北京航空航天大學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)歷年真題及詳解

目錄

2003年北京航空航天大學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)真

題及詳解

2004年北京航空航天大學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)真

題及詳解

2006年北京航空航天大學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)真

題及詳解

2007年北京航空航天大學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)真

題及詳解

2008年北京航空航天大學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)真

題及詳解

2009年北京航空航天大學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)真

題及詳解

2010年北京航空航天大學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)真

題及詳解

2011年北京航空航天大學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)真

題及詳解

2012年北京航空航天大學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)真

題及詳解

2013年北京航空航天大學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)真

題及詳解

2003年北京航空航天大學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)真題及詳解

PartI.ListeningComprehension(25%)

（略）

PartII.ReadingComprehension(30%)

SectionA

Directions:Therearefivepassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedby

somequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefour

choicesmarkedA,B,CorD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmark

thecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.

Passage1

Forfarmershopingforahealthyharvest,thebestplacetoturnforhelpthese

daysistheMonsantoCorp.Oneoftheworld’sleadingbiotechnology

companies—andlatelyapioneeringeneticallyengineeredseeds—Monsanto

hasbeenincorporatingflashytraitslikeherbicideandpestresistanceinto

everythingfromcanolatocorn.Butsuchsupercropsdon’tcomecheap.

FarmerspayapremiumforMonsantoseeds,andtomakesuretheykeep

paying,thecompanyrequiresthemtosignanagreementpromisingnotto

plantseedstheircropsproduce.Iffarmerswantthesamebountifulharvest

nextyear,theymustreturntothecompanyforanewloadofseeds.

WhilethisarrangementmakessenseforMonsanto,itworksonlyiffarmers

honorit—somethingthat’sdifficulttopoliceintheU.S.andalmost

impossibleinthedevelopingworld.Now,however,Monsantohopesto

enforcebiologicallywhatitcannotenforcecontractually.Withthehelpof

clevergenescurrentlyindevelopment,futureMonsantocropsmaybe

designedwithanewfeatureinmind:sterility(不育).Nosoonerwillthe

company’splantsmaturethantheseedstheycarry,willlosetheabilityto

reproduce.

FromMonsanto’spointofview,thesetofnewgenes—whichothershave

nicknamedTerminator—isaperfectlylegitimatewaytoprotecttheir

intellectual-propertyrights.Noteverybodyagrees.

Letthenewsciencetakehold,opponentswarndarkly,andfarmerscouldfind

themselvescomingtoMonsanto,seedcupinhand,payingwhateverthe

companydemandsbeforetheycanplantthatseason’scrop.Worsestill,some

doomsdaystoriessuggest,pollen(花粉)fromTerminatorplantscoulddrift

withthewindlikeatoxiccloud,crosswithordinarycropsorwildplants,and

spreadfromspeciestospeciesuntilfloraallaroundtheworldhadbeen

suddenlyandirreversiblysterilized.

Noseriousscientistthinksanythingsodisastrouswillcometopass.For

Monsanto,however,withatechnologyinitspocketandafightonitshands,

thesituationisaboutasgrimasitcanget—atleastintermsofpublic

relations.“Fromamarketingperspective,it’spathological(病態(tài)的).Thisisa

questionofwhocontrolstheseedsoflife.”

16．BeforeTerminator,farmers______.

A.arerequiredtobuynewloadofseedseveryyear

B.areoftencaughtbythepolicereplantingtheseeds

C.canreplanttheseedsunderthepermissionfromMonsanto

D.obeytheagreementssignedwithMonsanto

17．AccordingtoMonsanto,theinventionofTerminatorwillNOT______.

A.stopillegalreplantingofseedsinthedevelopingcountries

B.protecttheirintellectual-propertyrights

C.biologicallycarryouttheagreementswiththefarmers

D.makeallplantssterilized

18．Accordingtotheopponents,Terminatorwilldoallthefollowing

EXCEPTthat______.

