職稱英語重點內(nèi)容

第十二篇TakingaNap打盹DuringtheDay理BMedicalexpertssaymostAmericansdonotgetenoughsleep.TheysaymoreAmericansneedtorestforashortperiodinthemiddleoftheday.Theyareadvising建議peopletosleeplightly輕輕地beforecontinuingwithotheractivities活動.Onestudyearlierthisyearfoundthatpersonswhosleepforafewminutesduringthedaywerelesslikelytodieof死于heartdisease心臟病.Thestudyfollowedmorethan2,300Greekadultsforaboutsixyears.Adults成年人whorestedforhalfanhouratleastthreetimesaweekhada37presentlowerriskofdying臨終（的）fromheartdiseasethanthosewhodidnotnap.Studyorganizers組織saidthestrongestevidence依據(jù)、證據(jù)wasinworkingmen.Theysaidnapsmightimprove改善healthbymitigating緩和的tension緊張、焦慮causedbywork.SomeEuropeanandLatinAmericanbusinesseshavesupportedtheideaofnappingformanyyears.Theyurge敦促peopletoleavework,gohomeandhaveanapbeforereturning.IntheUnitedStates,somecompaniesletworkersrestbriefly簡短地intheiroffices.Theybelievethisreducesmistakesandaccidents,andalsoincreasestheamountofworkapersoncando.Sleepexpertssayitislikelythatpeoplemakemoremistakesatworkthanatothertimes.Theysaypeopleshouldnotcarryout執(zhí)行importantduties責(zé)任whentheyfeelsleepyAndtheysaythebestthingtodoistotakeanap.Abouttwentyminutesofrestisallyouneed.Expertssaythisprovidesextra額外的energyandcanincreaseyoureffectiveness有效untiltheendoftheday.Butexpertswarnthatanapshouldlastnomorethantwentytothirtyminutes.Alongernapwillputthebodyintodeepsleepandwakingupwillbedifficult.練習(xí)：1.Asweet Bsound香的 Cbad Denough2.Achecking檢查Bsharing CcontinuingDmeeting遇見3.Alovely Blikely可能 Cfondly Dfinely好的4.Afor+一段時間 Bat+時間點Cin+年或月份 Dwith5.Aatleast至少 Batmost至多 Catlast最后 Datfirst首先6.Aability Bhealth Cthinking Dlife7.Aexperiment Breform Cidea*Dway8.Arepeat Bimprove Cchange Dleave9.Awork Bmistakes Cenergy Dtime10.Anever Bseldom Ctoo Dalso11.Aready Bgood Csleepy Dawake12.Aall Bfew Cany Dnothing13.Aunless除非+句子 Bwhile CuntilDduring14.Awould用于虛擬語氣 Bmay=might Cmight Dshould15.Ahelpful Bdifficult Ceasy Dhappy第二十二篇白天打個盹醫(yī)學(xué)專家稱大多數(shù)美國人睡眠不足。他們說更多的美國人需要在一天中間做短暫休息。他們建議人們在繼續(xù)其他活動之前小睡一會。今年早期的一個研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，白天睡幾分鐘的那些人死于心臟病的可能性較小。該研究六年期間，跟蹤2300名希臘成年人。研究顯示：成年人白天打盹半小時，一周三次，其心臟病致死的概率比不打盹的人要低37％。研究組織者稱最有力的證據(jù)來自于工作崗位上的人群。他們說打盹可以減輕工作壓力，從而改善健康。一些歐洲和拉美的行業(yè)多年來一直支持白天打一會盹的觀點。他們敦促人們放下工作回家去打個盹后再回來工作。在美國，有些公司讓員工在辦公室稍作休息。他們認(rèn)為這不僅會減少失誤和事故，還會增加工作量。睡眠專家認(rèn)為人們很可能工作時比其他時候犯錯更多。他們認(rèn)為人們不該在感到困倦的時候承擔(dān)重要任務(wù)。此時最該做的是打個盹。你只需要休息20分鐘。專家稱這會給你的一天帶來額外的能量和效率。但專家也提到，打盹不要超過20至30分鐘。打盹時間稍長就會使身體陷入深層睡眠，很難醒來。第十六篇PuttingPlantstoWork理BUsingthepowerofthesunisnothingnew.Peoplehavehadsolar-poweredcalculatorsandbuildingswithsolarpanelsfordecades.Butplantsaretherealexperts:They'vebeenusingsunlightasanenergysourceforbillionsofyears.