北京大學博士英語考試試題及解析

PartTwo：StructureandWrittenExpression（20%）Directions：Foreachquestiondecidewhichofthefourchoicesgivenwillmostsuitablycompletethesentenceifinsertedattheplacemarked.MarkyourchoicesontheAnswerSheet.11．Whethertheextensionofconsciousnessisa“goodthing”forhumanbeingisaquestionthatawidesolution.A．admitsofB.requiresofC.needsofD.seeksfor12．Inaculturelikeours,longallthingsasameansofcontrol,itissometimesabitofashocktoberemindedthatthemediumisthemessage.A．accustomedtosplitanddividedB．accustomedtosplittinganddividingC．accustomedtosplitanddividingD．accustomedtosplittinganddivided13．Applepieisneithergoodnorbad;itisthewayitisusedthatdeterminesitsvalue.A.atitselfB.asitselfC.onitselfD.initself14．usearlier,yourrequesttothefull.A.Youhavecontacted…wecouldcomplywithB.Hadyoucontacted…wecouldhavecompliedwithC.Youhadcontacted…couldwehavecompliedwithD.Haveyoucontacted…wecouldcomplywith15．TheAmericanRevolutionhadnomedievallegalinstitutionstoortorootout,apartfrommonarchy.A.discardB.discreetC.discordD.disgorge16.Livingconstantlyintheatmosphereofslave,hebecameinfectedtheunconscioustheirpsychology.Noonecanshieldhimselfsuchaninfluence.A.on…by…atB.by…for…inC.from…in…onD.through…with…from17.Theeffectofelectrictechnologyhadatfirstbeenanxiety.Nowitappearstocreate.A.boreB.boredC.boredomD.bordom18.Jazztendstobeacasualdialogueformofdancequiteinthereceptiveandmechanicalformsofthewaltz.A.lackedB.lackingC.forlackofD.lackof19.Therearetoomanycomplainsaboutsocietymovetoofasttokeepupwiththemachine.A.thathavetoB.havetoC.havingtoD.hasto20.Thepoorgirlspentoverhalfayearinthehospitalbutsheisnowforit.A.nonetheworseB.nonethebetterC.neverworseD.neverbetter21.Asthesilentfilmsound,sodidthesoundfilmcolor.A.criedoutfor…criedoutforB.cryoutfor…cryoutforC.hadcriedoutfor…criedoutforD.hadcriedoutfor…cryoutfor22.Whilehiseffortsweretremendoustheresultsappearedtobevery.A.triggerB.meagerC.vigorD.linger23.Westernmanishimselfbeingde-Westernizedbyhisownspeed-up,byindustrialtechnology.A.asmuchtheAfricansaredetribalizedB.theAfricansaremuchbeingdetribalizedC.asmuchastheAfricansarebeingdetribalizedD.asmuchastheAfricansaredetribalized24.Weadmirehiscourageandself-confidence.A.canbutB.cannotonlyC.cannotbutD.canonlybut25.Inthe1930’s,whenmillionsofcomicbooksweretheyoungwithfightingandkilling,nobodyseemedtonoticethattheviolenceofcarsinthestreetswasmorehysterical.A.inundatingB.imitatingC.immolatingD.insulating26.youpromiseyouwillworkhard,supportyoutocollege.A.Ifonly…willIB.Only…IwillC.Onlyif…willID.Onlyif…Iwill27.ItisoneoftheironiesofWesternmanthathehasneverfeltinventionasathreattohiswayoflife.A.anyconcernwithB.anyconcernaboutC.anyconcerninD.anyconcernat28.Oneroomschools,withallsubjectsbeingtaughttoallgradesatthesametime,simplywhenbettertransportationpermitsspecializedspacesandspecializedteaching.A.resolvedB.absolvedC.dissolvedD.solved29.Peoplearelivinglongerandnotsavingenough,whichmeanstheywilleitherhavetoworklonger,livelessinretirementorbailedbythegovernment.A.in…for…upB.for…on…outC.by…in…onD.on…for…out30.Thecountrysdeficitthatyeartoarecord1698billiondollarsA.soaredB.souredC.soredD.sourcedPartThree:CloseTest(10%)Directions:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandchooseONEbestwordforeachnumberedblank.MarkyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.wastheworstyearfortherecordlabelsinadecade31was,andbeforethatand.Infact,industryrevenueshavebeen32forthepast10years.Digitalsalesaregrowing,butnotasfastastraditionalsalesarefalling.Maybethat’sbecauseillegaldownloadsaresoeasy.Peoplehavebeen33intellectualpropertyforcenturies,butitusedtobeatime-consumingwaytogeneratemarkedly34copies.Thesedays,high-qualitycopiesare35.AccordingtothePewInternetproject,peopleusefile-sharingsoftwaremoreoftenthantheydoiTunesandotherlegalshops.I’dliketobelieve,asmanyofmyfriendsseemto,thatthispracticewon’tdomuchharm.ButevenasI’veheardoverthepastdecadethatthingsweren’t36bad,thatthemusicindustrywasmovingtoanew,betterbusinessmodel,eachyear’snumbershavebeenworse.Maybeit’stimetoadmitthatwemayneverfindawayto37consumerswhowantfreeentertainmentwithcreatorswhowanttogetpaid.38onthisproblem,thecomputationalneuroscientistAndersSandbergrecentlynotedthatalthoughwehavestronginstinctivefeelingsaboutownership,intellectualpropertydoesn’talways39thatframework.Theharmdonebyindividualactsofpiracyistoosmallandtooabstract.“Thenatureofintellectualproperty,”hewrote,“makesithardtomaintainthesocialandempathic40thatkeep(s)usfromtakingeachother’sthings.”31.A.AsB.SameC.ThusD.So32.A.stagnatingB.decliningC.increasingD.stultifying33.A.takingB.robbingC.stealingD.pirating34.A.upgradedB.inferiorC.ineffectiveD.preferable35.A.numerousB.ubiquitousC.accessibleD.effortless36.A.soB.thisC.thatD.much37.A.satisfyB.helpC.reconcileD.equate38.A.BasedB.CapitalizingC.ReflectingD.Drawing39.A.matchupwithB.fillinC.fitintoD.setup40.A.constraintsB.consciousnessC.normD.etiquettePartIV:ReadingComprehension(20%)Directions:Eachofthefollowingfourpassagesisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachquestionorunfinishedstatement,fouranswersaregiven.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestion.MarkyourchoicesontheAnswerSheet.PassageOneCancerhasalwaysbeenwithus,butnotalwaysinthesameway.Itscareandmanagementhavedifferedovertime,ofcourse,butso,too,haveitsidentity,visibility,andmeanings.Pickupthethreadofhistoryatitsmostdistantendandyouhavecancerthecrab—sonamedeitherbecauseoftheramifyingvenousprocessesspreadingoutfromatumororbecauseitspainislikethepinchofacrab’sclaw.Premoderncancerisalump,aswellingthatsometimesbreaksthroughtheskininulcerationsproducingfoul-smellingdischarges.TheancientEgyptiansknewaboutmanytumorsthathadabadoutcome,andtheGreeksmadeadistinctionbetweenbenigntumors(oncos)andmalignantones(carcinos).InthesecondcenturyA．D．,Galenreckonedthatthecausewassystemic,anexcessofmelancholyorblackbile,oneofthebody’sfour“humors,”broughtonbybaddietandenvironmentalcircumstances.Ancientmedicalpractitionerssometimescuttumorsout,buttheprognosiswasknowntobegrim.Describingtumorsofthebreast,anEgyptianpapyrusfromabout1600B．C．