A.Terminatorwillresultinraisingtheseedprice

B.Terminatorwillmakecornsnotmaturetobearseeds

C.Terminatorwillcontaminateordinary,crops

D.Terminatorwillnotbepoisonoustootherplants

19．What’sthetoneoftheauthortowards“Terminator”?

A.Objective.

B.Mildlycritical.

C.Indifferent.

D.Pessimistic.

20．Thebesttitleforthepassagewillbe______.

A.TheSuicideSeeds

B.Monsanto-LeadingBiotechCompany

C.SterilityinBiology

D.AgainstNewScience

【答案與解析】

16．B在Monsanto發(fā)明新品種Terminator之前，第二段提到itworksonly

iffarmershonorit—somethingthat’sdifficulttopoliceintheU.S，表明農(nóng)

民們并未按照協(xié)議重新購(gòu)買種子，而是留原來植物的種子，這使得美國(guó)

警察很苦惱。

17．DMonsanto發(fā)明Terminator是從自己的利益出發(fā)的，是為了阻止農(nóng)

民重復(fù)利用種子，為了保護(hù)自己的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)和從生物學(xué)上保證條約的實(shí)

施，選項(xiàng)D的內(nèi)容不是Monsanto考慮的范圍。

18．D文中第四段列出了反對(duì)者們的意見，他們認(rèn)為Terminatorplants

coulddriftwiththewindlikeatoxiccloud,crosswithordinarycropsorwild

plants，選項(xiàng)D說Terminator不會(huì)污染其它植物不正確。

19．B從文中作者對(duì)Terminator的描述以及對(duì)其生產(chǎn)者M(jìn)onsanto的評(píng)價(jià)

可以看出作者對(duì)之是持批評(píng)態(tài)度的。

20．A本文主要講的就是Monsanto生產(chǎn)的新種子Terminator，它具有不

育的特點(diǎn)，并有可能危害其他物種，選項(xiàng)A能概括文章內(nèi)容。

Passage2

ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheat

balanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.Althoughthesemolecules

allowradiationatvisiblewavelengths,wheremostoftheenergyofsunlight

isconcentrated,topassthrough,theyabsorbsomelongerwavelength,

infraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurface,radiationthatwould

otherwisebetransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstant

averagetemperature,suchemissionsfromtheplanetmustbalanceincoming

solarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphere,heatwould

escapefromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily.Thesurfacetemperaturewouldbe

somuchlowerthattheoceansmightbeasolidmassofice.

Today,however,thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.The

burningoffossilfuelsandtheclearingofforestshaveincreasedatmospheric

carbondioxidebyabout15percentinthelasthundredyears,andwe

continuetoaddcarbondioxidetotheatmosphere.Couldtheincreasein

carbondioxidecauseaglobalriseinaveragetemperature?Mathematical

modelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionofthe

increaseindicatethattheanswerisprobablyyes.

Underpresentconditionsatemperatureof－18℃canbeobservedatan

altitudeof5to6kilometersabovetheEarth.Belowthisaltitude(calledthe

radiatinglevel),thetemperatureincreasesbyabout6℃perkilometer

approachingtheEarth’ssurface,wheretheaveragetemperatureisabout

15℃.Anincreaseintheamountofcarbondioxidemeansthattherearemore

moleculesofcarbondioxidetoabsorbinfraredradiation.Asthecapacityof

theatmospheretoabsorbinfraredradiationincreases,theradiatingleveland

temperatureofthesurfacemustrise.

Onemathematicalmodelpredictsthatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbon

dioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.This

modelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantand

thetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeatarateof6.5℃perkilometer.The

assumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportant,becausewatervaporin

theatmosphereisanotherefficientabsorberofradiationatinfrared

wavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmoremoisturethancoolair,the

relativehumiditywillbeconstantonlyiftheamountofwatervaporinthe

atmosphereincreasesasthetemperaturerises.Therefore,moreinfrared

radiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiatedbacktotheEarth’ssurface.The

resultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice,

reducingtheEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldthenbeabsorbed

leadingtofurtherincreaseintemperature.