太陽能的使用已經(jīng)不足為奇。幾十年前，人們就開始使用太陽能計算器，制造太陽能電熱板鑲嵌的建筑。但是植物當(dāng)屬應(yīng)用太陽能的專家：十億年來，植物一直把陽光作為能源資源。Cellsinthegreenleavesofplantsworkliketinyfactoriestoconvertsunlight,carbondioxide,andwaterintosugarsandstarches,storedenergythattheplantscanuse.Thisconversionprocessiscalledphotosynthesis.Unfortunately,unlessyou'reaplant,it'sdifficultandexpensivetoconvertsunlightintostorableenergy.That'swhyscientistsaretakingacloserlookatexactlyhowplantsdoit.綠葉植物細(xì)胞的工作就像微型加工廠一樣，將陽光，二氧化碳和水轉(zhuǎn)化為糖和淀粉，并且同時儲存植物本身所需的能量。這種轉(zhuǎn)換過程叫做光合作用。可惜你不是一株植物，必須困難的并且花上大價錢將陽光轉(zhuǎn)換為穩(wěn)定的能源。因此，科學(xué)家們正在對植株進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確細(xì)致的研究。Somescientistsaretryingtogetplants,orbiologicalcellsthatactlikeplants,toworkasminiaturephotosyntheticpowerstations.Forexample,MariaGhirardioftheNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryinGolden,Colo.,isworkingwithgreenalgae.She'stryingtotrickthemintoproducinghydrogeninsteadofsugarswhentheyperformphotosynthesis.Oncetheresearcherscangetthealgaeworkingefficiently,thehydrogenthattheyproducecouldbeusedtopowerfuelcellsincarsortogenerateelectricity.一些科學(xué)家正試圖像植物的作用過程一樣，將植物，或生物的細(xì)胞活動看做微型光合發(fā)電站。例如，瑪麗亞·奇若蒂在美國科羅拉多州的國家可再生能源實驗室里對綠藻進(jìn)行研究。她正想方設(shè)法的通過植物的產(chǎn)生氫來取代光合作用產(chǎn)生的糖。一旦研究人員了解藻類如何有效率的進(jìn)行工作，由此產(chǎn)生的氫氣可用于燃料電池動力汽車和發(fā)電。Thealgaearegrowninnarrow-neckedglassbottlestoproducehydrogeninthelab.Duringphotosynthesis,plantsnormallymakesugarsorstarches."Butundercertainconditions,alotofalgaeareabletousethesunlightenergynottostorestarch,buttomakehydrogen."Ghirardisays.Forexample,algaewillproducehydrogeninanairfreeenvironment.It'stheoxygenintheairthatpreventsalgaefrommakinghydrogenmostofthetime.在實驗室里，藻類生長通過狹窄的頸玻璃瓶生產(chǎn)氫氣的環(huán)境下。在光合作用下，植物通常產(chǎn)生糖類或淀粉。奇若蒂說：“但在一定條件下，有很多藻類能夠利用日光能源產(chǎn)生氫氣而不是儲存淀粉?！崩?，藻類會在空氣存在環(huán)境下產(chǎn)生氫氣。這是因為空氣中的氧氣，氧阻止綠藻制造氫。Workinginanairfreeenvironment,however,isdifficult.It'snotapracticalwaytoproducecheapenergy.ButGhirardiandhercolleagueshavediscoveredthatbyremovingachemicalcalledsulfatefromtheenvironmentthatthealgaegrowin,theywillmakehydrogeninsteadofsugars,evenwhenairispresent.藻類在空氣中雖然可以工作，但是充滿困難。這種方式不能切實可行的生產(chǎn)廉價的能源。但是奇若蒂和她的同事們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，即使在目前的空氣條件下，他們從藻類生長的環(huán)境中，除去所謂的硫酸化學(xué)品，能夠產(chǎn)生氫來代替糖。Unfortunately,不幸的是removingthesulfatealsomakesthealgae'scellsworkveryslowly,andnotmuchhydrogenisproduced.Still,theresearchersseethisasafirststepintheirgoaltoproducehydrogenefficientlyfromalgae.Withmorework,theymaybeabletospeedthecells'activityandproducelargerquantitiesofhydrogen.只可惜消除硫酸鹽不僅使藻類細(xì)胞的工作速度減慢，而且大大減少了氫的數(shù)量。盡管如此，研究人員認(rèn)為，對于實現(xiàn)有效率的利用藻類產(chǎn)生氫這一目標(biāo)，他們已經(jīng)邁出了第一步。隨著工作量的加大，他們可以加速細(xì)胞的活動，從而產(chǎn)生大量的氫氣。