美國-歐盟-中國綠色電力產(chǎn)業(yè)政策比較分析1329

2006

2

,

,

(

,

110004)

:

:

,

,

,

,

;

;

:F407.61

:A

:1002-9753(2006)02-0054-07

ComparativeAnalysisofGreenElectricityPoliciesintheUS,EUandChina

LIKai,WANGQiu-fei,XUBo

(SchoolofBusinessAdministration,NortheasternUniversity,Shenyang110004,China)

Abstract:Giventhelimitationoffossilenergyresourcesandtheincreasingglobalenvironmentpressure,manycountries

arepayingmoreandmoreattentiontoutilizingrenewableenergytogenerateelectricity.Asaresult,somenewpolicies

ormeasuresarecreatedandexecutedtodevelopgreenelectricityindustry.Thisthesistriestomouseoutthesuccessful

experienceandtheabortivelessonsthroughdescribingeachgreenelectricityindustrydevelopmentpolicyofEUandUS,

andthenputsforwardthepolicysuggestiononabaseofthem.

Keywords:renewableenergy;greenelectricity;policycompare

,

,

,

()

20

70

20

,

,

,

20

70

,

;

,

,

,

,2002

,

,

1135

kwh,

8.9%,

2025,

DanyelReiche

,

6.6%(

1)

,

15%,

2002

,

5

[1]

[2]

,

,

:2005-08-22

:2006-01-04

,

:

(1957-),

,

,

,

,

:

54

1

,

2

2003

1990

69

1995

68

2000

70.4

51.7

15.8

2.9

2001

71.3

50.9

17.1

3.3

2002

70.3

50.1

17.9

2.3

(%)

(%)

(%)

52.5

12.3

4.2

19

51

14.8

2.2

20.1

11.3

9.2

2.1

(%)

(%)

19.8

9.3

20.6

7.7

20.3

8.9

,

(%)

(%)

(%)

11.7

9.6

2.1

7.2

5.6

6.6

,

2.1

2.1

2.3

:EnergyInformationAdministration(2004)

14

[4]

16

(FederalEnergyReg2

ulatoryCommissionFERC)

(Statepublicutilitycommission)

26

,

46

,

1992

,

11

10

,

1.5

/kwh

[3]

1978

1992

1996

(PURPA)

(E2

PACT)

2003

,

[5]

2

(FinancialIncentive)

(PersonalIncomeTax)

(RuleandRegulation)

14

16

14

26

20

16

22

46

3

15

15

23

38

16

33

12

(SystemBenefitsCharge)

(CorporationIncomeTax)

(RenewablePortfolioStandards)

(SalesTax)

(GenerationDiscloseandCertificationrule)

(Net-MeteringRule)

(PropertyTax)

(Rebate)

(GreenPowerPurchaseRequirements)

(SolarAccessLawsandGuidelines)

(ConstructionDesignStandards)

(VoluntaryMeasures)

(Grant)

(Loan)

(ProductionIncentive)

(Leasing/Purchase)

12

(GreenPowerChoices)

(GreenPowerPricing)

(OutreachProgram)

31

38

11

(IndustryRecruitment)

:DatabaseofStateIncentivesforRenewableEnergy(NorthCarolinaSolarCenter2003)

55

2006

2

,

15

()

,

,

,

(SystemBenefitsChargesSBC)

,

1

/kwh

(

,

3)

:

;

;

,

,

,

15

(Renew2

2002

12

,

ablePortfolioStandards,RPS)RPS

RPS

31999

(%)

12.1

67.4

0.4

(%)

0.6

0.1

0.0

7.8

0.1

0

(%)

1.4

2.6

1.0

4.5

12

(%)

0.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.7

0.0

0.0

0.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

(%)

14.2

70.0

1.4

RPS

20%

:

,

,

,

2002

0.1

12.4

30.5

14.4

5.6

2017

,

18.4

13.9

3.8

,RPS

0.5

0.8

0.0

0.6

0.7

5.0

3.3

2.9

0.8

2

1.0

0.3

0.8

0.2

1.7

0.7

0.3

1.3

0.2

0.2

16

9.7

10

,

3.8

5.3

6

17.1

9.3

19.6

16.1

4.1

0.1

,

10

16.8

10.9

46.2

1.5

20.1

13.1

48.8

2.8

12

2.0

,

:Eurostat,www.europa.eu.int/com//energy_electric2

ity/renewable.html

,

,

2003

,

,

38

1997

2010

,

2010

MSRI

1997

20.3%,

11.5%,

-2012

,

10.5%

,

(KyotoProtocol),

2008

(greenpower

(greenpower

1990

,

8%

pricing)