21．Accordingtothepassage,thegreatestpartofthesolarenergythat

reachestheEarthis______.

A.reflectedbacktospacebysnowandice

B.concentratedatvisiblewavelengths

C.absorbedbycarbondioxidemolecules

D.absorbedbyatmosphericwatervapor

22．Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUEofthelast

hundredyears?

A.Fossilfuelswereburnedforthefirsttime.

B.TheaveragetemperatureattheEarth’ssurfacehasbecome2℃cooler.

C.Theamountofcarbondioxideintheatmospherehasincreased

measurably.

D.Theamountoffarmlandworldwidehasdoubled.

23．Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetowardthe

increasingamountofcarbondioxideintheatmosphereanditsconsequences?

A.Objectiveyetconcerned.

B.Angryyetresigned.

C.Completelydetached.

D.Incredulous.

24．Itcanbeconcludedfrominformationcontainedinthetextthatthe

averagetemperatureatanaltitudeof1kilometerabovetheEarthisabout

______.

A.15℃

B.－18℃

C.2.5℃

D.9℃

25．Theprimary,purposeofthepassageisto______.

A.discussthesignificanceofincreasingtheamountofcarbondioxideinthe

atmosphere

B.warnofthedangersofcontinuedburningoffossilfuels

C.explainhowaconstanttemperatureismaintainedintheEarth’ssurface

D.demonstratetheusefulnessofmathematicalmodelsinpredictinglong-

rangeclimaticchange

【答案與解析】

21．B從文中第一段allowradiationatvisiblewavelengths,wheremostof

theenergyofsunlightisconcentrated,topassthrough可以判斷大部分太陽(yáng)

能量集中在visiblewavelengths。

22．C從第二段Theburningoffossil…h(huán)aveincreasedatmosphericcarbon

dioxidebyabout15percentinthelasthundredyears可知過去的100年中，

化石燃料的使用使得空氣中二氧化碳增長(zhǎng)了15%，選項(xiàng)C說二氧化碳增

加量是可度量的，符合文意。

23．A本文作者用數(shù)字計(jì)算客觀陳述了二氧化碳的現(xiàn)狀，從第二段

Today,however,thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide等處可以

看出作者對(duì)其增加是充滿憂慮的。

24．D文中第三段說位于地面上方5到6千米的radiatinglevel溫度

是-18℃，而每接近地面1千米氣溫就會(huì)上升6℃，通過計(jì)算可以得出距

地面1千米的空氣溫度是9℃。

25．A本文通過數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算給出人們空氣中carbondioxide的增加狀況，并

通過具體數(shù)字說明了其增加會(huì)帶來什么后果，選項(xiàng)A符合文意。

Passage3

Ourspeciesevolvedonthemove.Recentresearchontheeffectsofexercise

andtheconsequencesofsedentarylivinghasshownthatphysicalactivityis

crucialtotheproperprocessingoffoodsthatweeat.Infact,mostofthe

chronicandoftenlife-threateningailmentsthatbesiegeAmericansin

epidemicproportionscouldbetemperedbyregularexercise.Amongthem

areheartdisease,diabetes,highbloodpressure,arthritis,andosteoporosis.

Butlet’sfaceit:mostpeoplearenotmotivatedtoexercisebywhatitmaydo

forthem20yearsdownthepike.Whatgetspeoplelikemeoutmovingevery

dayiswhatexercisedoesformerightnow,especiallyhowitallowsmeto

enjoyeatingwithoutgaining.I,alongwithmillionsofAmericans,have

discoveredthatexerciseisthekeytopermanentandpainlessweightcontrol.