concluded:“Thereisnotreatment.”Theexperienceofcancerhasalwaysbeenterrible,but,untilmoderntimes,itsmarkontheculturehasbeenlight.Inthepast,fearcoagulatedaroundotherwaysofdying:infectiousandepidemicdiseases(plague,smallpox,cholera,typhus,typhoidfever);“apoplexies”(whatwenowcallstrokesandheartattacks);and,mostnotablyinthenineteenthcentury,“consumption”(tuberculosis).Theagonizingmannerofcancerdeathwasdreaded,butthatfearwasnotcentrallysituatedinthepublicmind—asitnowis.ThisisonereasonthatthemedicalhistorianRoyPorterwrotethatcanceris“themoderndiseaseparexcellence,”andthatMukherjeecallsit“thequintessentialproductofmodernity.”Atonetime,itwasthoughtthatcancerwasa“diseaseofcivilization,”belongingtomuchthesamecausaldomainas“neurasthenia”anddiabetes,theformeranervousweaknessbelievedtobebroughtaboutbythestressofmodernlifeandthelatteraconditionproducedbybaddietandindolence.Intheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies,somephysiciansattributedcancer—notablyofthebreastandtheovaries—topsychologicalandbehavioralcauses.WilliamBuchan’swildlypopulareighteenth-centurytext“DomesticMedicine”judgedthatcancersmightbecausedby“excessivefear,grief,religiousmelancholy.”Inthenineteenthcentury,referencewasrepeatedlymadetoa“cancerpersonality,”and,insomeversions,specificallytosexualrepression.AsSusanSontagobserved,cancerwasconsideredshameful,nottobementioned,evenobscene.AmongtheRomanticsandtheVictorians,sufferinganddyingfromtuberculosismightbeconsideredabadgeofrefinement;cancerdeathwasnothingofthesort.“Itseemsunimaginable,”Sontagwrote,“toaestheticize”cancer.41.Accordingtothepassage,theancientEgyptians.A.calledcancerthecrabB.wereabletodistinguishbenigntumorsandmalignantonesC.foundoutthecauseofcancerD.knewaboutalotofmalignanttumors42.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthecancersofthepastisbestsupportedbythepassage?A.AncientpeopledidnotlivelongenoughtobecomepronetocancerB.Inthepast,peopledidnotfearcancerC.CancerdeathmightbeconsideredabadgeofrefinementD.Somephysiciansbelievedthatonesownbehavioralmodecouldleadtocancer43.Whichofthefollowingisthereasonforcancertobecalled“themoderndisease”?A.ModerncancercareisveryeffectiveB.ThereisalotmorecancernowC.PeopleunderstandcancerinradicallynewwaysnowD.Thereisasharpincreaseinmortalityinmoderncancerworld44.“Neurasthenia”anddiabetesarementionedbecause.A.theyareasfatalascancerB.theywereconsideredtobe“diseaseofcivilization”C.peopledreadthemverymuchD.theyarebroughtbythehighpressureofmodernlife45.Assuggestedbythepassage,withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostlikelyagree?A.ThecareandmanagementofcancerhavedevelopmentovertimeB.TheculturalsignificanceofcancershiftsindifferenttimesC.CancersidentityhasneverchangedD.CanceristhepricepaidformodernlifePassageTwoIfyouhappenedtobewatchingNBConthefirstSundaymorninginAugustlastsummer,youwouldhaveseensomethingcurious.There,onthesetofMeetthePress,thehost,DavidGregory,wasinterviewingaguestwhomadeaforcefulcasethattheU．S．economyhadbecome“verydistorted.”Inthewakeoftherecession,thisguestexplained,high-incomeindividuals,largebanks,andmajorcorporationshadexperienceda“significantrecovery”;therestoftheeconomy,bycontrast—includingsmallbusinessesand“averysignificantamountofthelaborforce”—wasstuckandstillstruggling.Whatwewereseeing,heargued,wasnotasingleeconomyatall,butrather“fundamentallytwoseparatetypesofeconomy,”increasinglydistinctanddivergent.Thisdiagnosis,thoughalarming,washardlyunique:drawingattentiontothedividebetweenthewealthyandeveryoneelsehaslongbeenstandardfareontheleft.