沙麗金版法律英語課件

TortLaw沙麗金版法律英語GeneralDefinitionTortlawisthebodyoflawthatdealswithcivilwrongs,exceptthosethatarisefromcontractproblems.Purposetocompensateaninjuredpartythroughtheawardofdamagesfortheinjuriesincurredduringatortiousact沙麗金版法律英語GeneralUnderlyingpolicyconsiderationsmaintenanceofapeacefulsocietydeterrencesocialresponsibilitythebalancingofeconomicinterestsagainstsocietalbenefits沙麗金版法律英語IntentionalTorts沙麗金版法律英語GeneralDefinitionanyintentionalactsthatarereasonablyforeseeabletocauseharmtoanindividual,andthatdosoIntentIntentismostoftenprovedthroughcircumstantialevidence—thedefendant’sconduct,inthecontextofhisorhersurroundingsandwhatheorshepresumablyknewandperceived.沙麗金版法律英語GeneralTransferredintentTransferredintentisadoctrineusedinbothcriminallawandtortlawwhentheintentiontoharmoneindividualinadvertentlycausesasecondpersontobehurtinstead.Underthelaw,theindividualcausingtheharmwillbeseenashaving"intended"theactbymeansofthe"transferredintent"doctrine.沙麗金版法律英語GeneralSubcategoriesTortsagainstthepersonassaultbatteryfalseimprisonmentintentionalinflictionofemotionaldistressPropertytortstrespasstolandtrespasstochattels(personalproperty)conversion沙麗金版法律英語AssaultDefinition(incommonlaw)anintentionalactthatcreatesanapprehensionofanimminentharmfuloroffensivecontactAssaultandbatteryAsdistinguishedfrombattery,assaultneednotinvolveactualcontact—itonlyneedsintentandtheresultingapprehension.wieldingaknife沙麗金版法律英語AssaultyellingthewordsnaketoapersonwhomyouknowisinfearofsnakesCriminalassaultandtortiousassaultIncriminallaw,anassaultcanresultfromanattemptedbattery.Sincesomeattemptedbatteriesmighttheoreticallyoccurwhenthevictimissleeping,unconscious,orunawareofthethreat,criminalassaultcanoccurevenwhennothreatisperceivedbythevictim.沙麗金版法律英語AssaultWiththetortofassault,aperceivedthreatbythevictimisparamount.＊Adefendantthrowsarockatasleepingvictim.Hecanonlybeguiltyoftheattemptedbatteryassault,sincethevictimwouldnotbeawareofthepossibleharm.沙麗金版法律英語BatteryDefinition(atcommonlaw)anintentionalactcausinganunconsentedharmfuloroffensivecontactwithapersonCriminalbatteryandtortiousbatteryCriminallawrecognizesdegreesofcrimesinvolvingphysicalcontact.Thereisbutasingletortofbattery.沙麗金版法律英語Battery“Harmful"contactcontactthatobjectivelyintendstoinjure,disfigure,impair,orcausepain“Offensive"contactcontactthatwouldoffendaperson’ssenseofpersonaldignityExamplesspittinginsomeone'sface沙麗金版法律英語Batteryintentionallyknockingahatoffsomeone'sheadorknockingaglassoutofsome-one'shandwhippingahorseonwhichaplaintiffwasriding,causingtheplaintifftofallandbeinjured(anurse)failingtowarnablindpatientthatheisheadedtowardanopenwindow,causinghimtofallandinjurehimself沙麗金版法律英語FalseImprisonmentDefinitionthedetentionofapersoninaboundedareawithoutjustificationorconsentElementsintenttoconfineapersonwithinacertainareaactualconfinementawarenessoftheconfinementbythepersonsoconfined沙麗金版法律英語FalseImprisonmentabsenceofareasonablemeansofescapeRemediesAcourtmayissueawritofhabeascorpustoreleaseapartyfromunlawfulrestraint.Thepersonfalselyimprisonedmaysuetheoffenderfordamages.沙麗金版法律英語IIEDDefinition★shortforintentionalinflictionofemotionaldistress★referredtoasthetortofoutrageinsomejurisdictionsintentionalconductthatresultsinextremeemotionaldistressElementsThedefendantmustactintentionallyorrecklessly;沙麗金版法律英語IIEDthedefendant'sconductmustbeextremeandoutrageous;andtheconductmustcausetheplaintifftosuffersevereemotionaldistress.ExamplesAdefendantrefusedtoinformaplaintiffofthewhereaboutsoftheplaintiff'schildforseveralyears,thoughthatdefendantknewwherethechildwastheentiretime.