Theresearchershopethatalgaewillonedaybeaneasy-to-usefuelsource.Theorganismsarecheaptogetandtofeed,養(yǎng)殖Ghirardisays,andtheycangrowalmostanywhere:"Youcangrowtheminareactor,inapond.Youcangrowthemintheocean.There'salotofflexibilityinhowyoucanusetheseorganisms."研究人員們希望，總有一天藻類會成為很容易使用的燃料來源。藻類這種生物極易存活，他們可以在幾乎任何地方成長。奇若蒂說，：“你可以將它放在一反應(yīng)堆或是池塘里，也可以在海洋中找到它們，人們可以靈活的使用藻類的用途廣泛?！本毩?xí)：1.Whatdoesthewritersayaboutplantsconcerningsolarenergy?APlantsaretherealexpertsinproducingsolarenergy.BPlantshavebeenusedtoproducesolarenergy.CPlantshavebeenusingsolarenergyforbillionsofyears.DPlantshavebeenasourceofsolarenergy.2.Whydosomescientistsstudyhowplantsconvert轉(zhuǎn)變sunlightcarbondioxide,andwaterintosugarsandstarches?ABecausetheywantalgaetoproducesugarsandstarches.BBecausetheywantgreenplantstobecomeanewsourceofenergy.CBecausetheywanttoturnplantsugarstoanewformofenergy.DBecausetheywanttomakephotosynthesismoreefficient.3.Accordingtothefifthparagraph,underwhatconditionsarealgaeabletousesolarenergytomakehydrogen?AWhenthereisalotofoxygenintheair.BWhenthereisnooxygenintheair.CWhenphotosynthesisistakingplace.DWhenenoughstarchisstored.4.Researchershavemetwithdifficultieswhentryingtomakealgaeproducehydrogenefficiently.Whichoneofthefollowingisonesuchdifficulty？AItisnotpossibletoremovesulfatefromtheenvironment.BItisnotpossibletoworkinanairfreeenvironmenttoproducehydrogen.CItisnoteasytomakesugarsinsteadofhydrogen.DItistooslowforalgaetoproducehydrogenwhenthesulfateisremoved.5.WhatisNOTtrueofalgae海藻、水藻?ATheyareeasytogrow.BTheycanbeaverygoodfuelsource.CTheyarecheaptoeat.DTheycanbeusedinmanyways.第十五篇Mind-reading讀心機(jī)Machine理BAteamofresearchersinCaliforniahasdevelopedawaytopredictwhatkindsofobjectspeoplearelookingatbyscanningwhat'shappeningintheirbrains.一個加州的研究團(tuán)隊開發(fā)了一種可以通過掃描人體大腦所發(fā)生的變化從而預(yù)測出這個人正在看一些什么樣的物體的方法。Whenyoulookatsomething,youreyessendasignalaboutthatobjecttoyourbrain.Differentregions腦部區(qū)域ofthebrainprocesstheinformationyoureyessend.Cellsinyourbraincalledneurons神經(jīng)源areresponsibleforthisprocessing.當(dāng)你注視一些物體時，你的眼睛會發(fā)送一個關(guān)于該物體的信號到你的大腦中。大腦的不同區(qū)域處理眼睛發(fā)送的這些信號。大腦中負(fù)責(zé)這個過程的細(xì)胞叫做神經(jīng)元。ThefMRI(functionalMagnetic磁性ResonanceImaging)brainscanscouldgenerallymatchelectricalactivityinthebraintothebasicshapeofapicturethatsomeonewaslookingat.FMBI(功能性磁振造影)腦掃描可以大體地比較大腦中人們對所觀察物體基本形狀的電運(yùn)動。Likecellsanywhereelseinyourbody,activeneuronsuseoxygen.Bloodbringsoxygentotheneurons,andthemoreactiveaneuronis,themoreoxygenitwillconsume.Themoreactivearegionofthebrain,themoreactiveitsneurons,andinturn,themorebloodwilltraveltothatregion.AndbyusingfMRI,scientistscanvisualizewhichpartsofthebrainreceivemoreoxygen-richblood--andtherefore,whichpartsareworkingtoprocessinformation.