管理學(xué)第九章

CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSAND

TECHNIQUES第九章計劃的工具和技術(shù)CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES1.Techniquesforassessingtheenvironment(1)EnvironmentscanningEnvironmentalscanningisthescreeningoflargeamountsofinformationtoanticipateandinterpretchangesintheenvironment.

環(huán)境掃描是掃描大量的信息以預(yù)測和解釋環(huán)境的變化。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES1.Techniquesforassessingtheenvironment(2)ForcastingForecastingispredictinges.Quantitativeforecastingappliesasetofmathematicalrulestoaseriesofpastdatatopredictes.

定量預(yù)測將一組數(shù)學(xué)規(guī)則應(yīng)用于過去的數(shù)據(jù)序列以預(yù)測結(jié)果；CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES1.Techniquesforassessingtheenvironment(2)ForcastingQualitativeforecastingusesthejudgmentandopinionsofknowledgeableindividualstopredictes.

定性預(yù)測運用判斷和有知識的個人的意見來預(yù)計結(jié)果。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES1.Techniquesforassessingtheenvironment(3)BenchmarkingBenchmarkingisthesearchforthebestpracticesamongcompetitorsorpetitorsthatleadtotheirsuperiorperformance.

標(biāo)桿比較是尋求為競爭者和非競爭者帶來杰出績效的最佳實踐。

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PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES2.Techniquesforallocatingresources(1)BudgetingBudgetinginvolvesdevelopingbudgets,numericalplansforallocatingresourcestospecificactivities.

預(yù)算包括開發(fā)預(yù)算和數(shù)字化的計劃以便將資源分配給具體的活動。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES2.Techniquesforallocatingresources(2)SchedulingSchedulinginvolvesdetailingwhatactivitiesneedtobedone,theorderinwhichtheyaretobecompleted,whoistodoeach,andwhentheyaretobecompleted.

排程包括詳細(xì)確定需要從事哪些活動，這些活動完成的順序，誰負(fù)責(zé)哪項活動以及每項活動什么時候完成。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES2.Techniquesforallocatingresources(2)SchedulingGanttandloadchartsarebothschedulingtools.Botharebargraphs.Ganttchartsmonitorplannedandactualactivitiesovertime.

甘特圖和負(fù)荷圖都是一種排程工具，這兩種圖形都是一種樣條圖。甘特圖是在整個期間監(jiān)控計劃和實際活動的執(zhí)行過程。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES2.Techniquesforallocatingresources(2)SchedulingLoadchartsfocusoncapacityutilizationbymonitoringwholedepartmentsorspecificresources.

負(fù)荷圖則通過監(jiān)控部門或具體的資源聚焦于能力的利用問題。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES2.Techniquesforallocatingresources(2)SchedulingPERTnetworkisaflowchartlikediagramthatdepictsthesequenceofactivitiesneededtocompleteaprojectandtimeorcostsassociatedwitheachactivity.PERT網(wǎng)絡(luò)是一種流程型的圖形，它描述了項目活動的順序和時間，有時還加入相應(yīng)的成本數(shù)據(jù)。

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PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES2.Techniquesforallocatingresources(3)BreakevenanalysisBreakevenanalysisisaresourceallocationtechniqueforidentifyingthepointatwhichtotalrevenueisjustsufficienttocovertotalcosts.

盈虧平衡分析是一種識別全部收入恰好補(bǔ)償全部成本的平衡點的資源分配技術(shù)。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES2.Techniquesforallocatingresources(4)LinearprogrammingLinearprogrammingisamathematicaltechniquethatsolvesresourceallocationproblems.

線性規(guī)劃是一種數(shù)學(xué)方法，它可以用于解決資源的分配問題。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES3.Contemporaryplanningtechniques(1)ProjectmanagementProjectmanagementinvolvesgettingaproject'sactivitiesdoneontime,withinbudget,andaccordingtospecifications.項目管理包括使項目的各項活動按期完成、符合預(yù)算和規(guī)范。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES3.Contemporaryplanningtechniques(1)ProjectmanagementAprojectisaone-time-onlysetofactivitiesthathasadefinitebeginningandendingpointintime.

項目是一種一次性的一組活動，它具有確定性的開始和結(jié)束時間。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES3.Contemporaryplanningtechniques(2)ScenarioplanningAscenarioisaconsistentviewofwhatthefutureislikelytobe.Theintentofscenarioplanningistocomeupwithmultiplescenariosthatleadtodifferentes.

腳本是對未來可能是什么情況的一種一致的觀點。腳本計劃的目的是制定出可能導(dǎo)致不同結(jié)果的多種方案。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES3.Contemporaryplanningtechniques(2)Scenarioplanning