沙麗金版法律英語IIEDAdefendantsentalettertoaplaintifffalselyinformingthepersonthataclosefamilymemberhadbeenkilledinanaccident.沙麗金版法律英語StatuteofLimitationsDefinitionanenactmentthatrestrictsthetimewithinwhichlegalproceedingsmaybeinitiatedObjectivedesignedtopreventclaimsfromarisingafterallevidencehasbeenlostorafterthefactshavebecomeobscurethroughthepassageoftime,orthedeathordisappearanceofwitnesses沙麗金版法律英語StatuteofLimitationsFunctionThestatuteoflimitationsisadefensethatisordinarilyassertedbythedefendanttodefeatanactionbroughtagainsthimaftertheappropriatetimehaselapsed.ApplicationThedefendantmustraisethedefensebeforethecourtuponansweringtheplaintiff'scomplaint.沙麗金版法律英語StatuteofLimitationsIfnot,heisregardedashavingwaivedthedefenseandwillnotbepermittedtouseitinanysubsequentproceedings.TollingthestatuteMostjurisdictionsprovidethatlimitationsaretolledundercertaincircumstances.Theaggrievedparty(plaintiff)isaminor.Theplaintiffhasfiledabankruptcyproceeding.沙麗金版法律英語Shopkeeper'sPrivilegeGeneralInsomejurisdictionsoftheUS,thecourtsrecognizeacommonlawshopkeeper'sprivilege,underwhichashopkeeperisallowedtodetainasuspectedshoplifteronstorepropertyforareasonableperiodoftime,solongastheshopkeeperhascausetobelievethatthepersondetainedinfactcommitted,orattemptedtocommit,theftofstoreproperty.沙麗金版法律英語Shopkeeper'sPrivilegeRequisiteconditionsInvestigationonornearpremisesThedetentionitselfshouldbeeffectedeitheronthestorepremisesorintheimmediatevicinitythereof.ReasonablesuspicionTheshopkeeperhasreasonablegroundstosuspecttheparticularpersondetainedisshoplifting.Reasonableforceonly沙麗金版法律英語Shopkeeper'sPrivilegeOnlyreasonable,non-deadlyforceisusedtoeffectthedetention.ReasonableperiodandmannerofdetentionThedetentionitselfmaybeforonlythetimenecessarytomakeareasonableinvestigationofthefacts.沙麗金版法律英語PropertyTorts沙麗金版法律英語GeneralDefinitionPropertytortsareaspecificclassofintentionaltortswhicharisewhentherightinvadedisapropertyrightratherthanapersonalright.Typestrespasstolandenteringsomeone'slandwithoutpermission沙麗金版法律英語Generaltrespasstochattelshandlingitemsownedbyanotherwithoutpermissionconversiontakingpossessionofsomeoneelse'spropertywiththeintentnottoreturnit沙麗金版法律英語TrespasstoLandDefinitionthewrongfulinterferencewithone'spossessoryrightsin(real)property★Itisactionableperse.(Itisnotnecessarytoprovethatharmwassufferedtobringaclaim.)Interferenceanyphysicalentrytolandthrowinganythingontheland沙麗金版法律英語TrespasstoLandtheabuseofarightofentry,whenapersonwhohastherighttoenterthelanddoessomethingnotcoveredbythepermissionLandthesurfaceanythingpermanentlyattachedtotheland,suchashousesthesubsoiltheairspace沙麗金版法律英語TrespasstoChattelsDefinitiontheintentionalinterferencewithanotherperson'slawfulpossessionofachattel(movablepersonalproperty)Interferenceanyphysicalcontactwiththechattelinaquantifiablewayanydispossessionofthechattel(whetherbytakingit,destroyingit,orbarringtheowner'saccesstoit)沙麗金版法律英語TrespasstoChattelsElementsLackofconsentTheinterferencewiththepropertymustbenon-consensual.ActualharmTheinterferencewiththepropertymustresultinactualharm.IntentionalityTheinterferencemustbeintentional.沙麗金版法律英語ConversionDefinitionthewrongfuldispositionofanother’spropertyasifitwereone’sownPropertysubjecttoconversionItmustbepersonalproperty:Realpropertycannotbelostandthenfound.Itmustbetangible:ananimal,money,furniture,tools,orreceipts;沙麗金版法律英語Conversioncropsortimber(aftertheyareseveredfromtheground)therightsinapaper,suchasalifeinsurancepolicy,astockcertificate,orapromissorynoteElementsTheplaintiffownsorhastherighttopossessthepropertyinquestionatthetimeoftheinterference;thedefendantintentionallyinterferedwiththeplaintiff'sproperty;沙麗金版法律英語Conversiontheinterferencedeprivedtheplaintiffofpossessionoruseofthepropertyinquestion;andtheinterferencecauseddamagestotheplaintiff.TraditionaldefensesAbandonmentThepropertyhadbeenabandonedbeforeitwastakenbythedefendant.