常見混淆術(shù)語第2部分

Contents

CommonlyConfusedWords—Part-II

exampleandsample 2

fartherandfurther 3

homogeneousandhomogenous 5

inspiteofanddespite 6

incidentandincidence 7

insteadandrather 8

intra-andinter 9

precedeandproceed 10

raiseandrise 11

rareandscarce 12

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CommonlyConfusedWords,Part-II

Doyoustruggletopointoutthedifferencebetweenwordswithsimilarmeaningsuchasexampleandsample,inspiteofanddespite,andsimilarterms?Envisionminutedetailslikethisimpactingyouracademicworkandpublicationpossibility.

Areyouuncertainwhichoneisright?TherearealotofwordsinEnglishthatlookorsoundalikebuthaveverydifferentmeanings.

Here’saquick-referencelistofpairsofwordsthatregularlycausepeopleproblems.

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exampleandsample

MistakesthatresultfromconfusionofthenounsexampleandsampleappearoftenintheworksofJapaneseauthors.Belowarethedefinitionsofeachofthese,alongwithexamplesillustratingtheirusage.

example:Onethingchosenfromagroupoflikethingstoactasarepresentativeofthisgroup.

Japanisanexampleofacountrywhosepopulationispresentlyshrinking.

Thissystemofequationsisanexampleofamodelthatexhibitschaoticbehavior.

sample:Onepartextractedfromawhole.

TheMarsRovertestedmanysoilandrocksamples.

Weinferredourconclusionsfromthreesampleseachconsistingof100peoplechosenatrandomfromthepopulationof23,241.

Thefollowingexampledemonstrateshowthesewordscannaturallybeusedtogether.

Thesamplewetestedprovidesagoodexampleoftheeffectofcontaminationonthesespecializedmaterials.

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fartherandfurther

Thewordsfartherandfurther(whichcanbeusedaseitheradjectivesoradverbs)arebothcomparativeformsoftheadjective/adverbfar.Whilethesetermsaresometimesinterchangeable,thereareimportantdifferencesthatshouldbekeptinmind.

Althoughbothofthesetermsareusedtoexpressthemeaningof‘greaterdistance’,asageneralrule,farthershouldbeusedwithregardtophysicaldistance,andfurthershouldbeusedwithregardtonon-physicaldistance.Thisdifferenceisillustratedbythefollowing.

Iwalked10kmfartherthanIneededto.

Thetwogroups’positionsonthekeyissueswerefurtherapartafterthemeetingthanbefore.

Inadditiontothedifferencedemonstratedbytheaboveexamples,thereisasignificantdifferenceregardingbreadthofusage.Specifically,whilefurthercanbeusedwiththemeaningsofmore,other,inadditionandadditional(ly),fartherdoesnotpossessmeaningsofthistype.Suchusageoffurtherisillustratedbelow.

Furtherdiscussionofthispointisgivenbelow.

Theyrequestedfurtherfundingfortheirresearch.

Thisisthefirstexperimentofitskindtoyieldsuchclearresults.Further,itwasperformedusingaverysimpletechnique.

If“further”inthesesentenceswerereplacedwithfarther,theresultingsentenceswouldnotmakesense.

homogeneousandhomogenous

Theadjectiveshomogeneousandhomogenouscanbeusedassynonyms,buttheirprimarymeaningsarenotthesame.

Homogeneousexpressesameaningofsameness,andisgenerallyusedtodescribeconditionsandsystemscharacterizedbyinvariantproperties,uniformcompositionorregularstructure.Homogenouscanalsobeusedinthismanner,butitsprimarymeaningisthatwhichitpossessesinthefieldofbiology.Inthatcontext,itdescribestheconditionofhomogeny,i.e.,asimilarityorcorrespondenceinstructureexhibitedbydifferentspeciesduetocommonancestry.Inordinaryusage,employinghomogenouswiththemeaningofhomogeneousisacceptable,butinacademicworks,thesetwowordsshouldonlybeusedwiththeirprimarymeanings.

Below,aretwoexamplesthatcontrasttheproperusageoftheseadjectives.

Homogenous

Althoughthewingsofbirdsandinsectsaresimilarinposition,formandfunction,theyarenothomogenous.Rather,theyarehomoplastic.

Homogeneous

Thesematerialsarehomogeneousonamacroscopicscale,butonamesoscopicscale,theyexhibitacomplicatedstructurethatvariesrandomlyinspace.

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inspiteofanddespite

Theprepositionsinspiteofanddespitearenearlyidenticalinmeaning,andinmanycasestheycanbeinterchangedwithoutalteringtheoverallmeaning.However,thereisasubtledifferencebetweenthetwo,andhencewhenprecisionisnecessary,theyshouldbedistinguished.

Theprimarymeaningofbothtermsis‘unaffectedby’,butwhereasdespiteincludesthesomewhatweakmeaningof

‘lackingconnection’,inspiteofconveysastrongermeaning,includinganimplicationof‘inoppositionto’.Thus,despiteexpressesarelativelypassivemeaning,andinspiteofexpressesarelativelyactivemeaning.Thisdifferenceisillustratedbythefollowing.