(Theideaof“twoAmericas”wasacentralthemeofJohnEdwards’sandpresidentialruns.)Whatmadetheargumentstrikinginthisinstancewasthatitwasbeingofferedbynoneotherthantheformerfive-termFederalReserveChairmanAlanGreenspan:iconiclibertarian,preeminentdefenderofthefreemarket,and(atleastuntilrecently)thenation’sforemostdevoteeofAynRand.Whenthehighpriestofcapitalismhimselfisdeclaringthegrowthineconomicinequalityanationalcrisis,somethinghasgonevery,verywrong.Thiswideninggapbetweentherichandnon-richhasbeenevidentforyears.Inareporttoinvestors,forinstance,threeanalystsatCitigroupadvisedthat“theWorldisdividingintotwoblocs—thePlutonomyandtherest”.Inaplutonomythereisnosuchanimalas“theU．S．consumer”or“theUKconsumer”,orindeed“theRussianconsumer”.Therearerichconsumers,fewinnumber,butdisproportionateinthegiganticsliceofincomeandconsumptiontheytake.Therearetherest,the“non-rich”,themultitudinousmany,butonlyaccountingforsurprisinglysmallbitesofthenationalpie.Beforetherecession,itwasrelativelyeasytoignorethisconcentrationofwealthamonganelitefew.Thewondrousinventionsofthemoderneconomy—谷歌,Amazon,theiPhonebroadlyimprovedthelivesofmiddle-classconsumers,evenastheymadeatinysubsetofentrepreneurshugelywealthy.Andtheless-wondrousinventions—particularlytheexplosionofsubprimecredit—helpedmasktheriseofincomeinequalityformanyofthosewhoseearningswerestagnant.Butthefinancialcrisisanditslong,dismalaftermathhavechangedallthat.Amulti-billion-dollarbailoutandWallStreet’sswift,subsequentreinstatementofgargantuanbonuseshaveinspiredanarrativeofparasiticbankersandotherelitesriggingthegamefortheirownbenefit.Andthis,inturn,hasledtowider-andnotunreasonable-fearsthatwearelivinginnotmerelyaplutonomy,butaplutocracy,inwhichtherichdisplayoutsizepoliticalinfluence,narrowlyselfinterestedmotives,andacasualindifferencetoanyoneoutsidetheirownrarefiedeconomicbubble.46.Accordingtothepassage,theU．S．economy.A.faresquitewellB.hascompletelyrecoveredfromtheeconomicrecessionC.hasitsownproblemsD.islaggingbehindotherindustrialeconomies47.Whichofthefollowingstatementabouttoday’ssuper-elitewouldthepassagesupport?A.Today’splutocratsarethehereditaryeliteB.Today’ssuper-richareincreasinglyanationuntothemselvesC.TheyarethedeservingwinnersofatougheconomiccompetitionD.Theyareworriedaboutthesocialandpoliticalconsequencesofrisingincomeinequality48.Whatcanbesaidofmoderntechnologicalinnovations?A.Theyhaveliftedmanypeopleintothemiddleclass.B.Theyhavenarrowedthegapbetweentherichandthenon-rich.C.Theyhaveledtoariseofincomeinequality.D.Theyhavebenefitedthegeneralpublic.49.Theauthorseemstosuggestthatthefinancialcrisisanditsaftermath.A.havecompromisedtherichwiththenon-richB.haveenrichedtheplutocraticeliteC.haveputAmericansonthealertfortoomuchpowertherichpossessD.haveenlargedthegapbetweentherichandnon-rich50.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto.A.presentthefinancialimbalanceintheU．S．B.displaysympathyfortheworkingclassC.criticizethesupereliteoftheUniteStatesD.appreciatethemeritsofthesuperrichintheU．S．