沙麗金版法律英語ConversionAuthorityoflawThepropertywastakenbyauthorityoflaw,acourtorderorvalidprocess.ConsentThepropertywastakenwithconsentoftheplaintiff,eitherexpressorimplied.FraudoftheplaintiffTheplaintiffconveyedpropertytoathirdpersonforpurposesofevadingcreditors.沙麗金版法律英語TrespasstoChattelsandConversionSimilarityBothincludethewrongful,intentionalinterferenceofpersonalproperty.DifferenceThedifferencebetweenthemisoneofdegree—thedegreeofpossessiontheinterferingpersonhasassumed.Ingeneral,whenanobjectisdamagedbutrepairable,trespasstochattelsisthemoreappropriatetort.Whensomethingisdestroyedorstolen,conversionismoreappropriate.沙麗金版法律英語TrespasstoChattelsandConversionWhentrespassisfound,apersoncanrecoverthevalueofthe"lostuse"oftheitem—andrecovertheitemitself.Conversion,ontheotherhand,allowsapersontorecoverthefullvalueoftheitem.ExampleIfsomeonestealspropertyfromyouandyouareabletorecoveritwithminimalornodamages,youmayhaveacauseofactionintrespasstochattel.Ifthesamepersonstealsthepropertyandsellsittoanother,youwillhaveacauseofactioninconversion.沙麗金版法律英語Negligence沙麗金版法律英語GeneralDefinitionconductthatisculpablebecauseitfallsshortofwhatareasonablepersonwoulddotoprotectanotherindividualfromforeseeablerisksofharmElementsThedefendantowedadutytotheplaintiff;thedefendantbreachedthatduty;沙麗金版法律英語Generalasaresultofthedefendant'sbreachofthatduty,theplaintiffsufferedinjury;andtheinjurywasareasonablyforeseeableconsequenceofthedefendant'sactionorinaction.沙麗金版法律英語DutyofCareDefinitionIntortlaw,adutyofcareisalegalobligationimposedonanindividualrequiringthattheyadheretoastandardofreasonablecarewhileperforminganyactsthatcouldforeseeablyharmothers.Foreseeability沙麗金版法律英語DutyofCareInmanystates,theonlytestiswhethertheharmtotheplaintifffromthedefendant'sactionswasforeseeable.沙麗金版法律英語StandardofCareDefinitionthedegreeofprudenceandcautionrequiredofanindividualwhoisunderadutyofcareThereasonablepersonstandardEachpersonowesadutytobehaveasareasonablepersonwouldunderthesameorsimilarcircumstances.沙麗金版法律英語StandardofCareFactorsinvolved:theknowledge,experience,andperceptionofthepersontheactivitythepersonisengaginginthephysicalcharacteristicsofthepersonthecircumstancessurroundingtheperson'sactions沙麗金版法律英語NIEDGeneralshortfornegligent

inflictionofemotionaldistressacontroversialcauseofactionContrastwithIIEDThereisnoneedtoproveintenttoinflictdistress.(Thatis,anaccidentalinfliction,ifnegligent,issufficienttosupportacauseofaction.)沙麗金版法律英語NIEDUnderlyingconceptOnehasalegaldutytousereasonablecaretoavoidcausingemotionaldistresstoanotherindividual.Ifonefailsinthisdutyandunreasonablycausesemotionaldistresstoanotherperson,thatactorwillbeliableformonetarydamagestotheinjuredindividual.沙麗金版法律英語ContributoryNegligenceDefinitionadefensethatbarsaplaintifffromrecoveryifhisorherownactsoromissionscontributetotheinjuryBurdenofproofInsomejurisdictions,thedefendanthastoprovethenegligenceofaplaintifforclaimant.Inothers,theburdenisonaplaintifftodisprovehisownnegligence.沙麗金版法律英語ContributoryNegligenceDefectItisoftenregardedasunfairbecauseunderthedoctrineavictimwhoisatfaulttoanydegree,includingonly1%atfault,willbedeniedcompensationentirely.