Afterhearingadescriptionofmyusualdailyexerciseschedule—amorning

runorbikerideandaneveningswim,sometimeswithanhouroftennisin

between—somepeopleremark,“Wouldn’titbealoteasiertoeatoneless

bageladayandskipallthatexercise?”Myansweris,“Easier,yes,butnot

nearlyaseffectivenorasmuchfun.”Here’swhyexercise,notdieting,isbest

routetoaleaner,lighteryou.

Farbetterforyourhealthand,yourfuturetoloseprimarilyfatisinthefirst

place.Theonlywaytodothatisthroughexercise,whichusesbodyfatasits

mainsourceofenergy.Youmaynotseethatinitialrapid(butfalse)weight

loss,butwhatyoulosewillbewhatyouwanttolose—fat,notmuscleor

water.Yourlosswillbepermanent,too.Ifit’sanyconsolation(安慰),

studieshaveshownthatinmostcases,thefasterpeopleloseweight,themore

likelytheyaretoregainit.Slowloss,then,isthesecrettolastingsuccess.

Ifyouwanttoloseweightfasterthanyoucanwithjustexercise,simply

combineexercisewithareduced-caloriediet.ResearchersattheUniversity

ofCalifornia,Davis,showedthatexercisecouldcounterthemetabolism-

loweringeffectofalow-caloriedietinmanypeople,italsoseemstocurbthe

adversecaloriceffectofagingonbodymetabolism.Whereasordinarilyyour

metabolismwouldslowdownasyougetolder(whichisonereasonpeople

getfatterinmiddleageeventhoughtheydon’teatmore),ifyoucontinueto

exerciseregularly,youmaykeepyouryouthful,metabolicrateby

maintainingamuscularbodyinsteadoflosingmuscleandputtingonpounds

offat.

26．Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

A.Theslowerpeopleloseweight,thelessLikelytheyaretoachievetheir

goals.

B.Peoplewhoareondietmerelylosemuscleandwater.

C.Regularexercisesmayreducethechanceofgettingcertainchronic

diseases.

D.Physicalactivityusemuscletissueasitsmainsourceofenergy.

27．WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutweightcontrolisNOTTRUE?

A.Theexerciseisthesecrettopermanentandsuccessfulweightcontrol.

B.Combiningexerciseswithareduced-caloriedietmakesiteasiertolose

weight

C.Healthyweightcontrolmeanslosingprimarilyfat,notmuscleorwater.

D.Eatlessandskiptheexerciseisaneasyandeffectivewayoflosingweight

28．Mostmiddle-agedpeoplegetfatter,mainlybecause______.

A.theymadedietary,changeswhentheygrowold

B.oftheirsedentaryliving

C.theydon’texerciseregularly

D.thechemicalactivityintheirbodythatusesthefoodtoproduceenergy

slowsdown

29．Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.EatingWithoutGaining

B.Exercise-AnEffectiveWeight-lossTool

C.MetabolicChangesinHumanBody

D.WaysofWeightControl

30．Thepassageismainlyabout______.

A.howtokeepfit

B.howtoloseweight

C.thebenefitsbroughtaboutbyregularexercises

D.exercisesanddiet

【答案與解析】

26．C從文中第一段mostofthechronic…ailments…couldbetemperedby

regularexercise可推斷規(guī)律性鍛煉能夠減少患慢性疾病的機(jī)率。

27．D文中第二段作者說節(jié)食，但不運(yùn)動(dòng)，會(huì)Easier,yes,butnotnearly

aseffectivenorasmuchfun，可以看出選項(xiàng)D表述與文意不符。

28．D文中第四段給出中年人會(huì)發(fā)福的原因之一是yourmetabolism

wouldslowdownasyougetolder，選項(xiàng)D意思是體內(nèi)用以產(chǎn)生能量的化

學(xué)分解活動(dòng)速度減慢，與原文新陳代謝減慢符合。

29．B本文主要講述了regularexercise對(duì)健康和保持體形的作用，并指

出與節(jié)食相比，它的有效性。

30．C文中敘述了regularexercises能保持健康，也能controlweight，選

項(xiàng)C概括了這兩個(gè)方面，符合文意。選項(xiàng)A、B不全面，文章不是在論述

運(yùn)動(dòng)和飲食的關(guān)系，選項(xiàng)D也不正確。

Passage4

Researchershaverecentlyfoundaconnectionbetweendiseaseandstressful

situations.Totestthistheory,psychologistsaretryingtofindalinkbetween

thebrainandtheimmunesystem.