像身體中其他地方的細(xì)胞一樣，活躍的神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞也需要氧氣。血液為神經(jīng)元提供氧氣，神經(jīng)元越活躍，對氧氣量的需求越大。大腦中越是活躍的區(qū)域，它的神經(jīng)元也就越活躍，為此，更多的血液會流經(jīng)這一區(qū)域。那么通過使用FMBI，科學(xué)家可以使大腦中接收相對多的富氧血液的部分可視化。因此，可視化的部分就是處理信息的部分AnfMRImachineisadevicethatscansthebrainandmeasureschangesinbloodflowtothebrain.Thetechnologyshowsresearchershowbrainactivitychangeswhenapersonthinks,looksatsomething,orcarriesoutanactivitylikespeakingorreading.Byhighlightingtheareasofthebrainatworkwhenapersonlooksatdifferentimages,fMRImayhelpscientistsdeterminespecificpatternsofbrainactivityassociatedwithdifferentkindsofimages.FMRI機(jī)是一種可以掃描大腦和測量流向大腦的血液變化的設(shè)備。這項技術(shù)為研究者顯示，當(dāng)人們思考觀察進(jìn)行像說話閱讀這樣的活動時，大腦運(yùn)動的變化。通過突出顯示人們觀看不同圖像時頭腦工作的區(qū)域，F(xiàn)MRI可以幫助科學(xué)家們確定與不同圖像相關(guān)的大腦活動的具體形式。TheCaliforniaresearcherstestedbrainactivitybyhavingtwovolunteersviewhundredsofpicturesofeverydayobjects,likepeople,animals,andfruits.ThescientistsusedanfMRImachinetorecordthevolunteers'brainactivitywitheachphotographtheylookedat.Differentobjectscauseddifferentregionsofthevolunteers'brainstolightuponthescan,indicatingactivity.Thescientistsusedthisinformationtobuildamodeltopredicthowthebrainmightrespondtoanyimagetheeyessee.加州的研究者讓兩個志愿者觀察數(shù)百個諸如人、動物和水果這樣的日常事物。他們用這樣方式來測試大腦的活動?？茖W(xué)家使用FMRI機(jī)來記錄志愿者看每一張圖片時大腦的活動。顯示這一活動時，不同物體會使志愿者大腦的不同區(qū)域在掃描時亮度增加?？茖W(xué)家利用此信息來建立一種模式去預(yù)測大腦對所看到事物可能如何反映。Inasecondtest,thescientistsaskedthevolunteerstolookat120newpictures.Likebefore,theirbrainswerescannedeverytimetheylookedatanewimage.Thistime,thescientistsusedtheirmodeltomatchthefMRIscanstotheimage.Forexample,ifascaninthesecondtestshowedthesamepatternofbrainactivitythatwasstrongly,relatedtopicturesofapplesinthefirsttest,theirmodelwouldhavepredictedthevolunteerswerelookingatapples.在第二個測試中，科學(xué)家讓志愿者看120個新圖像。和以前一樣，他們每看一張新圖像時大腦都被掃描一次。這次，科學(xué)家用他們的模式來比較FMRI掃描的圖像。例如，如果圖像在第二次測試顯示相同的形式的大腦活動，同時，該腦活動與在第一次測試中蘋果圖片有大關(guān)聯(lián)，那么這個模式可能會預(yù)測出志愿者們正在看一些蘋果。練習(xí)：1.Whatisresponsibleforprocessingtheinformationsentbyyoureyes?AAsmallregionofthebrain.BThecentralpartofthebrain.CNeuronsinthebrain.DOxygen-richblood.2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTmeantbythewriter?ACellsinyourbrainarecalledneurons.BThemoreoxygenaneuronconsumes,themoreblooditneeds.CfMRIhelpsscientiststodiscoverwhichpartsofthebrainprocessinformation.DfMRIhelpsscientiststodiscoverhowthebraindevelopsintelligently.3."Highlighting使。。。突出theareasofthebrainatwork"meansA"markingthepartsofthebrainthatareprocessinginformation"B"givinglighttothepartsofthebrainthatareprocessinginformation"C"puttingthepartsofthebraintowork"D"stoppingthepartsofthebrainfromworking"4.Whatdidtheresearchersexperiment做實驗on?AAnimals,objects,andfruits.BTwovolunteers.CfMRImachines.DThousandsofpictures.5.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebestreplacementofthetitle?ATheRecentDevelopmentinScienceandTechnology.BYourThoughtsCanBeScanned.CATechnologicalDream.DADevicethatcanHelpYouCalculate.計算*第三十二篇