PassageThreeCharlesDarwin’s“OntheOriginofSpecies”iscreditedwithsparkingevolution’srevolutioninscientificthought,butmanyobservershadponderedevolutionbeforehim.Itwasunderstandingtheidea’ssignificanceandsellingittothepublicthatmadeDarwingreat,accordingtotheArnoldArboretum’snewdirector.WilliamFriedman,theArnoldProfessorofOrganismandEvolutionaryBiologywhotookoverasarboretumdirectorJan．1,hasstudiedDarwin’swritingsaswellasthoseofhispredecessorsandcontemporaries.WhileDarwiniswidelycreditedasthefatherofevolution,Friedmansaidthe“historicalsketch”thatDarwinattachedtolaterprintingsofhismasterpiecewasintendedtomollifythosewhodemandedcreditfortheirownearlierideas.Thehistoricalsketchgrewwitheachsubsequentprinting,FriedmantoldanaudienceMonday(Jan．10),until,bythe6thedition,34authorswerementionedinit.Scholarsnowbelievethatsomewherebetween50and60authorshadbeatenDarwinintheirwritingsaboutevolutionIncludedwasDarwin’sgrandfather,ErasmusDarwin,aphysicianwhoirritatedclergymenwithhisinsistencethatlifearosefromlowerforms,specificallymollusks.Friedman’stalk,“ADarwinianLookatDarwin’sEvolutionistAncestors,”tookplaceatthearboretum’sHunnewellBuildingandwasthefirstinanewDirector’sLectureSeries.ThoughothershadclearlyponderedevolutionbeforeDarwin,hewasn’twithoutoriginality.FriedmansaidthatDarwin’sthinkingonnaturalselectionasthemechanismofevolutionwassharedbyfew,mostprominentlyAlfredWallace,whosewritingonthesubjectafteryearsinthefieldspurredDarwin’swritingof“OntheOriginofSpecies.”Althoughthebookrunsmorethan400pages,FriedmansaiditwasneverthebookonevolutionandnaturalselectionthatDarwinintended.In1856,threeyearsbeforethebookwaspublished,hebeganworkonadetailedtomeonnaturalselectionthatwouldn’tseepublicationuntil1975.Theseminaleventincreating“OntheOriginofSpecies”occurredin1858,whenWallacewroteDarwindetailingWallace’sideasofevolutionbynaturalselection.ThearrivalofWallace’sideasgalvanizedDarwinintowriting“OntheOriginofSpecies”asan“abstract”oftheideashewaspainstakinglylayingoutinthelargerwork.ThiswasaluckybreakforDarwin,becauseitforcedhimtowritehisideasinplainlanguage,whichledtoabookthatwasnotonlyrevolutionary,despitethosewho’dtreadsimilargroundbefore,butthatwasalsoveryreadable.ThoughothersthoughtaboutevolutionbeforeDarwin,scientificdiscoveryrequiresmorethanjustanidea.Inadditiontotheconcept,discoveryrequirestheunderstandingofthesignificanceoftheidea,somethingsomeoftheearlierauthorsclearlydidnothave—suchasthearboristwhoburiedhisthoughtsonnaturalselectionintheappendixofabookonnavaltimber.Lastly,scientificdiscoverydemandstheabilitytoconvinceothersofthecorrectnessofanidea.Darwin,through“OntheOriginofSpecies,”wastheonlythinkerofthetimewhohadallthreeofthosetraits,Friedmansaid.“Darwinhadtheabilitytoconvinceothersofthecorrectnessoftheidea,”Friedmansaid,addingthatevenWallace,whoseclaimtonewthinkingonevolutionandnaturalselectionwasstrongerthanalltheothers,paidhomagetoDarwinbytitlinghis1889bookonthesubject,“Darwinism.”51.AccordingtoWilliamFriedman,Darwin’s“OntheOriginofSpecies”isgreatinthat.A.itwasthemoststudiedbylaterscientistsB.ithadsignificantideasaboutevolutionC.itwasthefirsttotalkaboutevolutionD.itwaswellreceivedbythepublic52.FriedmanbelievesthatDarwinattacheda“historicalsketch”tolaterprintingsofhisbookinanattemptto.A.credittheideasaboutevolutionbeforehisB.claimhimselfasthefatherofevolutionC.introducehisgrandfathertothereaderD.summarizehispredecessorswork53.InFriedmansview,Darwinsoriginalityliesin.A.histhinkingonnaturalselectionasthemechanismofevolutionB.hissharingideasaboutevolutionwithhiscontemporariesC.thewayhewrote“OntheOriginofSpecies”D.thewayhelecturedontheideasofevolution54.WehavelearnedthatatfirstDarwinintendedtowritehisideain.A.amuchlargerbookB.a400pagebookC.scientifictermsD.plainlanguage55.ScientificdiscoveryrequiresallthefollowingExpect.A.comingupwithanewideaB.understandingthesignificanceoftheideaC.makingclaimstotheideabywritingbooksD.convincingothersofthecorrectnessoftheidesPassageFourManyadultsmaythinktheyaregettingenoughshut-eye,butinamajorsleepstudyalmost80percentofrespondentsadmittedtonotgettingtheirprescribedamountofnightlyrest.So,whatexactlyistherightamountofsleep?Researchshowsthatadultsneedanaverageofseventoninehoursofsleepanightforoptimalfunctionality.Readontoseejusthowmuchofanimpactmoderatesleepdeprivationcanhaveonyourmindandbody.Bygettinglessthansixhoursofsleepanight,youcouldbeputtingyourselfatriskofhighbloodpressure.Whenyousleep,yourheartgetsabreakandisabletoslowdownforasignificantperiodoftime.Butcuttingbackonsleepmeansyourhearthastoworkovertimewithoutitsallottedbreak.Inconstantlydoingso,yourbodymustaccommodatetoitsnewconditionsandelevateyouroveralldailybloodpressure.Andtheheartisn’ttheonlyorganthatisovertaxedbyalackofsleeps.Thelesssleepyouget,thelesstimethebrainhastoregulatestresshormones,andovertime,sleepdeprivationcouldpermanentlyhinderthebrain’sabilitytoregulatethesehormones,leadingtoelevatedbloodpressure.Weallhangaroundinbedduringourboutsofillness.Butdidyouknowthatskippingoutonthebedrestcanincreaseyourriskofgettingsick?Prolongedsleepdeprivationhaslongbeenassociatedwithdiminishedimmunefunctions,butresearchershavealsofoundadirectcorrelationbetween“modest”sleepdeprivation—lessthansixhours—andreducedimmuneresponse.Sotrytotoughenupyourimmunesystembygettingatleastsevenhoursofsleepanight,andmaintainingahealthydiet.You’llbegladyougotthatextrahourofsleepthenexttimethatbugcomesaroundandleaveseveryoneelsebedriddenwithafeverforthreedays.DuringdeepREMsleep,yourmuscles(exceptthoseintheeyes)areessentiallyimmobilizedinordertokeepyoufromactingoutonyourdreams.Unfortunately,thiseffortyourbodymakestokeepyousafewhiledreamingcansometimesbackfire,resultinginsleepparalysis.SleepparalysisoccurswhenthebrainisarousedfromitsREMcycle,butthebodyremainsinitsimmobilizingstate.Thiscanbequiteafrighteningsensationbecause,whileyourmindisslowlyregainingconsciousness,ithasnocontroloveryourbody,leavingsomewithafeelingofpowerlessness,fearandpanic.Mostpeopleexperiencethiseeriephenomenaatleastonceintheirlives,butthosewhoaresleepdeprivedaremorelikelytohavepanickedepisodesofsleepparalysisthatareusuallyaccompaniedbyhallucinations,aswell.Forasecond,imagineallofyourmemoriesareerased;everybirthday,summervacation,evenwhatyoudidyesterdayafternooniscompletelylost,becauseyouhavenorecollectionofthem.It’sachillingthought,butthatiswhatalifewithoutsleepwouldbelike.Sleepisessentialtothecognitivefunctionsofthebrain,andwithoutit,ourabilitytoconsolidatememories,learndailytasks,andmakedecisionsisimpairedbyalargedegree.ResearchhasrevealedthatREMsleep,ordream-sleep,helpssolidifythe“fragile”memoriesthebraincreatesthroughoutthedaytothattheycanbeeasilyorganizedandstoredinthemind’slong-termcache.56.