Theimmunesysteminourbodiesfightsthebacteriaandviruseswhichcause

disease.Therefore,whetherornotwearelikelytogetvariousdiseases

dependsonhowwellourimmunesystemworks.Biologistsusedtothinkthat

theimmunesystemwasaseparate,independentpartofourbodies.Recently,

however,theyhavefoundthatourbraincanaffectourimmunesystem.This

discoveryindicatesthattheremaybeaconnectionbetweenemotional

factors,suchasstressordepression,andillness.

Althoughmanydoctorsinthepastsuspectedaconnectionbetweenemotional

factoranddisease,theyhadnoproof.Scientistshaveonlyrecently

discoveredhowthebrainandtheimmunesystemfunction.Beforethis,no

onecouldseealinkbetweenthem.Asaresult,medicalsciencenever

seriouslyconsideredtheideathatpsychol0~calfactorscouldcausedisease.

Severalrecentstudiesshowedaconnectionbetweenstressandillness,for

example,researcherswenttoanAmericanmilitaryschooltostudythe

students.Theyfoundthatthesickstudentstherehadalotofacademic

pressureandwantedtoachieve,buttheywerenotverygoodstudents.Ina

similarstudy,researchersstudiedagroupofstudentnursesandfoundthatthe

nurseswhodevelopedcoldsoresweretheoneswhodescribedthemselvesas

generallyunhappypeople.

Inadditiontotheseresults,whichsupporttheirtheory,researchersarealso

lookingforproofthatstresscandamagetheimmunesystem.Researchers

studiedrecentlybereavedpeople,i.e.,peoplewhoselovedoneshavejust

died,becausetheyaremorelikelytobecomeillordie.Byexaminingthe

immunesystemofrecentlybereavedpeople,theresearchersmadean

importantdiscovery.Theyexaminedsomewhitebloodcellswhicharean

importantpartoftheimmunesystem.Theywerenotfunctioningproperly.

Thefactthattheywerenotworkingcorrectlyindicatesthatsevere

psychologicalstress,suchasalovedone’sdeath,maydamageanimportant

partofourimmunesystem.

Thereisstillnopositiveproofofaconnectionbetweentheimmunesystem

andpsychologicalfactors.Researchersalsosaythattheresultsofthestudies

onbereavedpeoplecouldhaveadifferentexplanation.Forexample,

bereavedpeopleoftensleepandeatlessthannormal,ormaydrinkalcoholor

takemedication.Thesefactorscanalsoaffecttheimmunesystem.More

researchisneededtoclearlyestablishtheconnectionbetweentheimmune

systemandpsychologicalfactors.

31．Thestudyonthemilitaryschoolstudentsindicatedthat______.

A.lifeintheschoolwasverystressful

B.diseasecouldbecausedbypsychologicalfactors

C.thegoodstudentswerelikelytofallill

D.stressoftenmadestudentsunhappy

32．Theimmunesystem______.

A.usedtobeunconnectedwiththebrain

B.causesalotofstresstopeople

C.canbeaffectedbyemotionalfactors

D.functionsindependently

33．Inthepast,manydoctors______.

A.neverthoughtofanypossiblelinkbetweenstressandillness

B.hardlyconsideredemotionalfactorswhendealingwithapatient

C.discoveredthatthebrainandtheimmunesystemfunctionedindependently

D.foundthatdiseaseswerecausedbypsychologicalfactors

34．WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUEaccordingtothepassage?

A.Unhappinessmaycausedisease.

B.Drinkingalcoholmaycausedamagetotheimmunesystem.