（新增文章）Mind-readingMachine文章名稱問題答案Mind-readingMachineMind-readingMachineWhatisresponsibleforprocessingtheinformationsentbyyoureyes?WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTmeantbythewriter?"Highlightingtheareasofthebrainatwork"meansWhatdidtheresearchersexperimenton?Whichofthefollowingcanbethebestreplacementofthetitle?Mind-readingMachineNeuronsinthebrain.fMRIhelpsscientiststodiscoverhowthebraindevelopsintelligently."markingthepartsofthebrainthatareprocessinginformation"Twovolunteers.YourThoughtsCanBeScanned.讀心機(jī)讀心機(jī)（理B）什么負(fù)責(zé)處理通過眼睛發(fā)送的信息？下面哪個觀點不是作者的意思？“Highlightingtheareasofthebrainatwork”的意思是___________。④研究人員用什么做實驗？⑤下列哪個選項最能替換標(biāo)題？讀心機(jī)（理B）①大腦中的神經(jīng)元②fMRI幫助科學(xué)家去發(fā)現(xiàn)大腦如何智能地開發(fā)？③標(biāo)記出大腦部分來處理信息（大腦部分作出記號來處理信息）④2名志愿者⑤你的想法可以被掃描（知曉）第十五篇Mind-readingMachine讀心機(jī)1．一個加州的研究團(tuán)隊開發(fā)了一個方法？一個加州的研究團(tuán)隊開發(fā)了一種可以通過掃描人體大腦所發(fā)生的變化從而預(yù)測出這個人正在看一些什么樣的物體的方法。AteamofresearchersinCaliforniahasdevelopedawaytopredictwhatkindsofobjectspeoplearelookingatbyscanningwhat'shappeningintheirbrains.2．FMBI(功能性磁振造影)腦掃描的作用是什么？①FMBI(功能性磁振造影)腦掃描可以大體地比較大腦中人們對所觀察物體基本形狀的電運(yùn)動。ThefMRI(functionalMagneticResonanceImaging)brainscanscouldgenerallymatchelectricalactivityinthebraintothebasicshapeofapicturethatsomeonewaslookingat.②大腦中越是活躍的區(qū)域，它的神經(jīng)元也就越活躍，為此，更多的血液會流經(jīng)這一區(qū)域。那么通過使用FMBI，科學(xué)家可以使大腦中接收相對多的富氧血液的部分可視化。因此，可視化的部分就是處理信息的部分。Themoreactivearegionofthebrain,themoreactiveitsneurons,andinturn,themorebloodwilltraveltothatregion.AndbyusingfMRI,scientistscanvisualizewhichpartsofthebrainreceivemoreoxygen-richblood--andtherefore,whichpartsareworkingtoprocessinformation.3．FMRI機(jī)是什么？FMRI機(jī)是一種可以掃描大腦和測量流向大腦的血液變化的設(shè)備。這項技術(shù)為研究者顯示，當(dāng)人們思考觀察進(jìn)行像說話閱讀這樣的活動時，大腦運(yùn)動的變化。AnfMRImachineisadevicethatscansthebrainandmeasureschangesinbloodflowtothebrain.Thetechnologyshowsresearchershowbrainactivitychangeswhenapersonthinks,looksatsomething,orcarriesoutanactivitylikespeakingorreading.*第三十五篇

PuttingPlantstowork文章名稱問題答案PuttingPlantstowork

35.PuttingPlantstowork（理B）Whatdoesthewritersayaboutplantsconcerningsolarenergy?Whydosomescientistsstudyhowplantsconvertsunlightcarbondioxide,andwaterintosugarsandstarches?Accordingtothefifthparagraph,underwhatconditionsarealgaeabletousesolarenergytomakehydrogen?Researchershavemetwithdifficultieswhentryingtomakealgaeproducehydrogenefficiently.Whichoneofthefollowingisonesuchdiff