(Burden-SharingA2

4)

1998

choices),

greement)

(

,2002

980

,

2001

45%,

3

40

,

,

,

1%,

1999

[6]

56

4

,

(%)

+8.1

(%)

:

-8.0

-13.0

-7.5

-21.0

0.0

,

+8.1

+4.9

+20.3

+6.8

+6.0

+8.0

+11.5

+9.6

+9.0

+3.6

+5.5

+0.5

+9.5

+10.9

+8.3

0.0

,

-21.0

+25

+13.0

-6.5

-28.0

-6.0

+27.0

+15.0

+4.0

-12.5

,

,

:

()

:Reiche(2002)

,

5

,

,

(tender)

)

(

(feed-intariff)

(

(PUR

2

(EPACT)

1978

1992

(quotaobligationforproducer)

()

)

PA)

(pricesupport)

()

(quotaobligationforproducer)

()

,

,

15

,

,

5

()

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

[7]

,

,

,

()

,

57

2006

2

KW,

2002

,

,

2850

KW

,2002

KW,

6

KW,

47

1.5%,

,

,

100

KW,

80

KW,

,

20

,

80

(

6)

,

62002

,

31.0GW,103.7TWH

800MW,2000GWH

25MW,50GWH

37.8

0.71

0.02

0.05

0.45

0.44

0.01

39.03

()

,

28MW,140GWH

R&D

460MW,1245GWH

33MW,34GWH

,

R&D

,

,

:

.

.2003.6

:

,

,

,

1995

,

800

,

,

,

50%

,

2010

,

50%[8]

,

,

()

,

,

,

,

,

2005

2006

,

1

1

,

,

,

,

;

:

;

,

;

3%,3000KW

;

3000KW

,

,

,

,

;

[9]

2%

;

,

300

,

;

58

,

(4)

[11]

;

,

,

5%

,

,

,

,

,

1990-2000

,2000

,

,

15%

2500

1.0

10

[10]

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

:(1)

,

,

(5)

,

,

,

,

,

2001

,

,

,

399

,66.1%

2005

2

28,

,

2006

1

1

46.7%

33.9%

;

,

,

(2)

,

61.4%

[11]

,

,

,

,

,

,

5

:

,

,

;

,

,

;

,

;

,

;

,

(3)

,

,

,

,

,

20

90

,

,

(RPS)

(feed-inlaw)

,

,

,

,

59

2006

2

,

:

[1]DanyelReiche,MischaBechberger.PolicyDifferencein

thePromotionofRenewableEnergiesintheEUMemberStates

[J].EnergyPolicy,2004,(32):843-849.

[2]ElectricityPowerIndustryRestructuringFactSheet.Ener2

gyInformationAdministration,2003b[EB].http://www.

eia.doc.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/fact-sheet/testructur2

ingt.html.

[12]

,

,

:

,

,

,

[3]FredricC.Mena.GreenElectricityPoliciesintheUnited

State:CaseStudy[J].EnergyPolicy,2005,33:2398-

2410.

,

,

,

[4]Bird,L.Sweaey.GreenPowerMarketingintheUnited

States:AStatusReport[J].NationalRenewableEnergyLa2

boratory,2003(36):456-469.

,

,

,

[5]LoriBird,RolfWustenhagen,JornAabakken.Green

PowerMarketingAbroad:RecentTrendsandExperience[J].

NationalRenewableLaboratory,2002(31):237-296.

[6]StatusofStateElectricIndustryRestructuringofFebruary

2003.EnergyInformationAdminstration,2003a[EB].ht2

tp://www.eia.doc.gov/cneaf/electricity/chg_str/tab5rev.ht2

ml.

,

,

RPS

,

(MMS)

MMS

[7]SaschaN.M.VanRooijen,MarkT.VanWees.GreenE2

lectr