C.toomuchsorrowisharmfultotheimmunesystem.

D.Psychologicalstressleadsnaturallytothedamageoftheimmunesystem.

35．Thetextmainlysuppliesinformationforansweringwhichofthe

followingquestions?

A.Cantheimmunesystembeaffectedbyemotionalfactors?

B.Whycanourbodiesfightthebacteriaandviruseswhichcausediseases?

C.Howcantheimmunesystembeaffectedbyemotionalfactors?

D.Whycan’tbloodcellsinbereavedpeople’sbodiesworkproperly?

【答案與解析】

31．B第二段科學(xué)家們懷疑心理因素可能導(dǎo)致疾病，第三段指出several

recentstudiesshowedaconnectionbetweenstressandillness，以美國(guó)一個(gè)

軍事學(xué)校為例對(duì)該觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論證，可以判斷選項(xiàng)B正確。

32．C第二段說生物學(xué)家曾認(rèn)為theimmunesystemwasaseparate,

independentpartofourbodies，但最近研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ourbraincanaffectour

immunesystem，而疾病也和情緒有關(guān)，據(jù)此可以判斷情緒能夠影響免

疫系統(tǒng)。

33．D第三段說manydoctorsinthepastsuspectedaconnectionbetween

emotionalfactoranddisease,theyhadnoproof表明醫(yī)生們認(rèn)識(shí)到心理因素

和疾病產(chǎn)生有關(guān)，但是不能證實(shí)這一點(diǎn)，可以排除其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)。

34．D本題可用排除法，文中敘述了unhappiness，飲酒無度和過度悲傷

都可能影響免疫系統(tǒng)，心理壓力可能會(huì)影響，但并不是自然而然地會(huì)導(dǎo)

致免疫系統(tǒng)的破壞。

35．A本文通過一些例子證實(shí)了情緒會(huì)影響免疫系統(tǒng)，是對(duì)選項(xiàng)A情緒

是否能影響免疫系統(tǒng)的回答。

Passage5

Researchiscommonlydividedinto“applied”and“pure”.Thisclassification

isarbitraryandloose,butwhatisusuallymeantisthatappliedresearchisa

deliberateinvestigationofaproblemofpracticalimportance,in

contradistinctiontopureresearchdonetogainknowledgeforitsownsake.

Thepurescientistmaybesaidtoacceptasanactoffaiththatanyscientific

knowledgeisworthapursuingforitsownsake,and,ifpressed,heusually

claimsthatinmostinstanceitiseventuallyfoundtobeuseful.Mostofthe

greatestdiscoveries,suchasthediscoveryofelectricity,X-rays,radiumand

atomicenergy,originatedfrompureresearch,whichallowstheworkerto

followunexpected,interestingclueswithouttheintentionofachievingresults

ofpracticalvalue.Inappliedresearchitistheprojectwhichisgivensupport,

whereasinpureresearchitistheman.However,oftenthedistinction

betweenpureandappliedresearchisasuperficialoneasitmaymerely

dependonwhetherornotthesubjectinvestigatedisoneofpractical

importance.Forexample,theinvestigationofthelifecycleofaprotozoon

(原生動(dòng)物)inapondispureresearch,butiftheprotozoonstudiedisa

parasiteofmanordomesticanimaltheresearchwouldbetermedapplied.A

morefundamentaldifferentiation,whichcorrespondsonlyveryroughlywith

theappliedandpureclassificationis(a)thatinwhichtheobjectiveisgiven

andthemeansofobtainingitaresought,and(b)thatinwhichthediscovery

isfirstmadeandthenauseforitissought.

Thereexistsinsomecirclesacertainamountofintellectualsnobbery(勢(shì)利)

andtendencytolockdisdainfullyonappliedinvestigation.Thisattitudeis

basedonthefollowingtwofalseideas:thatnewknowledgeisonly

discoveredbypureresearchwhileappliedresearchmerelyseekstoapply

knowledgealreadyavailable,andthatpureresearchisahigherintellectual

activitybecauseitrequiresgreaterscientificabilityandismoredifficult.

