔ)：

1）目的狀語(yǔ)

1.

____ateacherinauniversity,itisnecessarytohaveatleastamaster’sdegree.

A.TobecomeB.BecomeC.OnebecomesD.Onbecoming2.Iadvisethemtowithdraw____.A.soastogetnotinvolvedB.soasnottogetinvolvedC.sothatnottogetinvolvedD.asnottogetinvolvedAB不定式作狀語(yǔ)：AB結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)：

1）在too+a./ad.之后：

Therabbitrantooquicklytobeovertakenbythefox.Iamonlytoopleasedtohelpyou.(我很樂(lè)意幫你)

當(dāng)(only)too后面的形容詞為apt(易于…),eager,easy,pleased,ready等時(shí)，too…to結(jié)構(gòu)表示肯定，too相當(dāng)于very。

2）在a./ad.+enough之后：

I’moldenoughtomakeupmyownmind.

Somemoleculesarelargeenoughtobeseenundertheelectronicmicroscope.結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)：so+a./ad.+as

Hebehavedsofoolishlyas

tomakemethinkhehadlosthissenses.ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardly____.A.noticedB.tobenoticed

C.beingnoticedD.tonoticesuch…as結(jié)構(gòu)

Hiskindnesswassuchastomakeallofuslovehim.Hecan’thavedonesuchaterriblethingastokeep

youwaitingforsolong.so+a./ad.+as被only修飾的不定式（短語(yǔ)）作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)Hehurriedhomeonlytofindhisbrotherhadleft.Hesurvivedthecrashonlytodieinthedesert.Atlastsheleftherhouseandgottotheairport,only___theplaneflyingaway.

A.havingseenB.tohaveseenC.sawD.tosee其他形式：Helivedtobeeighty.Shewentabroadnevertoreturn.WhathaveIdonetomakeyousoangry?被only修飾的不定式（短語(yǔ)）作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)方式狀語(yǔ)（asif/asthough引導(dǎo)）Heopenedhismouthasiftospeak.Shestoodupasiftoleave.Christiestaredangrilyatherbossandturnedaway,asthough___outoftheoffice.A.wentB.goneC.togoD.wouldgo方式狀語(yǔ)（asif/asthough引導(dǎo)）6.

不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)6.1帶to不定式作賓補(bǔ)表示思維活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞后：consider,find,believe,expect,hold,think,etc.Weconsiderhertobeourfriend.Ibelievehimtohavegoneabroad.Youcanfindthequestions______________(answer)onpage31.Thestudentsexpectedthere____morereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.A.isB.beingC.havebeenD.tobetobeansweredD6.不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)tobeansweredD在表示請(qǐng)求、允許、命令等動(dòng)詞后Amembershipcardauthorizes___theclub’sfacilitiesforaperiodof12months.A.theholderusingB.thehold’suseC.theholdertouseD.theholderusesBecauseoftherecentaccident,ourparentsforbidmybrotherandmefromswimmingintheriverunlesssomeoneagreestowatchoverus.Key:C;toswim在表示請(qǐng)求、允許、命令等動(dòng)詞后建議，請(qǐng)求,要求：advise,ask,beg,command,invite,request,require,允許，讓，迫使：allow,enable,get,force,permit,compel,challenge,promise,oblige,leave(委托，讓)指示、命令：direct,instruct,order,command,lead,tell,choose,assign,cause,愿望，期待,鼓勵(lì)：wish,expect,encourage,urge,prefer,inspire,promote,mean,stimulate,summon提醒，警告：remind,warn,阻止，勸告,說(shuō)服：forbid,advise,persuade,convince打算，想要：mean,intend,want,need,打擾麻煩：trouble,給予，授權(quán),批準(zhǔn)：entitle,authorize建議，請(qǐng)求,要求：advise,ask,beg,co改錯(cuò)Hehopedhissistertolendhimahand.Hehopedthathissisterwouldlendhimahand.Hedemandedmetogiveupthechance.

HedemandedthatIgiveupthechance.Isuggesthimnottogotherealone.

Isuggestthathenotgotherealone.改錯(cuò)不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)：感官動(dòng)詞feel,hear,listen,lookat,notice,observe,overhear,see,watch等之后：Ihaveheardbothteachersandstudentsspeakwellofhim.在使役動(dòng)詞have,let,make之后：Therearegoingtohavetheservicemaninstallanelectricfanintheofficetomorrow.不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)：不定式作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)要求不定式作賓補(bǔ)的大部分動(dòng)詞(have,let,notice,watch等除外)都可以作被動(dòng)句中的謂語(yǔ)，這樣，主句中的賓補(bǔ)就成了被動(dòng)句中的主補(bǔ)。

Theywerenotallowed

tocomein.Shewasseen

torunoutoftheroom.不定式在“主-動(dòng)-that從句”的被動(dòng)句中作主補(bǔ)：Thebanksisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday.(Itisreportedthatthebankshavebeenrobbed…)不定式作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)不定式在suppose,design等動(dòng)詞的固定被動(dòng)式中作主補(bǔ)：TheancientEgyptiansaresupposed

tohavesentrocketstothemoon.Thebackgroundmusicinanassemblylineisdesigned

nottobelistenedto.(裝配線里的背景音樂(lè)不是為了給人聽(tīng)而設(shè)計(jì)的。)不定式在suppose,design等動(dòng)詞的固定被動(dòng)式中作不定式作形容詞補(bǔ)語(yǔ)表原因：（fortunate,glad,happy,lucky)Shewasproudtobeinvitedtospeak.I’msorrytohearthat.在表示人的品格或智能特征的形容詞后，主語(yǔ)與不定式之間存在邏輯上的施動(dòng)關(guān)系：Hewassillytodoso.(Itwassillyofhimtodoso)(brave,careful,clever,clumsy,courageous,generous,reasonable,sensible,wise)不定式作形容詞補(bǔ)語(yǔ)邏輯上的受動(dòng)關(guān)系：agreeable(愉快的,愜意的)amusing,difficult,easy,hard,hopeless,impossible,interesting,nice,pleasantHeisdifficulttoteach.Yourquestionisimpossibletoanswer.(Itisimpossibletoansweryourquestion.)表示未來(lái)的趨勢(shì)、可能性、愿望：able,afraid,anxious,apt,bound,determined,eager,free,fit,inclined,keen,liable,likely,certain,sure,ready,reluctant,prone,welcome,willingTheyarelikelytolosetheelection.Areyousuretowinthegame?邏輯上的受動(dòng)關(guān)系：agreeable(愉快的,愜意的)不定式作獨(dú)立成分：Totellthetruth,weknownothingaboutit.Tobeginwith,heistooyoungforthatposition.Ithappened,tobeexact,atfivepasttwo.[tobebrief,tobefrank,tobesure,toconclude，

todohimjustice(說(shuō)句對(duì)他公道的話),tomakealongst