Despitetherisk,Iwouldliketoproceedwiththeplan.

Inspiteofhisparents’warning,thechildcontinuedtoplay

withthetoy.

Thereisonemorepointthatshouldbenotedwithregardtotheuseofdespite.Occasionallytheexpressiondespiteof,whichprobablyresultsfromconfusionwithinspiteof;thisexpressionisalwaysgrammaticallyerroneous.

incidentandincidence

Althoughthenounsincidentandincidenceareverysimilarwithregardtospellingandpronunciation,theirmeaningsarequitedifferent.Belowexamplesdemonstratetheproperusageofeach.

incident:An(undesirable)event.

Inthatincident,thelevelofcontaminationwasbetween6and16ppm.

Mostsuchincidentsresultinmiscarriage.

incidence:Occurrenceoroutbreak(forexample,ofadisease);rateofoccurrence.

Theincidenceofbothofthesediseasesincreasedinthe

U.S.between1994and2007.

Thecityhasimplementedmeasurestoreducetheincidenceofaccidentsatthisintersection.

insteadandrather

Theadverbsinsteadandrathercanbeusedtoexpresssimilarmeanings,butingeneraltheyarenotinterchangeable.Belowisthedefinitionfortheprimarymeaningofinsteadandthesimilarmeaningofrather,alongwithexamplesentencesillustratingtypicalusage.

Instead:initsplace,intheplace;asasubstitute.

Thedoctortoldthepatienttomovehislefthand,buthemovedhisrighthandinstead.

Insteadofoscillating,thisfunctiondivergesmonotonically.

Toreducecost,weusedbrassinsteadofplatinum.

rather:moreproperly,morecorrectly,moreaccurately;asabetterormoreproperalternativeto.

Thisresultdoesnotcontradictthepreviousresults.Rather,itdemonstratesthattherearesituationstowhichtheexistingtheoriessimplydonotapply.

Ratherthangiveupnow,weshouldredoubleourefforts.

Thisisnotanestablishedresult.Rather,itisatentativeconclusionthatisapparentlyinconsistentwithatleastoneexperimentalresult.

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intra-andinter-

Theprefixesintra-andinter-areoftenconfused.Whiletheirspellings,pronunciationsandmannersofusageareverysimilar,infacttheyexpressnearlyoppositemeanings:intra-means‘inside’or‘within’,whileinter-means‘between’or‘a(chǎn)mong’.Thefollowingarerepresentativeoftheirusage.

intercontinental:betweencontinentsinterdepartmental:betweenoramongdepartmentsinterdisciplinary:involvingmultipledisciplinesinteraction:reciprocalinfluencebetweeninterplanetary:betweenoramongplanets

intracellular:insideacellintradepartmental:withinadepartmentintravenous:withinorintoaveinintrauterine:insideauterus

intramural:withinaschool

precedeandproceed

Theverbsprecedeandproceedarequitesimilarinspellingandpronunciation,andforthisreason,theyareeasilyconfused.

However,boththeiroriginsandmeaningsareentirelydifferent.

precede:gobefore;occurorexistpriorto.

ThepublicationofLeibnitz’sworkoncalculusprecededthatofNewton.

Intheexperiments,itwasfoundthatthestructuraltransitionprecedesthemagnetictransition.

Whatdoesitmeanforcausetoprecedeeffect?

proceed:continue;actsubsequently;moveforward.

4)Aftertreatingthegenerallinearcase,weproceedtoconsiderseveralnonlinearsystems.

Pleaseproceedwithyourargument.

Weproceedbyfirstreducingeachoftheseequationstoitssimplestform.

Inthiscase,theconventionalapproachistoproceedwithchemotherapyafterexcision.

raiseandrise

Theverbsraiseandrisearecorrespondingtransitiveandintransitiveforms,respectively.However,weoftenfindtheformerismisusedasanintransitiveverb.Thefollowingsentencesillustratetheproperusageofeach.

Theleveloftheoceansisrisingmorerapidlythanpreviouslyreported.

Awarenessoftheimportanceoffrequenthandwashinghasriseninrecentyears.

Thesunrisesintheeast.

Weareconsideringraisingtheminimumpassingscore.

Ateachstep,thepositionofthebarwasraisedby3cm.

Ifyouwishtospeak,pleaseraiseyourhand.

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rareandscarce

Althoughtheadjectivesrareandscarceexpresssimilarmeanings,ingeneraltheyarenotinterchangeable.Belowwecanseetheprimarymeaningsofeachword,alongwithexamplesillustratingtypicalusage.

rare:existinginsmallnumbers;seldomseenorencountered;unusual.

Thered-headedtroganisararespeciesofbird.

Solarflaresofsuchgreatsizeareextremelyrareevents.

Itisraretofindaudiorecordingsofsuchhighqualityfromthattime.

scarce:existingininsufficientquantity.

Theinfluenzavaccineisscarceinruralareas.

Howev