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthemeaningof“sleepdeprivation”?A.Tosleepforanaverageperiodoftime.B.Tosleepdeeplywithoutdreaming.C.Tosleeplessthanneeded.D.Tosleepmodestly.57.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtoParagraph3?A.Wheneveryoneelsegetsafever,thosewithsleepdeprivationwillbeabeletosleeplonger.B.Wheneveryoneelsegetsafever,thosewhousuallyhaveadequatesleepwillbealright.C.Onlymodestsleepdeprivationcouldweakentheimmunesystem.D.Prolongedsleepdeprivationwillnothaveimpactontheimmunesystem.58.Whyistheretheso-called“sleepparalysis”?A.Itoccurswhenyouareunabletowakeupfromdreamswhileyouaresleeping.B.Itoccurswhenyoubrainimmobilizesyourbodyinordertokeepyoufromdreaming.C.BecauseyouareusuallytoofrightenedtomoveyourbodywhenwakingupfromdeepREMsleep.D.Becauseyourbody,immobilizedwhendreaming,maystillbeunabletomoveevenwhenyourbrainiswakingup.59.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothelastparagraph?A.Memoriesarepartofthecognitivefunctionofthebrain.B.Memoriescreatedduringthedaytimeareusuallyfragileandimpaired.C.Youarelikelytoloseyourmemoriesofyesterdayafteranight’ssleep.D.Longtermmemorycannotbeformedwithoutdream-sleep.60.Whateffectsofsleepdeprivationonhumanmindandbodyarediscussedinthispassage?A.Highbloodpressure,atoughenedimmunesystem,sleepparalysis,andmemoryloss.B.Bloodpressure,immunesystem,sleepparalysis,andlongtermmemory.C.Bloodpressure,immunesystem,thebrainandthebody,andmemory.D.Highbloodpressure,aweakenedimmunesystem,sleepparalysis,andmemoryloss.PartV:Proofreading(15%)Directions:Inthefollowingpassage,therearealtogether15mistakes,ONEineachnumberedandunderlinedpart.Youmayhavetochangeaword,addaword,orjustdeleteaword.Ifyouchangeaword,crossitwithaslash(/)andwritethecorrectwordbesideit.Ifyouaddaword,writethemissingwordbetweenthewords(inbrackets)immediatelybeforeandafterit.Ifyoudeleteaword,crossitoutwithaslash(/).PutyouranswerontheAnswerSheet(2).Examples:eg.1(61)Themeetingbegun2hoursago.CorrectionputontheAnswerSheet(2):(61)begunbeganeg.2(62)Scarcelytheysettledthemselvesintheirseatsinthetheatrewhenthecurtainwentup.CorrectionputontheAnswerSheet(2):(62)(Scarcely)had(they)eg.3(63)NeverwillInotdoitagain.CorrectionputontheAnswerSheet(2):(63)notWal-MartannouncedThursdayafternoonthatitwouldintroduceaprogramnationwidecalled(61)“PickUpToday”thatallowscustomerstosubmitordersonlineandpickuptheiritemsfewhourslaterintheirlocalstore.(62)Themoveisnotrevolutionary—SearsandNordstrom,asinstance,alreadyhavesimilarprograms.(63)Retailerssaythattyingonlineandin-storeinventorytogetherletsthemtosellmoreproducts.(64)Nordstromrecentlycombineditsinventorysothatiftheonlinestockroomisoutofajacket,astorethathasitcanshiptotheWebcustomer.(65)Encouragecustomerstoretrieveitemstheyhaveorderedonlineinastoreincreasesvisitstothestores,whichusuallyincreasessales.(66)BestBuyoffersbothstorepickupand“shiptostore,”whereitemsareshippedfreefromalocalstore.AceH