Boththeseideasarequitewrong.Importantnewknowledgehasfrequents,

arisenfromappliedinvestigations.Usuallyitismoredifficulttogetresultsin

appliedresearchthaninpureresearch,becausetheworkerhastosticktoand

solveagivenprobleminsteadoffollowinganypromisingcluethatmayturn

up.Alsoinappliedresearchmostfieldshavealreadybeenwellworkedover

andmanyoftheeasyandobviousthingsshavebeendone.Appliedresearch

shouldnotbeconfusedwiththeroutinepracticeofsomebranchofscience

whereonlytheapplicationofexistingknowledgeisattempted.Thereisneed

forbothpureandappliedresearchfortheytendtobecomplementary.

36．Inappliedinvestigation,______.

A.researchworkersareallowedtofollowunexpected,interestingclues

B.scientistsmakeadiscoveryfirst,andthentrytouseit

C.itisthemanwhoisgivensupport

D.resultsofpracticalvaluearetobeachieved

37．Somepeoplelookdownonappliedresearchbecausetheythinkthat

______.

A.itisakindofprearrangedinvestigation

B.nonewknowledgecanarisefromappliedresearch

C.itismoredifficulttogetresultsinappliedresearchthaninpureresearch

D.nospecificscientificabilityisneededinappliedresearch.

38．Accordingtotheauthor,______.

A.theinvestigationofthelifecycleofaprotozoonisundoubtedlypure

research

B.purescientiststendtolookdownuponappliedinvestigation

C.thediscoveryofX-rayswasmadeinappliedresearch

D.theclassificationofresearchinto“pure”and“applied”isneitheraccurate

norimpersonal

39．Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat______.

A.pureresearchandappliedresearchareequallydifficult

B.appliedinvestigationrequiresgreaterscientificability

C.appliedresearchisnotinferiortopureresearch

D.inbothpureresearchandappliedresearchanyscientificknowledgeis

worthseeking

40．Whichofthefollowingmostaccuratelydescribesthepatternofthe

passage?

A.Theauthorfirstrefutestheclassificationofresearchintothepureandthe

appliedandthenanalyzethereasonsfortheintellectualsnobberyand

tendencytolookdownontheoneofthetwo.

B.Theauthorfirstrefutestheclassificationofresearchintothepureandthe

appliedandthenpresentshisownclassification.

C.Theauthorfirstrefutestheclassificationofresearchintothepureandthe

appliedandthenpointsoutthattheclassificationresultsfromtwofalseideas.

D.Theauthorfirstpointsoutthepracticalimportanceofappliedresearchand

thencriticizesthosewholookdownonappliedresearch.

【答案與解析】

36．D本題可用排除法，選項(xiàng)A、B、C的內(nèi)容都是關(guān)于pureresearch

的。

37．D文中第二段人們認(rèn)為appliedresearch僅僅研究已經(jīng)存在的知識(shí)；

并認(rèn)為pureresearch是一項(xiàng)更高層次的智力活動(dòng)，因?yàn)樗鼘?duì)科學(xué)能力要

求更高，也更難，可以判斷他們認(rèn)為appliedresearch不能創(chuàng)造出新知

識(shí)，新東西，并不是說它沒有科學(xué)能力，所以D項(xiàng)不正確。

38．D文章開篇作者就指出Thisclassificationisarbitraryandloose，可以

判斷選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

39．C第二段說Thereisneedforbothpureandappliedresearchforthey

tendtobecomplementary，意思是兩者不可或缺，因?yàn)樗麄兿噍o相成，

由此可以判斷選項(xiàng)C正確。

40．A通讀全文可知作者先指出了對(duì)科學(xué)研究的兩種劃分，并表明了

他的不贊成態(tài)度，隨后又解釋了一些人輕視appliedresearch的原因，選

項(xiàng)A符合。

SectionB

Directions:Inthispartthereisashortpassagewithfivequestionsor

incompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthe

questionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Would-belanguageteacherseverywherehaveonethingincommon:theyall

wantsomerecognitionoftheirprofessionalstatusandskills,andajob.The

formerrequirementisobviouslyimportantonapersonallevel,butitisvital

ifyouaretohaveanychanceoffindingwork.

