管理學第九章

CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSAND

TECHNIQUES第九章計劃的工具和技術CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES1.Techniquesforassessingtheenvironment(1)EnvironmentscanningEnvironmentalscanningisthescreeningoflargeamountsofinformationtoanticipateandinterpretchangesintheenvironment.

環(huán)境掃描是掃描大量的信息以預測和解釋環(huán)境的變化。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES1.Techniquesforassessingtheenvironment(2)ForcastingForecastingispredictinges.Quantitativeforecastingappliesasetofmathematicalrulestoaseriesofpastdatatopredictes.

定量預測將一組數(shù)學規(guī)則應用于過去的數(shù)據(jù)序列以預測結果；CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES1.Techniquesforassessingtheenvironment(2)ForcastingQualitativeforecastingusesthejudgmentandopinionsofknowledgeableindividualstopredictes.

定性預測運用判斷和有知識的個人的意見來預計結果。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES1.Techniquesforassessingtheenvironment(3)BenchmarkingBenchmarkingisthesearchforthebestpracticesamongcompetitorsorpetitorsthatleadtotheirsuperiorperformance.

標桿比較是尋求為競爭者和非競爭者帶來杰出績效的最佳實踐。

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PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES2.Techniquesforallocatingresources(1)BudgetingBudgetinginvolvesdevelopingbudgets,numericalplansforallocatingresourcestospecificactivities.

預算包括開發(fā)預算和數(shù)字化的計劃以便將資源分配給具體的活動。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES2.Techniquesforallocatingresources(2)SchedulingSchedulinginvolvesdetailingwhatactivitiesneedtobedone,theorderinwhichtheyaretobecompleted,whoistodoeach,andwhentheyaretobecompleted.

排程包括詳細確定需要從事哪些活動，這些活動完成的順序，誰負責哪項活動以及每項活動什么時候完成。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES2.Techniquesforallocatingresources(2)SchedulingGanttandloadchartsarebothschedulingtools.Botharebargraphs.Ganttchartsmonitorplannedandactualactivitiesovertime.

甘特圖和負荷圖都是一種排程工具，這兩種圖形都是一種樣條圖。甘特圖是在整個期間監(jiān)控計劃和實際活動的執(zhí)行過程。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES2.Techniquesforallocatingresources(2)SchedulingLoadchartsfocusoncapacityutilizationbymonitoringwholedepartmentsorspecificresources.

負荷圖則通過監(jiān)控部門或具體的資源聚焦于能力的利用問題。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES2.Techniquesforallocatingresources(2)SchedulingPERTnetworkisaflowchartlikediagramthatdepictsthesequenceofactivitiesneededtocompleteaprojectandtimeorcostsassociatedwitheachactivity.PERT網(wǎng)絡是一種流程型的圖形，它描述了項目活動的順序和時間，有時還加入相應的成本數(shù)據(jù)。

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PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES2.Techniquesforallocatingresources(3)BreakevenanalysisBreakevenanalysisisaresourceallocationtechniqueforidentifyingthepointatwhichtotalrevenueisjustsufficienttocovertotalcosts.

盈虧平衡分析是一種識別全部收入恰好補償全部成本的平衡點的資源分配技術。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES2.Techniquesforallocatingresources(4)LinearprogrammingLinearprogrammingisamathematicaltechniquethatsolvesresourceallocationproblems.

線性規(guī)劃是一種數(shù)學方法，它可以用于解決資源的分配問題。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES3.Contemporaryplanningtechniques(1)ProjectmanagementProjectmanagementinvolvesgettingaproject'sactivitiesdoneontime,withinbudget,andaccordingtospecifications.項目管理包括使項目的各項活動按期完成、符合預算和規(guī)范。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES3.Contemporaryplanningtechniques(1)ProjectmanagementAprojectisaone-time-onlysetofactivitiesthathasadefinitebeginningandendingpointintime.

項目是一種一次性的一組活動，它具有確定性的開始和結束時間。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES3.Contemporaryplanningtechniques(2)ScenarioplanningAscenarioisaconsistentviewofwhatthefutureislikelytobe.Theintentofscenarioplanningistocomeupwithmultiplescenariosthatleadtodifferentes.

腳本是對未來可能是什么情況的一種一致的觀點。腳本計劃的目的是制定出可能導致不同結果的多種方案。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES3.Contemporaryplanningtechniques(2)Scenarioplanning