沙麗金版法律英語ComparativeNegligenceDefinitionadefensethatreducestheamountofdamagesthataplaintiffcanrecoverinanegligence-basedclaimbaseduponthedegreetowhichtheplaintiff'sownnegligencecontributedtotheinjuryTypes‘Pure’comparativenegligenceIfaplaintiffis90%atfaultheorshecanstillrecover10%ofhislosses.沙麗金版法律英語ComparativeNegligence‘Partial’comparativenegligenceIfaplaintiffismorethan50%atfaultheorshecannotrecover.沙麗金版法律英語AssumptionofRiskDefinitionadefenseinthelawoftorts,whichbarsaplaintifffromrecoveryagainstanegligenttortfeasorifthedefendantcandemonstratethattheplaintiffvoluntarilyandknowinglyassumedtherisksatissueinherenttothedangerousactivityinwhichhewasparticipatingatthetimeofhisinjury沙麗金版法律英語AssumptionofRiskTheoryUponassumptionoftherisk,thereisnolongeradutyofcarerunningfromthedefendanttotheplaintiff.Withoutadutyowedbythedefendant,therecanbenonegligenceonhispart.ApplicationThisdefenseiscommonlyusedincasesofinjuriesoccurringduringriskyrecreationalactivities.沙麗金版法律英語StrictLiabilityTorts沙麗金版法律英語GeneralStrictliabilityIntortlaw,strictliabilityisliabilitywithoutfault(suchasnegligenceortortiousintent).PolicybasisUndercertaincircumstances,aplaintiffmaybeallowedrecoveryeventhoughthereisnofaultonthepartofthedefendant.沙麗金版法律英語GeneralApplicationStrictliabilityoftenappliestothoseengagedinhazardousorinherentlydangerousactivities:blastingstoringinherentlydangeroussubstanceskeepingwildanimalsItalsoappliestosellersandmanufacturers.沙麗金版法律英語ProductLiabilityDefinitiontheresponsibilityofamanufacturerorvendorofgoodstocompensateforinjurycausedbydefectivemerchandisethatithasprovidedforsaleProductliabilityclaimsintheUSnegligenceclaimsstrictliabilityclaimsbreachofwarrantyclaimsvariousconsumerprotectionclaims沙麗金版法律英語ProductLiabilityTypesofliabilityManufacturingdefectManufacturingdefectsarethosethatoccurinthemanufacturingprocessandusuallyinvolvepoor-qualitymaterialsorshoddyworkmanship.DesigndefectDesigndefectsoccurwheretheproductdesignisinherentlydangerousoruseless(andhencedefective)nomatterhowcarefullymanufactured.沙麗金版法律英語ProductLiabilityFailure-to-warndefect(alsoknownasmarketingdefect)Failure-to-warndefectsariseinproductsthatcarryinherentnonobviousdangerswhichcouldbemitigatedthroughadequatewarningstotheuser,andthesedangersarepresentregardlessofhowwelltheproductismanufacturedanddesignedforitsintendedpurpose.沙麗金版法律英語Ultra-hazardousActivityGeneralAnultra-hazardousactivityinthecommonlawoftortsisonethatissoinherentlydangerousthatapersonengagedinsuchanactivitycanbeheldstrictlyliableforinjuriescausedtoanotherperson,evenifthepersonengagedintheactivitytookeveryreasonableprecautiontopreventothersfrombeinginjured.沙麗金版法律英語Ultra-hazardousActivityCategoriesTransportation,storage,anduseofultra-hazardousmaterialsdynamiteandotherexplosivesradioactivematerialscertainhazardouschemicalsKeepingofdangerousanimalswildanimals(i.e.animalsthatarenotnormallydomesticatedinthatarea)domesticatedanimalsthathaveaknownpropensityfordangerousbehavior沙麗金版法律英語Nuisance沙麗金版法律英語GeneralDefinitionsomethingthatcausesoffence,annoyance,troubleorinjuryThelawofnuisanceUnderthecommonlaw,personsinpossessionofrealpropertyareentitledtothequietenjoymentoftheirlands.Ifaneighborinterfereswiththatquietenjoyment,theaffectedpartymaymakeaclaiminnuisance.沙麗金版法律英語GeneralTypesPrivatenuisance—acivilwrongaviolationofone'suseorquietenjoymentoflandPublicnuisance—acriminalwronganunreasonableinterferencewiththepublic'srighttoproperty★Itincludesconductthatinterfereswithpublichealth,safety,peaceorconvenience.沙麗金版法律英語PrivateNuisanceDefinitionaninterferencewithaperson'suseorquietenjoymentofhislandRequirementsContinuousinterf