Tenyearsago,thesituationwasverydifferent.Invirtuallyeverydeveloping

country,andinmanydevelopedcountriesaswell,beinganativeEnglish

speakerwasenoughtogetyouemployedasanEnglishteacher.

Nowemployerswillonlylookatteacherswhohavetheknowledge,theskills

andattitudestoteachEnglisheffectively.Theresultofthishasbeentoraise

non-nativeEnglishteacherstothesamestatusastheirnativecounterparts—

somethingtheyhavealwaysdeservedbutseldomenjoyed.Non-nativesare

nowhappy-linguisticdiscriminationisathingofthepast.

Anongoingresearchproject,fundedbytheUniversityofCambridge,askeda

sampleofteachers,teachereducatorsandemployersinmorethan40

countrieswhethertheyregardthenative/non-nativespeakersdistinctionas

beingatallimportant.“NO”wastheanswer.Aslongascandidatescould

teachandhadtherequiredlevelofEnglish,itdidn’tmatterwhotheywere

andwheretheycamefrom.Thusanewformofdiscrimination—thistime

justifiedbecauseitsingledouttheunqualified-liberatedthelinguistically

oppressed.ButtheCambridgeprojectdidmorethanjustthat,itconfirmed

thattheneedsofnativeandnon-nativeteachersareextremelysimilar.

41．TheselectionofEnglishteachersusedtobemainlybasedon______.

42．Whatdidnon-naiveEnglishteachersdeservebutseldomenjoy?

43．WhatkindofpeopleisnowmorelikelytofindajobasanEnglish

teacher?

44．Whatistheresultofthe“newformofdiscrimination”(Line5,Para.4)?

45．Thephrase“thelinguisticoppressed”(Line6,Para.4)referstothose

whowere______.

【答案】

41．whetherthecandidatesarenativespeakersornot

42．Havingthesamestatusastheirnativecounterparts.

43．Teacherswhohavetheknowledge,theskillsandattitudestoteach

Englisheffectively.

44．Itsingledouttheunqualified-liberatedthelinguisticallyoppressed.

45．competentbutnon-nativespeakers

PartIII.ClozeTest(10%)

Directions:Thereare10blanksinthefollowingpassage.Readthewhole

passageandtrytofillineachblankwiththatbestfitsintothepassage.Write

youranswerontheAnswerSheet.

UniversityPhysicsisintendedforstudentsofscienceandengineering

Primaryemphasisisonphysicalprinciplesandproblem(46)_____;historical

backgroundandspecializedpracticalapplicationshavebeengivenaplaceof

(47)_____importance.Manyworked-outexamplesandanextensive

collectionofproblemsareincludedwithineachchapter.

Inthis(48)_____edition,thebasicphilosophyandoutlineandthebalance

betweendepthoftreatmentand(49)_____ofsubject-mattercoverageare

unchangedfrompreviouseditions.Wehavetriedtopreservethosefeatures

thatusersof(50)_____editionshavefounddesirable,(51)_____

incorporatinganumberofchangesthatshouldenhancethebook’s

usefulness.

Thetextbookisadaptabletoawidevarietyof(52)_____outlines.Theentire

textbookcanbeusedfora(n)(53)_____coursetwoorthreesemestersin

length.Foralessintensivecourse,manyinstructorswillwantto(54)_____

certainchaptersorsectionstotailorthebooktotheirindividualneeds.The

arrangementofthiseditionfacilitatesthiskindof(55)_____.

【答案與解析】

46．